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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年10月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Scientific Name Rhodiola rosea L. Common Names Golden Root, Rose Root, Aaron’s Rod, Arctic Root, King’s Crown, Orpin Rose
Synonyms Rhodiola roanensis, Sedum rhodiola, Sedum roanense, Sedum rosea Scientific Classification Family: Crassulaceae Genus: Rhodiola
Description Rhodiola rosea is a succulent herb up to 16 inches (40 cm) tall with several stems growing from a short, scaly rootstock. Flowers have 4 sepals and 4 petals, yellow to greenish-yellow in color sometimes tipped with red and blooming in summer. Several shoots growing from the same thick root may reach up to 14 inches (35 cm) in height. It is dioecious – having separate female and male plants.
How to Grow and Care When growing Sedum, keep in mind that Sedum plants need very little attention or care. They will thrive in conditions that many other plants thrive in, but will do just as well in less hospitable areas. They are ideal for that part of your yard that gets too much sun or too little water to grow anything else. A common name for Sedum is Stonecrop, due to the fact that many gardeners joke that only stones need less care and live longer.
Sedum is easily planted. For shorter varieties, simply laying the plant on the ground where you want it to grow is normally enough to get the Sedum plant started there. They will send out roots from wherever the stem is touching the ground and root itself. If you would like to further ensure that the plant will start there, you can add a very thin covering of soil over the plant. For taller Sedum varieties, you can break off one of the stems and push it into the ground where you would like to grow it. The stem will root very easily and anew plant will be established in a season or two… – See more at: How to Grow and Care for Sedum.
Origin It grows naturally in wild Arctic regions of Europe, including Britain, Asia and North America.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Many gardeners cherish succulent plants for their ease of care and beauty. Although most plants of this classification are very simple to grow, a few stand out as being particularly low maintenance choices that are ideal for beginning gardeners as well as experienced enthusiasts with the greenest of thumbs.
1. Aloe Aloe plants come in a wide variety of species of differing shapes and sizes. The numerous species are easy to grow, and Aloe succulents such as Aloe juvenna, Aloe tenuior, and Aloe andongensis generally only require simple, basic care. Each Aloe forms with varying textures and patterns on the foliage, allowing gardeners to have much greater aesthetic variety in their homes and yards.
Aloe plants grow in the summer months and require little shade and regular watering during the growing season. Gardeners should keep the plants relatively dry during the winter. When kept in the sun in well-drained soil, Aloe succulents thrive. Other types of Aloe succulents include Aloe brevifolia, Aloe aristata, and Aloe ‘Black Gem’.
2. Agave Agave succulent plants blossom in bright and warm places, such as on patios, decks, and sunny windowsills. Some smaller varieties, such as Agave victoriae-reginae and Agave parviflora, are also capable of flourishing indoors. Most Agave plants consist of rosettes that have thick, rigid succulent leaves and minimal teeth. When caring for an Agave, a gardener should allow the plant to dry out between watering sessions. Agave plants can handle any type of well-drained soil, and the plants flourish in full sunlight. Although Agaves can survive periods of drought, it is best to provide ample water to encourage vigorous growth, especially if the plants are in the sun all day.
3. Crassula Crassula is a succulent plant that many beginners love to grow. Ranging in size from an inch (2.5 cm) tall to large shrubs, Crassulas require good light and a soil mix that drains well if gardeners want to maintain appealing leaf colors and encourage the plants to flower. Watering the plants regularly during spring and summer is ideal, but Crassula plants generally require less water in the winter months. The plants are drought tolerant, and they require cutting and shaping to avoid becoming disorderly. Good options for Crassulas include the Crassula arborescens, Crassula ‘Blue Bird’, and Crassula ovata. This succulent is very strong and looks attractive mixed with other plants, making it an excellent low maintenance option for beginners.
4. Adromischus Native to South Africa, the Adromischus plant is a small succulent shrub with oddly shaped leaves. The leaves feature interesting markings that are inconsistent, offering gardeners aesthetic diversity. The Adromischus cristatus is a very low maintenance succulent that is popular with growers. Other options include Adromischus clavifolius, Adromischus cooperi, and Adromischus leucophyllus. Care for Adromischus succulent plants entails keeping soil well drained and providing the plants with a dry atmosphere with some shade. They require water mainly in the spring and autumn, and gardeners should allow Adromischus to dry out between watering sessions.
