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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
A blood feeding external parasite of mammals, birds and reptiles, ticks are important vectors of disease causing agents. They attach firmly to their host, feed slowly and may go unnoticed for several days while feeding. As a result, ticks transmit the widest variety of pathogens of any blood sucking arthropod. Some human diseases of interest include Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Adults (1/4 inch long) have eight legs and are reddish-brown with white or yellow irregular markings on their body. Females are slightly larger than males, and can grow as large as 1/2 inch long after a blood meal. To feed, they grab onto a host, secrete an anesthetic and painlessly burrow into the skin with their mouth parts. Bites can cause skin irritations or even allergic reactions in some people. Note: Ticks are divided into two groups: hard and soft. Hard ticks have a shield on their backs and are tapered at the head end; they are the most easily recognized by people. Soft ticks lack the shield-like plate, have a blunt head end and look like pieces of bark or debris. Both groups are important vectors of disease.
Life Cycle The widely distributed American dog tick overwinters in all stages, except as eggs. Adults are prevalent in the spring, and after obtaining a blood meal and mating, females deposit up to 4,000 eggs in large masses on the ground. Hatching occurs in 30 or more days, and the 6-legged larval stage crawls onto surrounding vegetation where it clings to any passing animals that rub against it. After a 3-12 day feeding period, larvae drop off and molt into 8-legged nymphs. After feeding on yet another host, nymphs again drop off and molt into young adults. The cycle may be completed during a period of a few weeks to a year or more. Tick Control Keep grass and weeds trimmed and remove wood piles to reduce harborage for tick hosts. Whenever possible, stay out of pest infested areas, grassy pastures, prairies and wooded areas. Restrict movement of your pets.
When entering infested areas, wear long-sleeved shirts, and long trousers with tight-fitting cuffs. Wear light-colored clothing. Ticks are easier to see on a light background. Use Herbal Pet Collars, or one of our other least-toxic products to protect dogs and cats. Broadcast EcoSMART® Insect Killer Granules around foundations, lawns and landscapes to eliminate or repel all kinds of problem pests. Apply food-grade Diatomaceous Earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons! Spray pet bedding and kennels with plant-based formulas specifically designed to keep these unhealthy nuisances at bay. Containing no harmful residues, they are SAFE to use around homes, children and pets.
Broad spectrum, organic neem oil disrupts the growth and development of pest insects and has repellent and anti-feedant properties. Best of all, it is non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects. If pest populations become intolerable, spot treat problem areas with a fast-acting botanical insecticide such as Safer® Mosquito & Tick Killer. This natural spray persists for about two weeks and has less toxicity than commercial chemical pesticides.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Termites are the most common and costly wood-destroying pest found in the United States. Most are the subterranean type and feed exclusively on wood and wood products. They are found in every state and are responsible for 95% of termite-related damage. Each year thousands of homes require treatment for the control of these pests – with the cost of damage and treatment exceeding $1 billion.
Signs of termite infestation include the mud tubes they construct to move from the soil to the wood and swarming of winged adults in the spring and fall. Darkening or blistering of wooden structures is another indication of an infestation; wood in damaged areas is extremely soft and easily punctured with a screwdriver. Termites are small (1/4 – 1/2 inch long), creamy white, tan or black insects; wingless or winged.
To determine if the insect you see is an ant or a termite look for the following: Termites have relatively straight antennae. Ants have elbowed antennae. The abdomen of the termite is broadly joined to the thorax. The abdomen and thorax of the ant are joined by a narrow waist. Termites have two pair of wings (front and back) that are almost equal in length. Ants have two pair of wings — the front wings are much larger than the back wings. Life Cycle Subterranean termites are social insects that live in colonies. A colony has three castes: a) reproductives (king and queen), b) soldiers and c) workers. Colonies are initiated in spring and fall when swarms of winged male and female reproductives leave a nest. Termites shed their wings, pair off and build a nest near a source of wood and moisture in the soil. After mating, the female (queen) begins laying eggs. The eggs hatch after a few weeks or months (depending upon species), and the emerging nymphs mature over a period of 2-6 months. Most become workers or soldiers. When the nest reaches its maximum population, some of the nymphs develop into winged reproductives, and the cycle is repeated.
