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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Leaves, stems, flowers and buds will blacken, shrivel, wilt and possibly die. Fruits can become discoloured, and plants may be covered in a white, shiny frost. Stem and trunk bark may split, and develop cankers as a result of the damage.
Plants affected Potentially all non-hardy plants. About Frost damage can occur anytime between late September to mid May. Regular freezing and thawing of plants weakens cell walls. Ice crystals form inside the plant removing water from the cells, or causing them swell and rupture.
Younger, tender plants are generally more susceptible, although hardier plants can be damaged during severe frosts. Gardens sometimes have areas where cold air collects, commonly called “frost pockets”. Plants infected with viral diseases are often more susceptible to frost damage. When soil freezes, young plants may be squeezed out from beneath the surface. The length of exposure to cold temperatures is often as important and the actual temperature.
Preventing further damage Covering plants with horticultural fleece will reduce exposure to frost. Removing any affected plant material will reduce the spread of disease from the damaged areas. Avoid planting seeds in “frost pockets” in your garden. Choose hardy plant varieties to grow. A south facing wall will provide a warmer micro-climate for tender plants.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
When attacks are severe, foliage will be peppered with small holes and pits, and growth may be reduced. The tissue around damaged areas will become dry and discoloured.
Plants affected Many plants from the Brassica family are attacked, as well as a small number of ornamentals. About Adult beetles are up to 3mm long, usually shiny black in colour and may have light coloured stripes down their wing casing. Larvae are small white coloured grubs with brown heads and pairs of fleshy legs. Eggs are tiny opaque yellow elliptical forms, and are laid around plant roots. Adults usually have long, hinged hind legs that enable them to jump like fleas.
Over-wintering takes place as adults, either beneath the soil surface or amongst plant debris around the base of the plant. Adults re-emerge in early spring to feed and mate. During dry periods in April/May, feeding can be severe and may result in plants dying. During this time adults can be seen jumping on and around infested plants. Eggs are laid towards the end of May/ early June, and will hatch a few days later. The larvae will begin to feed immediately after hatching. Mainly on plant roots, although some larvae feed on leaves. Pupation occurs in late summer, with second generation adults emerging during autumn.
Treatment Chemical Rotenone Pyrethrins Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments. Organic Fleeces can be used to protect new seedlings from infestation. Encourage insectivorous birds by hanging boxes and feeders. Use yellow sticky traps to catch adults.
Prevention Flea beetles prefer dry conditions, so keep plants well watered. Remove all plant debris from the base of your plants, to reduce over-wintering sites. Try “trap planting” by growing more susceptible hosts between your primary plants.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Leaves will become a dark brown colour and drop. Blossoms will die back. Fruits will become discoloured and wrinkled. A white slimy substance may excrete from infected areas.
Plants affected Pears, apples, hawthorn, rose About Fireblight Fireblight is a disease caused by a bacteria. It gets its name from the scorched look of infected leaves. The first recorded outbreak in Britain was in 1957. In Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man it is a notifiable disease, and any potential or confirmed outbreaks must be reported to DEFRA.
The slime contains the bacteria, which spreads to other plants on insects, birds and other small animals. The bacteria can also be transmitted with garden tools, from water splashes during rainfall or by any other mechanical means. The infection will spread quickly spread throughout a plant, which may die in only a few months. Treatment Chemical There is currently no chemical control commercially available for fire blight.
Organic Remove any infected leaves, flowers and branches and burn them. Sterilise any tools used for removing infected material with a household bleach solution after each cut and always prune or saw into undamaged healthy wood. Avoid planting more trees from susceptible species.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Holes in the leaves giving a lace-work look as caterpillars feed on the soft tissue between the veins. Once the caterpillars are feeding leaf discolouration and rapid defoliation often results as they decimate the crop. Check for adult moths, caterpillars and their frass, or droppings.
