动态第283页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

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阳台种菜是指在家里的阳台上种植菜，是现代家庭园艺生活的一部分。农贸市场、超市买的一些蔬菜存在农药和化肥的残留，容易对我们的身体产生危害。阳台种菜一般不会使用农药和肥料（肥料除以安全、无残留的有机肥、水溶肥外），是一种健康的生活方式，同时也激发人的兴趣和陶冶情操。 [图片]如果你一整天对着电脑或者电视的，不妨来种种菜吧，而阳台种菜，我们就可以吃上健康、绿色的有机蔬菜了哦。那么，你知道阳台种菜用什么盆好吗?不知道的朋友赶紧来看看吧。 ①可以选择宽大透气性好的容器，比方说种植箱、大瓦盆，木头箱子等。发泡箱和塑料盆都不好，容易导致烂根，霉病等问题。塑料盆不透气，易烂根、并且在光照下还会加升温度，菜就打蔫了。还有就是塑料盆不耐晒，很容易就老化掉! ②阳台种菜最好就是选择种植箱。种植箱的材料选择PP料作为箱子的原料，特意添加了抗氧化剂和紫外线吸收剂，能延长箱子的使用寿命，在室外环境下可以用8年以上。 ③种植箱的底盘是不透水的，有2.5厘米的储水区，超过储水区容量，水会从种植箱侧面镂空的挡板渗出，网孔很细密，种植基质无法渗出，所以并不会导致水土流失。侧板的小孔设计也是为了给植物根系呼吸使用的，有利于土壤的通风透气和植物的生长。 [图片]所以说种植箱是最适合在阳台上种菜的容器哦!适合在阳台的种的菜：要根据个人爱好和需要而定，另一方面要考虑自家阳台的环境条件适合哪些蔬菜。一般说来，如果空间允许，大多数蔬菜瓜果都可在阳台上栽种，阳台环境是首先需要考虑的因素，看您家的阳台是全封闭阳台还是半封闭阳台。全封闭阳台冬季温度也较高，所受温度限制较小，可选择的蔬菜范围也比较广，基本一年四季都可栽种蔬菜。半封闭或未封闭阳台冬季温度较低，一般不易在冬天栽种蔬菜，夏天太阳直射导致温度过高，也要注意遮光保护蔬菜!

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四季桂是桂花的一个优良品种，四季开花，四季飘香。夏秋两季芳香浓郁，春冬两季微有香气。四季栽培，即可美化环境，又可入药。其根炖肉服，治虚火牙痛、喉痛。无论是阳台、庭院均可栽培。常植于园林内、道路两侧、草坪和院落等地，是机关、学校、军队、企事业单位、街道和家庭的最佳绿化树种。由于它对二氧化疏、氟化氢等有害气体有一定的抗性，也是工矿区绿化的优良花木。它与山、石、亭、台、楼、阁相配，更显端庄高雅、悦目怡情。它同时还是盆栽的上好材料，做成盆景后能观形、石花、闻香，真是“一举三得”。除此之外，桂花材质硬、有光泽、纹理美丽，是雕刻的良材。桂花是制作桂花糖、桂花茶、桂花酒、桂花糕的重要原料，从桂花中提炼的香精，广泛运用于食品行业和化工业。桂皮可提取染料和鞣料，桂叶可作为调料。为食品增进清香。 [图片]然而今天要说的是桂花树不开花的原因和解决方法是什么呢，请听笔者细细道来。第一：光线不足桂花对光线的要求很高，如果光线不足，花芽就难以形成，只有种在阳光充足，通风良好的地方，让其充分接受光照，才能正常开花，如果长期荫蔽，易引起枝叶徒长，影响花芽形成。这一点在城市小区很常见，因为里面高楼林立，光照不足。第二：空气污染如果空气污染过于严重，也会造成不开花，并伴有其他症状，如叶片越长越小，容易脱落。第三：严重积水桂花很忌讳积水，这样会造成根部腐烂，桂花喜地势高燥，排水良好的沙质壤土，如果土壤积水，时间一久就会造成烂根，根长不好，自然不会开花。第四：病虫危害虽然桂花病虫相对不多，但是只要它处于荫蔽、潮湿、通风的环境时，就会造成发病，发病后会造成叶片枯黄脱落，花朵减少，花变小。这时就应使用杀虫剂等杀灭蚧虫、蚜虫，具体可以用喷70%甲基托布津1000倍液治病。 [图片]第五：肥料不足肥料不足就会造成生长发育不良，有的桂花种植环境不好，种在石头、砖块上面，上面只有一层黄泥，自然也就造成了营养不足，树木生长衰弱，进而造成叶片薄、发黄、枝条纤细，无力等。所以应适当施肥。但是在缺肥时一定要注意，只有在缺肥造成生长不良影响开花时，施肥才有效，否则盲目施肥，会影响花芽形成，也是造成不开花、少开花的原因之一。以上就是四季桂花树不开花的原因，只要这些方面做好，就能保证“十里飘香”。