Control Homeowners can get rid of termites naturally by following these NINE simple techniques: Eliminate wood contact with the ground. Ideally, wood should be at least 8 inches above the soil. Pull soil or mulch back from the foundation and support steps or posts on a concrete base. Prevent moisture from accumulating near the foundation. Termites are attracted to moisture and are more likely to enter a structure if the soil next to the foundation is consistently moist. Install, fix or relocate downspouts, drains and gutters. Repair leaky faucets. Never store firewood, lumber or other wood debris against the foundation. When stacked against the foundation they offer a hidden path of entry into the structure.
Use decorative wood chips and mulch sparingly, especially if you have other conditions conducive to termite problems. Apply Bora-Care directly to untreated wood surfaces. Formulated with a concern for the environment, Bora-Care is a borate based insecticide and fungicide that is used for the interior and exterior control of wood-boring insects. Its patented formula penetrates deep into the wood providing long lasting protection. Dust Boric Acid lightly into cracks, crevices, wall voids and other insect hiding places. This fine powder clings to the legs, antennae and bodies of insects and acts as a stomach poison when consumed during grooming.
Spray Orange Guard, made from citrus peel extract, to kill on contact. Approved for organic use, Orange Guard is a broad spectrum insect killer that’s safe to use indoors and out. Repeat applications may be necessary. Apply food-grade Diatomaceous Earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, that look like broken glass under the microscope, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons!
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
The pantry moth or Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) is considered to be the most troublesome of the moths infesting stored products in the United States. They attack all cereal products, whole grains, dried fruits, pet foods, bird seed, dried milk and nuts. Damage is caused by the larvae spinning silken threads as they feed and crawl, thus webbing the particles of food together. Small moths are often noticed flying in a zigzag fashion around pantries and other infested areas.
Adult moths (5/8 inch wingspan) are pale gray in color and are easily distinguished from other grain infesting moths by the reddish brown or coppery luster of their outer forewing. Fully grown larvae (1/2 inch) have brown heads and are dirty white in color, sometimes tinged with green, yellow or pink. They are extremely active. Life Cycle Adult females deposit up to 300 eggs on or near food materials. Within two weeks larvae hatch and begin actively feeding. As they move they spin silken threads throughout the infested foods, which may become matted with webbing. Larvae feed for approximately two weeks until fully grown and select a pupation site (cracks and crevices, pantry walls, ceilings) where they spin cocoons. Transformation to pupae occurs, and adults emerge in about 30 days. The entire life-cycle requires 4-6 weeks to complete and there may be five overlapping generations per year, depending on temperature.
Note: Indian meal moths are most often introduced into the home in packaged goods and groceries. Here’s how to get rid of them naturally. Pantry Moth Control Inspect foods for possible infestation before you purchase. Store susceptible foods in as dry a place or container as possible. Infested food items can be thrown away or salvaged by freezing for 1 week. Clean up food spills promptly, paying close attention to cracks and crevices. The Pantry Pest Trap uses a powerful attractant to detect adult moths. Place near the problem area, generally where dried foodstuffs are stored. Release trichogramma wasps to attack and destroy pest eggs. These tiny beneficial insects are very effective because they prevent the pest from reaching the destructive larval stage.
Apply food-grade diatomaceous earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, that look like broken glass under the microscope, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons! Bt-kurstaki (Bt-k) is a highly selective biological pesticide used to manage the larval stage of this pest. Approved for organic use, it should be applied every 7- to 10-days, as needed. Made from citrus peel extract, Orange Guard kills and repels many bugs on contact. Spray in kitchens, pantries and under cabinets and appliances — anywhere insects hide! Safe for use around food, people and pets.
Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Fruit flies are a common kitchen nuisance especially active in late fall and summer when the produce they love is in abundance. Also known as vinegar flies, they are attracted by orange rinds left on the counter, tomatoes ripening on a windowsill, bananas turning brown in the fruit bowl and lettuce left in the sink. The pin-head sized creatures do not bite but are an unsettling sight circling lazily around your produce.
The flies are so tiny, ranging in size from less than 1/16th of an inch up to 3/16th of an inch, that they disappear to all but those with the sharpest vision as they fly from bright light to shadow. The head and thorax are yellow and tan while the abdomen can be dark, even black. Many types have red eyes. Due to their particularly small size, fruit flies can enter a house from the outside through common window screen. They’re also brought into the kitchen on the produce you bring home from the market.