5. Echeveria Many gardeners choose Echeveria as their favourite succulent because of the popular variations in color and shape. Echeveria shows its most brilliant colors during cooler months, and the plants typically flower during warmer months in shades of orange, red, and pink. Some of the most popular varieties of the plant include Echeveria albicans, Echeveria colorata, Echeveria ‘Dondo’, and Echeveria agavoides.
This succulent can tolerate lengthy dry periods, but it flourishes when it receives adequate water during the growing periods. Porous soil prevents root rot with the Echeveria plant, and ventilation minimizes the risk of pest infestations and disease. Typically, Echeveria plants have better color and shape when they receive more sunlight, although the plant still requires some sun protection during scorching summer weather.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Low-maintenance plants are becoming more and more popular with time, mostly due to the busy life we are living. This is why succulents are one of the most wanted plants at the moment. They are not only easy to care for but are also suitable for growing in containers and are stylish and cool to look at. You can use them in border areas of flower beds, stone and wall beds.
We believe that this is just the start of the era of succulents – with the climate changes and busy lifestyle gardener will turn more and more to low-care, drought-tough plants. Knowing all of these facts, you are surely considering to add these little beauties to your home garden. Choose one of these 10 stylish succulents we are suggesting today as they are all low-maintenance, stylish and simply gorgeous.
1. Golden Sedum (Sedum adolphii) Sedum adolphii or most commonly known as Golden Sedum will make a great addition to your garden. What makes this species special and one of the best to grow in your home or garden is the fact that they change color. They will turn brighter orange when exposed to sun which is why they are perfect to plant along blue and silver colored flowers. The star shaped flowers will add charm to any garden. Not to mention they are low maintenance and drought tolerant.
2. Hen and Chicks (Echeveria elegans) Echeveria elegans or Hen and Chicks is a classic succulent that is most commonly present in almost every home and garden. They grow well indoors and out in both cool or hot temperatures. They got the name because of the rosette shape and their ability to produce plenty of “babies”. What makes them one of the most popular succulents is also their ability to thrive on any condition, which means that even poor soil and a tiny container is enough to grow them. They don’t need fertilizer and require very little water.
3. Aloe vera Aloe vera, also known as Aloe barbadensis, can be grown both outside and inside. Just make sure you place them in full sun. As with any succulent, watering should be minimal during winter while in summer you should soak the soil then let it dry before watering it again. Because of its shallow roots we recommend choosing a wide pot instead of a deep one when replanting. Aloe vera plants are easily propagated. Just remove the offsets which are produced around the base of mature plants when they are a couple inches tall.
4. Burro’s Tail (Sedum morganianum) Sedum morganianum or popularly called Burro’s Tail is a beautiful blue colored delicate succulent. When it blooms tiny little red flowers appear. All you need to know if you want to grow this beautiful succulent is that it needs gritty soil, good drainage, sunshine and protection from extreme cold temperatures. This means you can grow it both indoors and in your garden. Only downfall is its delicacy – the leaves will fall off at the slightest touch. Good thing is that you can use the fallen leaves to propagate new plants.
5. Zebra Plant (Haworthia attenuata) You will easily fall in love with this beautiful succulent. Its beautifully patterned leaves with leathery surface, the small simple white flowers it produces, the fact that it is one of the easiest plants to grow – all these make Haworthia attenuata a favorite plant. This succulent has only two enemies – frost and excess water. If you live in a colder climate keep it inside at least during the winter.
6. Echeveria ‘Lady Aquarius’ Echeverias are among the most popular succulents and Echeveria ‘Lady Aquarius’ is surely the favorite among them. It looks like a ruffly underwater sea anemone forming loose, up to 8 inches (20 cm) rosette. You can grow this beautiful succulent even if you are a beginner gardener as it is tough and resilient. To keep your plant happy and healthy place it in full sun and provide good drainage.
7. Jade Plant (Crassula ovata) Crassula ovata or commonly known as Jade Plant or Jade Tree is one of the most popular succulents, especially as a house plant. Just like any other succulent they prefer strong light and a well-draining soil. They can tolerate low light and require very little watering. It is very easy to propagate them by simply rooting a cutting of the stem or leaves. Jade Plants’ leaves are rubbery to the touch and quite flexible. If grown in strong light they will get a beautiful red margin.