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水培滴水观音药用价值当高，当含水量大时，便会从叶尖端或叶边缘向下滴水，因此许多地方称之为滴水观音。其花是肉穗花序，外有一大型绿色佛焰苞，开展成舟型，如同观音座像。水培滴水观音在夏天易烂根，该如何处理呢？ [图片]解决办法：为切掉烂根，切根的时候要戴胶皮手套(滴水观音有毒!皮肤过敏的要小心。)，把靠近烂掉部位的健康组织切掉一点。切掉烂根后将根部晾干，伤口愈合后再放入水中，要放置在通风处。水培须知：一、植株水培之初，用1%浓度的高锰酸钾水溶液浸泡1小时，可消毒杀菌，促进植株生新根; 二、日常护理时除了换水之外，可用0.2%高锰酸钾溶液按器皿内水量的1/5加入，这样做既可防治水中青苔的生长，又有杀菌和预防根系腐烂的作用，同时还能给植株提供锰、钾营养，促进植株生长健壮。水培养护知识 1.水培初期的根系养护：在光天化日之下，根系一下子难以适应，生理机能受到抑制，萌根时间会推迟，转入水培时，最好选用不透明的容器或者在透明的容器外包裹上不透明的薄膜等，尽量减弱水中的光线。等新根长好后再移至透明窗口中，且要从弱光环境逐步移向明亮处。 2.换水间隔：天气越热，水温越高就越要经常换水。换水时要轻轻冲洗植株的根须，清除根部的黏液，剪除老化根和烂根，摘除枯黄叶片。新水加入器皿内要来回倒腾多次，增加水的溶氧量。在换水和平时加水时倒入的水不宜过满，让水面优质在植株茎基下约1～2厘米处，以充分满足植株在生长过程中对氧气的需求。 [图片]3.其他养护要点：保持栽培环境空气流通，进行根外追肥等。 c.先在瓶子里放进小白石子，高度要结合植物的情况而定 d.然后将滴水观音放置在瓶子中间 e.植物的四周用混合好的蛭石和珍珠岩进行填充 f.达到一定高度后用手轻轻地按压 g.用水壶沿瓶子的四周浇水，高度不要超过介质的高度

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榕树生长迅速，且寿命长，树冠大易成型，且虫害少，是良好的绿化树种。晋人嵇含在《南方草木》中写道：榕树……叶如木麻，实如冬青，树干攀曲，其阴十亩，故人以息焉；而又枝条目口繁、叶又茂细，软条如藤，垂下渐渐入地，藤稍人工，便生根节，或一大株，有根四五条，而横枝及邻树连理。可见榕树易栽，易活，易培养,下面为你详细介绍榕树盆景掉叶的原因。 [图片]1.浇水不当。榕树浇水一定要坚持不干不浇，浇则浇透的原则，这里的干燥是指盆土表面干燥，而不是盆土干透，当然即使是干透也不会在短时间内对榕树造成很大的伤害，因为榕树的叶片厚而小，有一定的耐旱性。 2.光照不足。榕树在光照充足的环境下生长良好，夏季高温期如能遮阳30-50%则叶色更显翠绿，但温度低于32℃时最好不要遮阳，以免叶片脱落。 3.施肥不当。榕树施肥需要以薄肥勤施的方法进行，避免施用高浓度的化肥或未经发酵腐熟的有机肥，否则会产生肥害，轻者落叶，重者死亡。 [图片]4.虫害所致。榕树导致落叶的虫害主要有红蜘蛛、介壳虫，虽然也有“蓟马”危害，这种虫只是卷叶吸汁，危害性比上述两种要小一些，而且蓟马防治起来也容易，只可将卷叶摘除销毁即可。而红蜘蛛个体比较小，一般危害部位为叶片的背面，是由于通风不良、空气干燥所引起，可全株用大水冲洗后喷施螨类专杀药剂即可，如螨净、克螨等。介壳虫危害部位以茎干、叶柄等处为多，大小、颜色不同，形状上有圆形、椭圆形等，一般不移动，但危害性较大，需要及时防治，可用牙刷刷除或抹布擦拭干净，也可喷施洗衣粉、风油精0.2%的溶液进行防治，或喷施杀扑磷等农药进行防治，效果皆良。