Fruit flies will breed anywhere there is damp, decaying organic matter. This includes in sink drains (dark, slightly larger flies specific to drains are known as drain or filter flies), garbage pails and compost buckets, tile grout, even wash cloths. Because they will breed in so many different places, these pesky insects can be difficult to eradicate once they are established. Don’t be so frustrated by the persistence of the short-lived fruit fly that you resort to anything other than safe, organic methods of control. If you don’t deny the flies a place to breed by employing thorough sanitation methods, you can spray pesticides all you want. The pest will come back. And even those who recommend using pesticides on flies of all kinds don’t recommend spraying in places where food is stored and prepared.
Life Cycle The female fruit fly will lay between 500 and 2,000 eggs, one at a time, usually on or near fermenting fruits or other decaying organic material. The eggs, contained in a moist secretion, are left on rinds, fruit meat and other, usually damp sources. The larvae hatch out in about a day, then feed for five or more days on the yeasts produced in the fermenting vegetable matter (or drain slime) before moving to a drier location to pupate. They take two days to become sexually mature. Flies live no more than one or two weeks and mate twice during their short lives. (Hat tip to the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension (PDF) from which much of this life cycle information was sourced.)
Damage Fruit flies are mainly thought of as a nuisance pest, known to buzz around un-refrigerated produce and kitchen sinks. But the flies are labeled “filth” flies because of the bacterial contamination they can spread as they lay their eggs on fruits and vegetables. As the fruit fly moves from surface to surface, it transfers harmful pathogens around your kitchen and to the foods prepared there. Drain flies can potentially carry more harmful contamination. Control Sanitation is job number one. Denying flies access to the decaying organic matter they seek prevents their multiplying. This isn’t as easy as it sounds. Besides what’s in your fruit bowls and on your kitchen counters, flies will breed in drains and around sinks, on mops, on damp wood under sinks and behind walls, and at the lips of cans and bottles.
Don’t store produce on your counter. Refrigerate all fruits and vegetables, even (especially) the bananas. This is good practice to prevent the introduction and spread of this household invader and is absolutely necessary when fighting established infestations. As you cook, clean up kitchen peelings and other vegetable scraps immediately. Take all compostable material out to the compost heap as soon as you’ve produced it. Or keep a compost crock with a tight sealing lid next to your prep area to keep cores and peelings before sending them outdoors. If your kitchen scraps, including citrus rinds and banana peels, will ultimately end up going out with the garbage, start a scraps bag that you keep in the freezer until it can be put out for pickup with the trash. Banana peels, left overnight in the trash, are especially attractive to the flies. Instead, freeze them.
Thoroughly clean and dry all food prep areas, including under counters and around stoves; anywhere stray matter might build. Make sure all garbage cans have tight fitting lids. Keep them covered. Keep you cans clean inside and out, including edges around the top. Thoroughly wash all containers headed for your recycling bins, especially fruit juice bottles and soda cans. Think flies are coming out of a sink drain? Cover it with plastic wrap overnight and check for flies underneath come morning. Keep drains clean and free of organic material with natural drain cleaners. Run garbage disposals frequently. Pouring equal parts baking soda and salt, then topping with an equal amount of white vinegar The Department of Entomology at Iowa State University reports that pouring bleach or ammonia down a drain to kill flies has no benefit. Wooden cutting boards can harbor eggs and larvae. Wash them in hot water frequently and allow to completely dry. Check under and around sinks for leakage. Fruit flies will lay eggs on any organic surface that is moist, especially underneath sinks. Reseal fixtures and and re-grout tiles around sinks to stop leakage. Allow wood and other surfaces under sinks to dry completely after you do.
Use traps to lure and capture adult pests. Some traps are specifically designed for indoor use. Making one or two homemade traps and placing them around food storage and prep areas can be highly effective. Here’s how: Make a cone from a large file card or half sheet of paper leaving a small opening at the bottom and insert it into a jar containing a half-inch of apple cider vinegar. The flies go down the cone towards the vinegar, but once inside can’t find their way out, circling the lip of the jar wondering how they got there in the first place. Make sure the cone seals at the edge of the jar (we rub the lip with oil which seems to capture the flies trying to squeeze through). Humane types can take the jar outside, remove the cone and let the surviving flies free.