Plants affected The whole cabbage family, for example cauliflowers, turnips, kale, rape, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, watercress, but the main host plants are cabbages. Sometimes mustard plants and ornamental cultivated plants can be infested, such as sweet alyssum, wallflower, candytuft and stocks. About Diamondback moth Adult moths are nocturnal, 8mm in length, grey/brown, long and thin in shape with diamond markings on their backs. They often migrate to this country in large numbers from mainland Europe. The green caterpillars grow to 12mm in length and are thicker in the middle of their bodies.
This moth goes through four larval stages before pupating and becoming an adult, over a 15-30 day period. Plant damage is only caused by the caterpillars, with the last stage causing the worst damage. Plants are often stripped bare by heavy infestations. Caterpillars pupate in loosely spun silken cocoons attached to the undersides of leaves. It is the pupal stages that overwinter, although up to six generations can occur each year. Adult moths emerge in May to mate and lay shiny, yellow eggs. Eggs are 1mm in width and are laid on leaves singly or in pairs. If threatened, caterpillars drop off the leaves and hang by a thread.
Treatment Chemical Products containing the following chemical ingredients are all effective on Diamondback moth Pyrethroids and Pyrethrin Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments. Organic Encourage natural predators and parasites. Regular observation of crops to check for damage or infestation. Crop containment, for example, grow in polytunnels, greenhouses or under fleece. Companion planting with marigolds or onions.
Avoid sowing crop at peak breeding times. Water foliage regularly as larvae can be easily drowned. Prevention Thoroughly check, and remove infested plants. Use sticky traps to monitor the first appearance of adult moths.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Dead and wilting young plants, softening and decaying of mature plants. Also the larvae are often found within the root tubers and they are 8-10mm long white coloured maggots.
Plants affected Mainly Onions but other members of the Allium family can also be attacked. About Onion fly Adult Onion Flies emerge from pupae that have over-wintered within the soil. Pupal cases are brown, oval shaped and about 10mm long. Onion flies have several generations a year, the first generation usually emerges about May/June time. The first generation of adults to emerge are able to reproduce within a few days and females then lay batches of eggs onto or nearby onion seedlings. The eggs laid are small, white and elongated, with darker stripes that run longitudinally.
Second and third generations attack the onion sets which will have developed from the seedlings. The damage is caused not by adult flies but by their grey, legless maggot-like larvae (8mm long) feeding on the onion sets and moving from one to another in the soil. Adult onion flies are similar in appearance to house flies however they are grey, slightly smaller and have longer legs. Larvae can often cause secondary damage such as rotting when they bore in and out of the roots. Treatment Chemical Products containing the following chemical ingredients are all effective on Cutworms There are no approved insecticides currently available to amateur gardeners.
Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments. Organic Regular observation of crops to check for damage or infestation and remove any affected plants immediately and incinerate. Keep weeds under control that could be alternative host plants e.g. dandelions. Crop containment e.g. Fleece barrier to stop flying adults, or grow in poly- tunnels. Avoid planting in soils that have un-rotted organic matter present. Plant sets instead of seeds and avoid planting in rows if possible to stop maggots moving from plant to plant. Avoid sowing at peak Onion Fly breeding times.
Prevention Very efficient checks of the crop for any signs of infestation, any prompt removal of any plants affected, use sticky traps to monitor numbers of adults using white and yellow traps. Use biological pest control species to control numbers, such as Predatory Flies – Coenosia tigrina, Wasp sp. – Aphaerata pallipes, Beetle sp. – Aleochara bilineata or the Fungus – Entomopthora muscae.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Clusters of eggs on leaves, small caterpillars feeding inside pea pods, or evidence of the caterpillars entrances into the peapods to feed.
Plants affected Primarily vegetable peas, but also sweet peas, tares, vetches, clover and sometimes cabbage. About Pea moth Adult pea moths are plain grey/ brown in colour with small pale yellow markings on their sides. They are tent-shaped, have a 15mm wingspan and long antennae. Females usually lay their eggs on leaves or flowers during May/ June. Eggs are small and flat and are usually laid in groups over a period of 2-3 weeks. Larvae are small yellow/ white, dark headed caterpillars up to 6mm long, and emerge after about 3 weeks.