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芦荟女王虽然被指是濒危物种，但却没有被列在世界自然保护联盟红色名录内！多叶芦荟的观赏价值极高，通常只能通过播种和人工干预破坏生长点获得种苗。所以成熟的芦荟女王的价格也是几乎所有植物中最昂贵的之一，养好了一盆能卖上万元。现在国内可以购买到螺旋芦荟的种子了！芦荟女王的寿命很长，据说植株可存活50年以上。 [图片]一、芦荟女王养殖方法和注意事项： 1、芦荟喜光耐热，但在夏季温度高、降水少时也要防止干旱，适当地浇水可让芦荟快速成长。浇水造成不能过量，一般5～10天浇一次即可。 2、与其他植物一样，芦荟需要阳光才能生长。初种植的芦荟，最好在早上让芦荟见见阳光，切忌中午时分被阳光直射。 3、芦荟需要生在在排水性能较好的地方，因此栽种时土壤可以掺和一些沙砾，以防土壤板结，降低芦荟根部的泡水透气性，造成根部呼吸受阻。 4、芦荟畏寒，5℃左右就回停止生长，0℃时就会冻伤。因此，芦荟养殖温度在15-35℃时候生长最快。 [图片]二、芦荟女王的播种方法播种方法1 放置在冰箱中一个月(这里指的不是速冻，作为喜热的高山植物，它能喜欢速冻么?)将种子种在混合土的表面，不能有遮盖。之后浸盆并放置在阴凉的房间内，保持湿润。等待发芽即可方法2 将种子播在纯砂上，用一层薄薄的细砂覆盖。浸盆并保持湿润。育苗喷需经过加热处理(有个疑问，是播种后加热还是播种前对介质加热消毒?个人认为是播种后，因为种子需要热量，可以在出太阳时暴晒以达到加热目的)，一般21天左右会有第一颗种子发芽，但不排除这些小东西用一年的时间来发芽。方法3 将泥炭与珍珠岩按照2:1的比例调好土放于盆中，之后覆盖一层薄薄的砾石小颗粒，厚度1-2MM即可。

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Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from yellowish green to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate in shape, and crenate or serrate along the margins. Different populations of plants can vary in the hairiness of their leaves – from nearly glabrous to conspicuously hairy or pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals. There are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as a landing pad for visiting insects. The flowers of this form of Viola sororia are medium to dark violet. The inner throat of each flower is more or less white, from which slightly darker veins radiate outward along the petals (particularly the lower one). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring, and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to average conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. The leaves have a tendency to turn yellowish green when exposed to full sun under dry conditions – this reaction is normal, and is not necessarily a sign of poor health. This plant is very easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. This wildflower will adapt to lawns, especially if they are not mowed too often during the spring or cut too low. Habitat & Range: The native Common Blue Violet occurs in every county in Illinois and it is very common (see Distribution Map). Natural habitats include moist to mesic black soil prairies, open woodlands, woodland edges, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In developed areas, it can be found in lawns, city parks, moist waste areas, and along hedges or buildings. Sometimes the Common Blue Violet is grown in flower gardens. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers are not often visited by insects (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees (e.g., Mason, Halictid), skippers, Syrphid flies, and other insects. The Syrphid flies, however, feed only on stray pollen and are non-pollinating. The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies feed on the foliage, including Speyeria diane (Diana), Euptoieta claudia (Variegated Fritillary), Speyeria aphrodite (Aphrodite Fritillary), Boloria bellona (Meadow Fritillary), and Boloria selene myrina (Silver-Border Fritillary). The seeds have soft appendages that attract ants, which are in part distributed by them. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of Viola spp. (Violets). Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage of violets, including the White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and livestock. Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at the webmaster's wildflower garden in Urbana, Illinois, Crystal Lake Park of the same city, and at the edge of an agricultural field outside of the same city in Champaign County, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The flowers and young leaves of violets are edible, and can be added to salads in small amounts. The taste is bland. This is the most common Viola sp. (Violet) in Illinois. There are several forms of Viola sororia with differently colored flowers; these often grow in close proximity to each other in a given area. The typical form that is described here, f. sororia, has medium to dark violet flowers and rather well-rounded leaves. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) consider these different color forms to be separate species, but this does not seem appropriate to me. Some authorities also consider pubescent and non-pubescent specimens of Common Blue Violet to be separate species, but they tend to intergrade in the field, possibly in response to levels of sunlight in a given habitat. However, if this taxonomic distinction is accepted, then non-pubescent specimens can be referred to as Viola pratincola (Common Blue Violet), while pubescent specimens can be referred to as Viola sororia (Woolly Blue Violet). Because the plants in the above photographs are non-pubescent, they would be considered specimens of Viola pratincola according to this taxonomy.