A piece of plastic wrap over a custard cup or other small bowl with a small hole approximately the size of a pencil poked in the plastic near the center is also a quick and effective way to trap circling flies. The traps also work with beer and wine. Yeast traps attract flies with fermentation. If pests persist despite your best efforts, look for hidden breeding spots, like a bruised potato in the back of a cupboard or a juice spill that’s run under a cabinet or the refrigerator. Flies can breed in water trays set under house plants. Clean them after dumping runoff from watering. Replacing window screen with very small-mesh screen can help keep flies from entering your home from the outdoors. Lavender has been shown to discourage fruit flies. Basil, mint and thyme, on the other hand, have been shown to be more attractive to the flies than slices of banana. (Thanks to University of Southern California Science Fair project summaries (PDF) and the grade school experimenter who conducted the tests). Clove will repel this household nuisance. Stick as many cloves as you can (at least 25) into a fresh lemon and add to your fruit bowl.
Final word from a friend: I’m an organic vegetable (and fruit!) gardener and an active cook. My kitchen is always full of the kind of stuff this flying fuss is looking for. I use a lidded compost bucket, keep a couple of vinegar traps out all the time, and do my best to keep a clean food-prep cooking area. But I’ve resigned myself to the fact that, in season, I’ll never eradicate the little buggers completely. Instead, I’ve come to see them as a symbol of abundance, most active when I’m most active in the kitchen, canning peaches and apple sauce, pickling beets and letting a slurry of berries ferment in a wine crock. The flies will die down when the weather gets really cold. Until then, I keep things sealed, covered and refrigerated the best I can. I wash all produce just before using. And I swat at the few flies who make the mistake of swimming right up in front of my face.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Accidentally introduced from South America in the early 1900’s, red imported fire ants are currently found in 13 Southern states and Puerto Rico. They are well-known for their venomous sting and will aggressively attack anything that disturbs their mound. Fire ants can sting repeatedly and cause medical and agricultural problems to people, pets, livestock and wildlife. They will also wreak havoc on local ecosystems. Studies show that populations of ground nesting animals (song birds, snakes, rodents, toads and lizards) are reduced by more than half shortly after their arrival.
Imported fire ants (1/8 – 1/4 inch long) are reddish brown to black in color and look very much like ordinary ants. They are social insects and build mounds of loose soil, resembling gopher diggings, rarely larger than 18 inches in diameter. Mounds are often numerous and can quickly spread over an entire yard. Each mound may contain up to 300,000 ants. Note: Fire ants are attracted to electricity and have been known to damage air conditioners, heat pumps, transformers and more.
Life Cycle All ants are social insects and live in colonies with three distinct types of adults, called castes. Queens are larger than other ants and are responsible for egg laying. Some colonies have only one queen, whereas others have many. Males are responsible for mating with the queens; they do not participate in any other activities. Workers are sterile wingless females. They make up the bulk of the colony and are responsible for building and defending the nest, caring for the young and foraging for food. During the spring and summer, winged males and females leave the mound and mate in the air. Fertilized females (queens) shed their wings, burrow into the ground and lay eggs to begin a new colony. After about 30 days, the eggs hatch into “maggot-like” larvae. These are cared for by the queen until they pupate approximately 1-2 months later. Within three weeks, the pupae transform into adult “worker” ants which begin collecting food for themselves, the queen and for future generations of larvae. In the late fall, numerous small colonies appear, many of which will not survive the winter unless the weather is mild.
Control According to the University of Florida Extension, food-grade diatomaceous earth will eliminate individual ants, but its effectiveness to kill the entire colony is questionable. Using a sprinkler can, mix 2 oz Monterey Garden Insect Spray (spinosad) per gallon of water, and apply to individual mounds as a drench. Use about 10% of prepared solution around the perimeter of the mound and the remainder directly over the mound. Apply slowly, like a gentle rain — do NOT disturb the colony. For best results, apply when the weather is cool or in early morning or evening.
Labeled for use in and around homes, Ascend contains a naturally occurring soil fungus — Abamectin — that will eliminate problem colonies and prevent queen egg production. Broadcast after dew or rainfall at a rate of 1 lb per acre (2lb container treats 36 mounds). Least-toxic botanical insecticides, containing liquid pyrethrin, should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Fairy rings are caused by a diverse family of soil-inhabiting fungi called basidiomycetes. They typically appear as dark green circles in the lawn ranging in size from a few inches to 200 feet or more in diameter. Lush rings of turf are formed by the release of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, from the activity of the fungus living on organic matter in the soil. A circle of mushrooms usually develops around the edge of the infected area.