Caterpillars wander the host plant for a day before entering a developing seed pod in which they feed for up to a month. Caterpillars emerge from the pods by eating their way out and over-winter in the soil as pupae in silken cocoons. Pea moth larvae are most destructive during July/ August time. There is usually only one generation per year. Treatment Chemical There are currently no chemical controls commercially available for the home garden to control pea moths. Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments.
Organic In small outbreaks remove affected Pods by hand and burn. Try to sow peas before or after pea moths have become active and are breeding. Remove any other plants or weeds nearby that are host plants for pea moths.
Preventing further problems Plant peas within netting or under fleece to keep adults out. Try using pheromone traps to dispatch of adults. Encourage natural predators such as birds with feeders.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Stems will be damaged at the base and may be completely severed. Plants will wilt and may die. There may also be damage to leaves, roots and tubers.
Plants affected Many garden fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants are affected. About Cutworms Cutworms are the larvae of certain species of nocturnal moths. They are widespread throughout the UK. In June and July the moths lay eggs in batches of 30-50 on leaves and stems. The eggs hatch two weeks later. Larvae range from dull grey or brown in colour to green or white. They can reach 2-4cm in length when fully grown. Larvae can be found feeding at night on the soil surface. They cause severe damage by chewing the base of stems, roots, leaves and tubers. After one to two months of feeding they pupate in the soil. A second generation hatches in August and September.
Second generation larvae will over-winter in the soil, coming to the surface to feed when environmental conditions are favourable. Treatment Chemical Products containing the following chemical ingredients are all effective on Cutworms There are no approved insecticides currently available to amateur gardeners. Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments.
Organic Regularly cultivate soil in winter to expose over-wintering larvae to predators. Encourage insectivorous birds by hanging bird boxes and feeders. In greenhouses drench potted plants to bring larvae to the surface, then pick them off by hand. Prevention Use pheromone traps to monitor the presence of moths during June and July.
Avoid planting in known areas of infestation. Keep gardens free from weeds and plant debris as they can be used for egg laying.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Wilting plants and yellow/brown patches on lawns. Plants affected Leatherjackets mainly attack grass roots. They will also feed on cereal crops and burrow into potato tubers.
About Leatherjackets Leatherjackets are the larval stage of crane flies. Crane flies, also known as daddy-long-legs, have long thin legs, one pair of wings and a small thin body around 2.5cm long. Males and females can be identified by comparing the tip of their abdomens: males - are blunt whilst females - are pointed. Adults are commonly seen flying from late August to October. Since adults do not feed they cause no plant damage. Mating and egg laying takes place within 24 hours of adults emerging. Females lay their eggs by 'hopping' on the soil surface. Each time they land they insert their pointed abdomen into the soil and deposit an egg. The larvae emerge as small brown grubs. They will begin feeding on root structures of grasses.
During the day the larvae remain under the soil, but on wet nights may appear above the surface and feed on plant stems. Larvae overwinter in the soil until spring, when they begin feeding again. There are four stages of larval development. When they reach full size larvae they can be up to 4cm in length. They pupate in August. The pupae have rows of spines along their sides which enable them to move up and down within the soil during wet and dry periods. Treatment Organic Regular and thorough observation of lawns and plants is essential when wishing to control leatherjackets organically.
Remove by covering small areas of lawn with black polythene overnight after heavy rain or irrigation. The grubs will come up onto the grass and can be removed in the morning. Natural enemies can be released onto the affected plants. The parasitic nematode Steinernema feltiae can be watered into the ground around affected areas. These parasites infect the grubs with bacteria to kill them. Compacting the soil using a heavy roller will make it harder for the grubs to move through it.
Prevention Regularly check lawns and plants for signs of leatherjacket infestation and deal with them as soon as they appear. Encourage insect-eating birds by hanging feeders in the winter months and nest boxes in the spring.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Distorted, yellowing or slowed growth on plants can often be a sign of scale insects. These look like tiny brown or orange blobs and can often be found on the undersides of the leaves near the veins, on the stems or in the leaf joints. They produce sticky honeydew as they feed which can cause the foliage on infested plants to become sticky and covered with dark sooty mould.