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Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from medium to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate, and crenate or serrate along the margins. The foliage is glabrous to slightly pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals; there are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as a landing pad for visiting insects. Behind the petals, there are 5 sepals that are green and lanceolate. The petals of this form of Viola sororia are a mottled combination of blue-violet with white; from a distance, they appear pale to medium blue-violet. From the throat of the flower, there are dark blue-violet lines radiating outward (particularly on the lower petal). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to mesic conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. This plant is easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. Habitat & Range: The Confederate Violet is occasional to locally common in Illinois; a Distribution Map is unavailable because the Confederate Violet is (or was) considered a mere color form of Viola sororia. Natural habitats include meadows, open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In more developed areas, it is sometimes found in city parks, lawns, and along hedges or buildings. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers have few visitors (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees and other insects. The species Andrena viola (Violet Andrenid Bee) is an oligolectic visitor of Viola spp. (Violets). The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies (Speyeria spp., Boloria spp., & Euptoieta claudia) feed on the foliage of Violets. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of violets. Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage. Photographic Location: The photographs was taken at Crystal Lake Park and Judge Webber Park in Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The Confederate Violet is the mottled form, f. priceana, of Viola sororia. The common name of this violet refers to the resemblance of the color of its flowers to the color of Confederate uniforms during the Civil War (pale greyish blue). The typical form of this species, Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet), which is more common, has flowers with a more homogenous shade of medium to dark violet. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) classify the Confederate Violet as a distinct species, Viola priceana; in this taxonomic reclassification, it appears that no distinction has been made between the Confederate Violet and Viola sororia albiflora (White Wood Violet). I disagree with this taxonomic revision as the Confederate Violet appears to freely hybridize with both the Common Blue Violet and White Wood Violet, and they often occur together in the same habitats. This viewpoint is consistent with the taxonomic classification of the American Violet Society.

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Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from pale green to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate, and crenate or serrate along the margins. The foliage is glabrous to slightly pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals. There are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as aClose-up of Flower landing pad for visiting insects. The flowers of this form of Viola sororia are white to mostly white, except for violet lines radiating from the throat of the flower (particularly the lower petal). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to mesic conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. This plant is easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. Habitat & Range: The native White Wood Violet is occasional to locally common in Illinois; because it is (or was) considered a mere color form of Viola sororia, a Distribution Map is currently unavailable. Natural habitats include open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In more developed areas, it is sometimes found in city parks, lawns, and along hedges or buildings. It is often found in close proximity to Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet). Faunal Associations: The flowers have few visitors (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees and other insects. The species Andrena viola (Violet Andrenid Bee) is an oligolectic visitor of Viola spp. (Violets). The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies feed on the foliage of violets, including Speyeria diane (Diana), Euptoieta claudia (Variegated Fritillary), Speyeria aphrodite (Aphrodite Fritillary), Boloria bellona (Meadow Fritillary), and Boloria selene myrina (Silver-Border Fritillary). Some seeds have soft appendages that attract ants, which help to distribute them. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of violets. Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage, including the White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and livestock. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken of plants growing along the edge of a yard in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: The White Wood Violet is the white form, f. albiflora, of Viola sororia. The typical form of this species, Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet), which is more common, has medium to dark violet flowers. Generally, the White Wood Violet doesn't appear to spread as aggressively as the typical form of this species; it is equally attractive and its light-colored flowers are more conspicuous in shady areas. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) combine the White Wood Violet with Viola sororia priceana (Confederate Violet) and regard the two of them together as a distinct species, Viola priceana. However, I disagree with this taxonomic revision and prefer to regard them as distinct color forms of Viola sororia at the present time. This corresponds to the taxonomic classification of the American Violet Society.