Fairy rings grow outward at the rate of 6 to 24 inches annually depending on grass, soil and weather conditions. They are most common on sandy soils that are low in water and fertility. Thick thatch layers also contribute to this problem. Besides being unsightly, fairy rings can cause serious damage to lawns. Often the disease will produce a thick fungal mat that prevents water from reaching the grass roots below. Once the soil becomes dry it is very difficult to wet and the grass roots eventually die. The fungus may also deplete soil nutrients and, in some cases, will release a toxic by-product that can directly kill the turf within a ring.
Note: The name “fairy ring” comes from an old folk-tale. People once believed that the mushrooms appeared where fairies had danced the night before. Treatment Recommended products labeled for use against this fungal problem include: Physan 20 works on a variety of disease outbreaks affecting lawns, turf and grass. Use 1 Tbsp per gallon of water and thoroughly soak the problem area, repeat as needed. One pint diluted treats 6,400 square feet. Practices that promote a healthy lawn will help to reduce the occurrence of this turfgrass disease.
Remove excess thatch and aerate compacted soils. Keep lawns well watered. Encourage beneficial soil microbes by top dressing with a humus builder such as well aged manure or finished compost. Once the disease appears it is very difficult to eliminate — there is NO natural control. Homeowners will often mask the problem, using fertilizers rich in nitrogen, rather than eradicate it. Mushrooms can be removed by regular mowing or raking. Most fungicides have NOT proven to be effective. Your mantra should be; fertilize, water, aerate and mow.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
The larvae of several moth and butterfly species (listed below) are collectively referred to as tent caterpillars. Distributed throughout much of the United States and Canada, these caterpillars multiply rapidly and can defoliate a large number of deciduous trees and shrubs in a short time. They are often seen on roadside trees and in neglected orchards. Besides defoliation the larvae produce large unsightly webs, or tents, in the crotches of tree branches. These webs are used to protect the caterpillars from predators and the elements. Although tent caterpillar damage is unsightly, infestations rarely threaten the lives of trees.
Four species are commonly discussed: Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) – Found east of the Rockies and north into southern Canada. Full grown caterpillars (2 inches long) are sparsely hairy and black in color with a row of pale blue spots on each side. They have a white stripe down the center of their backs that makes them easy to identify. Adults (1-1/2 inches long) are reddish brown moths with two white bands running diagonally across each forewing. Host plants include cherry, apple and crabapple, but may be found on a variety of shade trees as well. Western Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma californicum) – Troublesome in the northern and western portions of the United States and adjoining Canada. These hairy caterpillars (2 inches long) are yellowish-brown in color and have a row of blue spots on their backs, with orange spots interspersed in between. Adult moths (1-1/2 inches long) are orange-brown in color with two narrow yellow lines on the wings. Willow, poplar, cottonwood, birch, apple, plum, cherry, roses and oak are favorite host plants of this pest.
Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) – Found throughout the United States and Canada wherever hardwoods are found. Despite its name, this pest does not spin a true tent; instead, it forms a silken mat on the surface of branches where they congregate. Larvae are similar in appearance to M. americanum but have a series of keyhole-shaped white spots running down their back instead of a solid line. Adults are light yellow to tan colored moths (1-1/2 inch long) with two dark bands on their forewings. Host plants include wild cherry, aspen, maple, oak and hawthorn. Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea) – Common across North America and Mexico, webworms are known to feed on over 85 species of trees. Unlike tent caterpillars that build a nest in the crotch of trees, webworm tents are located at the outer ends of branches and often include leaves. Caterpillars (1 inch in length) are covered with long hairs and vary in color from yellow to green, with a black stripe on the back and a yellow stripe on each side. Their heads are either red or black. Adult moths (1 inch long) are pure white in color and usually have dark spots on the wings.
Life Cycle Most species of tent caterpillars overwinter in the egg stage. Dark brown to gray egg masses containing 150 to 400 eggs are attached around the small twigs of trees and shrubs. Hatching takes place about the time that leaf buds begin to unfold, usually in early spring. Caterpillars are gregarious and soon construct silken tents which they uses as a refuge during the early morning and evening hours and during rainy spells. They leave their protective tent and feed only during the day, laying down a silk trail as they crawl to help them find their way back to the shelter. Approximately six weeks after hatching, and five instars later, the larva become fully grown (up to 2 inches long, sparsely hairy). Pupation occurs in silken cocoons which are found on tree trunks, fences, or leaf litter. About two weeks later adult moths emerge and soon deposit the overwintering eggs. There is one generation a year. Note: Larvae can be a nuisance when they begin to migrate to protected areas to pupate. They are often found by the thousands traveling over roads, streets, driveways, walkways, fences and buildings.