Plants affected Scales are usually pests of ornamental plants and can be especially troublesome in greenhouses. Over 300 species of ornamental plants are known hosts. About Scale insects Scale insects are small sap-sucking insects, so called because they produce an umbrella-like waxy coating or 'scale' over their soft bodies. They're often difficult to detect on plants, although leaf yellowing or sticky honeydew deposits can be the first signs of infestation. Scale insects may appear as small, flattened white, yellow or brown 'discs' or 'blobs', on stems or on the underside of leaves near the veins. Scale insects are divided into two families - soft scale (Coccidae) and hard scale (Diaspididae).
Soft scales can breed all year round on protected crops and produce large amounts of sugary honeydew when they feed on the plant's sap. This honeydew attracts sooty moulds that grow on the leaves. Hard scales lay eggs under their scales which hatch into nymphs or 'crawlers' after the female dies in early summer. The nymphs can move short distances on a plant, but disperse long distances on the wind or on animals. Hard scale don't produce large amounts of honeydew. Female scale insect nymphs become immobile once they find a suitable feeding site and become adults. Males are rarely seen but are often winged and midge-like in appearance. The 'scale' produced by these insects can remain on a plant for a long time after they're dead.
Treatment Chemical Products containing the following chemical ingredients are all effective on Scale insects Pyrethrum Natural fatty acids Rape seed oil Tar oil wash (for use on deciduous trees and roses in December) Thiacloprid (for use with outdoor fruit crops) Note: It is important to read manufacturer's instructions for use and the associated safety data information before applying chemical treatments.
Organic Check bought plants thoroughly. If an infestation is in the early stages, the scales can be cleaned off using a brush and water, or just a thumbnail. Biological control is available in the form of a tiny wasp which parasitises soft scales, Metaphycus helvolus. This can be purchased for release into the greenhouse but requires good light and temperatures of at least 22°C (72°F) to be effective. The small predatory ladybird Chilocorus nigritus can also be purchased, that feeds on hard scale species. Lacewing larvae also control scale.
Prevention Check plants regularly for signs of scale infestation and deal with them as soon as they appear. Keep the environment clear of weeds because these often harbour the pest. Monitor plants for signs of scale, such as leaf drop, honeydew or sooty mould. Look out for ants running up and down the plants, 'milking' the honeydew. Avoid using broad spectrum insecticides which will kill beneficial insects as well as scale. Destroy any leaves that have been removed from an infested plant because these can harbour many mobile juvenile scales.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Stunted and deformed foliage, collapsed plants, swollen and distorted roots. The foliage may develop a purple tinge and wilt easily on hot dry days.
Plants affected Members of the brassica family, including cabbages, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, swede, wallflowers, and related weeds. About Clubroot exists as spores in the soil and can survive for at least 20 years, waiting for a suitable plant to infect. The spores enter plants through the roots. Once inside the roots, more spores are produced which end up back in the soil when the infected plant ultimately rots away. The disease can be easily transported to new sites in soil or on muddy boots or plant material.
Treatment Preventing the disease from entering your garden is by far the most important consideration when dealing with clubroot. Take care when buying brassica plants, especially when you’re not sure where they come from. For example those sold at car boot sales and small plant fairs. Aim to grow all new brassicas from seed. Clean tools, pots and boots carefully after use on contaminated ground. Affected plants should be removed entirely once harvested, dried and then burned.
Some control of the symptoms is possible by liming the soil to raise the pH to around 7. Keep your garden clear of related weeds which can harbour the disease. These include wild radish and shepherd’s purse. Some varieties are more resistant to clubroot than others. Good choices include: Cabbage ‘Kilaxy’, Cauliflower ‘Clapton’, Brussels sprout ‘Crispus’ and Swede ‘Gowrie’
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