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Description: This perennial herbaceous plant consists of a low rosette of basal leaves up to 5" across, from which one or more flowering stalks develop. The blades of the basal leaves are up to 3½" and 2" across, although they are typically about one-half of this size during the blooming period. These leaf blades are ovate, oval, or cordate-oval in shape, while their margins are crenate. The upper surface of these leaf blades is medium green and glabrous to sparsely pubescent, while the lower surface is pale green and either glabrous, pubescent along the central vein, or pubescent generally. The petioles are less than one-third of the length of the leaf blades; they are light green to reddish green and glabrous to pubescent (hairs are especially likely to occur toward the bases of the petioles). The ascending pedicels of the flowers are 3-5" long, light green to reddish green, terete, and glabrous (less often pubescent). Toward the middle of each pedicel, there is a pair of tiny leafy bracts that are lanceolate in shape. The apices of the pedicels curve downward, where the flowers occur. Each flower is about ½" across, consisting of 5 white spreading petals, 5 light green sepals, and the inconspicuous reproductive organs. The lowest petal of each flower has several purple veins and it is beardless (lacking a patch of hairs) at its base. Toward the back of the flower, this petal tapers into a short stout nectar-spur. The two lower lateral petals have either reduced purple veins or they are veinless; their bases are either beardless or slightly bearded. The upper lateral petals lack purple veins and they are always beardless. The sepals are lanceolate and glabrous; the basal lobes of the sepals are short and rounded. The blooming period of these flowers occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 3-4 weeks. In addition to the showy flowers that have been described, there are also inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers that are self-fertile; they are produced shortly afterwards. The fertilized showy flowers and cleistogamous flowers are replaced by green seed capsules that become up to ½" long at maturity; they are ovoid-oblongoid in shape and glabrous. At maturity, these capsules divide into 3 parts, flinging their seeds in the process. The small seeds are 1.0–1.5 mm. long and globoid to ovoid in shape. The root system consists of a slender crown with fibrous roots and stolon-like rhizomes; clonal offsets are produced from the rhizomes, causing small colonies of plants to develop. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is partial sun, moist conditions, and sandy soil. Range & Habitat: Primrose-leaved Violet occurs in only 3 counties of NE Illinois, where it is rare and native (see Distribution Map). It is state-listed as 'endangered.' Outside of Illinois, this violet occurs primarily in sandy areas along the Atlantic coastal plain and Gulf of Mexico region. There is also a variety of this violet that occurs in the Pacific northwest. Habitats include moist sand prairies, sandy shrub prairies, moist sandy savannas, openings in moist sandy woodlands, and sandy paths through wooded areas. Primrose-leaved Violet is found in high quality natural areas, especially where there have been wildfires that reduced overhead woody vegetation. It also adapts to grassy paths in these areas if they are not mowed too often or too low. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers of Primrose-leaved Violet probably attract the same, or similar, insect pollinators as other violets with white flowers. Such insects include honeybees, bumblebees, long-horned bees (Synhalonia spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), an oligolectic Andrenid bee (Andrena violae), the Giant Bee Fly (Bombylius major), small- to medium-sized butterflies, and skippers (Robertson, 1929). Bees are the most important pollinators. Sometimes ants enter the flowers of violets to feed on nectar, but they are not effective pollinators. Other insects feed on the foliage and other parts of violets. These insect feeders include the caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies (Boloria spp., Speyeria spp.), larvae of the Violet Sawfly (Ametastega pallipes), the Violet Aphid (Neotoxoptera violae), larvae of the Violet Fruit Midge (Dasineura semenivora) and Violet Gall Midge (Prodiplosis violicola), and a thrips (Odontothrips pictipennis); see Bouseman & Sternburg (2001), Smith (2006), Hottes & Frison (1931), Felt (1917), Aldrich & Osten-Sacken (1905), and Stannard (1968). The seeds of violets are eaten to some extent by such birds as the Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, Bobwhite Quail, Mourning Dove, and Slate-colored Junco; the White-footed Mouse and Woodland Vole also eat the seeds. The Cottontail Rabbit and White-tailed Deer feed on the foliage of violets to a minor extent, as does the Eastern Chipmunk and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta); see Martin et al. (1951/1961), Augustine (1997), Wrazen & Svendsen (1978), and Ernst et al. (1994). [图片]Photographic Location: Grassy paths through moist sandy savannas and moist sandy woodlands at the Iroquois County Conservation Area in Illinois. Comments: This is one of the smaller violets with dainty flowers and foliage. It remains inconspicuous, except when it blooms. Primrose-leaved Violet (Viola primulifolia) is probably a naturally occurring hybrid of two other native violets, Lance-leaved Violet (Viola lanceolata) and Small White Violet (Viola macloskeyi pallens). As a result, some authorities refer to Primrose-leaved Violet as a hybrid, or Viola × primulifolia. This violet can be distinguished from other violets (Viola spp.) by its white flowers and the shape of its leaves. These leaves are more broad than those of Lance-leaved Violet, but they are less orbicular in shape than those of Small White Violet. The Sand Violet (Viola fimbriatula) has leaves that are similar in shape to those of Primrose-leaved Violet, but the foliage of Sand Violet is usually more pubescent and its flowers are blue-violet. Across its range, the Primrose-leaved Violet is somewhat variable in the pubescence of its foliage. In the northern parts of its range (including Illinois), the foliage of this violet is mostly glabrous, but in the southern parts of its range (e.g., in SE United States), its foliage is more pubescent.