Tent Caterpillar Control Scrape off and discard overwintering egg masses and tear the protective tents out by hand before the larvae start to feed. Restrict caterpillar movement and cut off access to feeding areas with Sticky Tree Bands or Tree Tanglefoot Pest Barrier. The natural, soil dwelling bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt-kurstaki is particularly effective on inch worms of all types. Use easily applied spray to hit worms and protect the leaves at the first signs of damage. BTK sprays do not harm honey bees or birds and are safe for use around pets and children.
Spinosad, another biological agent derived from fermentation, is also very effective. It’s the active ingredient in Monterey Garden Insect Spray, a product classified as organic by the U.S.D.A. National Organic Program and listed for organic use by the Organic Materials Review Institute. Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This effective spray disrupts growth and development of pest insects and has repellent and anti-feedant properties. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects. Fast-acting botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest defoliator in western North America. In the Rockies, they most commonly infest Douglas-fir and white fir. Occasionally, they also attack Engelmann spruce, blue spruce and sub-alpine fir.
Adult moths are 1/2-inch long and have a wing-spread of 1-inch. Moths of both sexes are similar in appearance, although the females are a bit more robust than males. Both sexes fly. The gray or orange-brown forewings are banded or streaked, and each usually has a conspicuous white dot on the wing margin. Eggs are oval, light green and overlap like shingles. Larvae develop through six stages. Newly hatched larvae are yellow-green with brown heads. In the next three stages, larvae have black heads and collars and orange or cinnamon-brown bodies. In the fifth stage, larvae have reddish-brown heads marked with black triangles, black collars and pale olive-brown bodies marked with small whitish spots. Mature larvae are 1-inch long, with tan or light chestnut-brown heads and collars and olive or reddish-brown bodies with large ivory-colored areas.
Life Cycle Throughout most of its range, the Western Spruce Budworm completes one cycle of development from egg to adult within 12 months. Moths emerge from pupal cases usually in late July or early August; in the southern Rockies, adults often begin emerging in early July. Adults mate and within 7 to 10 days the female deposits her eggs and then dies. Each female deposits approximately 150 eggs, usually on the underside of conifer needles. Eggs are laid in one to three-row masses containing a few to 130 eggs with an average of 25 to 40 eggs per mass. Pest larvae hatch from eggs in about 10 days. Larvae do not feed, but seek sheltered places under bark scales or in and among lichens on the tree bole or limbs. Here, they spin silken tents in which they remain inactive through the winter.
In early May to late June, larvae leave their hibernacula to search for food. They first mine or tunnel into year-old needles, closed buds or newly developing vegetative or reproductive buds. New foliage, which is normally the preferred food, is entirely consumed or destroyed before larvae will feed on older needles. Larvae become full grown in early July about 30 to 40 days after leaving their overwintering sites. Larvae pupate in webs of silk they have spun either at the last feeding site or elsewhere on the tree. The pupal stage lasts about 10 days. Control Budworm populations usually are held in check by a combination of predators, parasites, adverse climatic conditions or inadequate food supply. Spiders, insects and a variety of birds are important predators.
Adverse weather conditions, particularly sudden freezes in late spring, may kill large numbers of larvae. A major factor in ending long-term outbreaks appears to be starvation from inadequate or nutritionally poor food sources. However, this may not be a factor in urban situations. Cultural practices (thinning, watering and fertilizing), which promote tree vigor, may help trees better withstand repeated attacks. Spinosad, the active ingredient in Monterey® Garden Insect Spray, is a highly effective bio-pesticide that is recommended for use against this tree pest. For best results, apply when young. The natural, soil dwelling bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt-kurstaki, is particularly effective on damaging larvae. Use this easily applied spray early at the first signs of damage. Bt-K sprays do not harm honey bees or birds and are safe for use around pets and children. Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This concentrated spray (use 1-2 oz/ gallon) disrupts growth and development of budworm and has repellent and anti-feedant properties. Best of all, it is relatively NON-TOXIC to spiders, beneficial insects and honeybees.
Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment. Spray two to three weeks immediately following bud break, usually May-June.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
Sawflies (Caliroa cerasi), also known as cherry or pear slugs, are widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada. They are a common pest of mountain ash, hawthorn, cotoneaster, cherry, plum and pear trees, and are occasionally found on quince and shadbush. High populations can defoliate entire trees.
Young larvae (1/2 inch long) are greenish-black, elongated, slim and slug-like, with very little evidence of legs. As the slugs grow, they become lighter colored. When fully mature, pear sawfly larvae resemble green-orange caterpillars. The adult (1/5 inch long) is a black and yellow, 4-winged non-stinging wasp (sawfly) that is rarely noticed.
Life Cycle The winter is passed in the soil inside a cocoon. In the late spring, shortly after trees have come into full leaf, the adults emerge and deposit their eggs in the leaves. These hatch a week or more later, depending on temperature. Larval development is completed in less than a month and pupation takes place in the soil. Adults emerge during late July and August and lay eggs for the second generation of slugs. This generation usually causes the greatest amount of injury, especially on young trees which they may completely defoliate. When this second generation of larvae becomes fully grown, they go into the ground and remain as larvae until the following spring, when they pupate. There is usually only one generation per year, but there may be a partial second.
Sawfly Control Cultivate around trees and shrubs in the early spring and again in the fall to help reduce the overwintering population. Wash slugs off leaves with a strong jet of water from the Bug Blaster; larvae may also be sprayed with Safer® Soap. Apply food-grade Diatomaceous Earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, that look like broken glass under the microscope, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons!
Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This concentrated, organic insecticide offers multiple modes of action, making it virtually impossible for insect resistance to develop. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects. Surround WP (kaolin clay) forms a protective barrier film, which acts as a broad spectrum crop protectant for preventing damage from insect pests. Many growers are reporting great success with Monterey® Garden Insect Spray (Spinosad). A relatively new insect killer, it can be applied to a large number of ornamental and garden plants. Best of all, it’s OMRI Listed for use in organic production.
Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月15日
Dummer. ゛☀
A serious late season pest of pecan and hickory trees, the pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) chews holes through the shuck and shell of nuts and are responsible for two kinds of damage.
The first type of damage is caused by adult weevils feeding on kernels prior to the shells hardening. Nuts punctured by weevils during this stage have a tobacco-juice-like stain around the feeding site. Damaged nuts often shrivel, turn black inside and drop prematurely. The second type of damage occurs later in the growing season when females place eggs within the newly formed kernels. Larvae hatch and feed within the kernel causing further damage. These infested nuts do not drop and are often harvested along with a healthy crop. The pecan weevil causes serious economic loses wherever pecan and hickory trees are grown.
Adults are hard shelled beetles about 3/8 inch long with long slender snouts (females have a snout longer than their bodies) and thin legs. They are reddish brown in color and densely covered with olive-brown hairs and scales. Larvae are fat, creamy white, C-shaped grubs. They have reddish-brown heads and grow to 1/3 inch long. Life Cycle Adult weevils and larvae overwinter in the soil. The majority of adults emerge from the soil during August and the first week of September. When nuts reach the dough stage of development, mated females lay 2-4 eggs in separate pockets within the kernels. After eggs hatch, young legless larvae feed for about 30-35 days inside pecans. Between late September and December larvae exit nuts through a small circular hole, drop to the ground and burrow into the soil to a depth of 4-12 inches. They spend one to two years in the soil before pupating in the fall. (Most of the grubs will pupate the following fall. Although some do not pupate until the fall of the next year.) The pupal stage lasts about three weeks. Adults remain in the soil until the following summer. There is one generation every 2-3 years.
Control Spread in bands around the base of trees, Tanglefoot® Pest Barrier will prevent adult weevils from reaching the nuts on which they feed. Beneficial nematodes are microscopic, worm-like parasites that actively hunt, penetrate and destroy pecan weevil larvae in the soil. Applications should be made around the base of trees, out to the drip line — or a little farther. Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This broad spectrum, organic spray disrupts growth and development of pest insects and has repellent and anti-feedant properties. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects.
Growers with only a few trees can place tarps under the canopy during August, especially several days after a rain, and jar the limbs to shake adults free. Weevils that fall will remain still for several minutes and can be collected and destroyed in a bucket of soapy water. This technique can be repeated until mid-September or until no weevils are found. Apply fast-acting botanical insecticides after 6 weevils are jarred from a single tree. Normally, three to five sprays every 5-7 days are required. These natural pesticides will also prevent egg laying by adults, if applied soon after adults emerge.
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