8. Flaming Katy (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) Kalanchoe is a succulent praised for its beautiful flowers and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is the most popular and common species. It can have orange, pink, red, white, or red flowers and some varieties have double flowers. It blooms in winter which makes it even more wanted in every home garden. This attractive plant is low-maintenance like any other succulent and will thrive perfectly in full sun with very little water. Be aware that the frost will hurt it.
9. Queen Victoria Agave (Agave victoriae-reginae) Agaves are native to the Americas. They are one of the most popular succulents due to their rosette shape, drought resistance and low maintenance in general. The blooming happens once as the plant will die afterwards. Agave victoriae-reginae is probably the favorite among Agave species. It grows to the size of a soccer ball over time.
10. Black Rose (Aeonium arboreum ‘Zwartkop’) Aeoniums are popular succulents because their resemble big, fleshy-petalled daisies and of course they are easy to grow both on your home or in your garden. There are many hybrids and species out there but Aeonium arboreum ‘Zwartkop’ is surely a show stopper with its magenta-black. In winter bright yellow flowers contrast with the dark foliage. For best results provide full sun and well-drained soil.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Jade Plant (Crassula ovata) is a succulent native to South Africa, now a familiar garden and houseplant around the world, largely due to how easy it is to care for. It is tolerant of poor sandy soil, prefers to be root bound in a pot and doesn’t need too much watering. With minimal care, these plants can live for decades. Only in regions where the temperatures are extreme, do you even have to worry about the temperature in which to keep your Jade Plant. Jade Plants actually need some exposure to cooler temperatures in the winter to thrive.
Hardy Zones Jade Plant is considered hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 and 11, with temperature ranges of 30 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (-1 to 10 degrees Celsius) in the winter. Throughout much of the West Coast and southern states, the Jade Plant can live outdoors even in the winter.
Best Temperatures Jade Plants will tolerate lower temperatures and even prefer the lower temperatures of about 45 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit (7 to 13 degrees Celsius) in the winter.
Cold Temperature Damage If exposed to frost or low temperatures for too long, your Jade Plant may appear limp. If this occurs, you may just need to wait and see if the plant revives. Cut back any stems that turn black or appear rotted. Don’t be tempted to overwater the plant to revive it. Let the soil dry out before watering. Bring it indoors into a room that gets good ambient sunlight.
Protection from Cold Temperatures If you live in an area where temperatures regularly drop below 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius), you should keep your Jade Plant in a pot and bring it indoors for the winter. You can move it back outdoors in the spring when temperatures are regularly above 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius). If you live in a region where temperatures only sometimes drop too low for your Jade Plant, then it will probably be fine outdoors with some protection from frost, such as bringing it onto a covered patio, covering it with cloth, or stringing Christmas lights onto the plant.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Dasylirion is a small genus of 18 semi-succulent species. These truly striking plants are native to the southern United States and Mexico, closely resembling both Yuccas and Agaves. They are found in very arid lands, along dry washes and on rocky hillsides where soils are porous and extremely well drained. In their region of origin no rain may fall for 10 months or more, and these plants have adapted to surviving such extended drought.
Dasylirions produce enormous rosettes of foliage that is narrow, often stiff, and serrated at the edges. Some species are significantly barbed while others are smooth. Leaves may be just the width of a kebob skewer or flat and ribbon like, blue in color and slightly twisted. Over time the plants develop hefty trunks that may be left natural with their cloak of dead dry leaves or pruned clean for a more architectural form.
These plants bloom often but not every year. They are diecious, which means male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. When flowering they send up rigid stalks to the height of a one-story rooftop. The upper half to third is thickly covered pale yellow hooked blossoms that are pollinated by a wide range of day and night flying insects. After flowering the dried stalks are coveted for grouping in decorative urns. Only a few species of Dasylirion are commonly grown, but these can be remarkably drought, heat and cold tolerant. The most significant in the modern design world is the hemispherical wiry Dasylirion longissimum. Valued for its flat blue leaves, Dasylirion wheeleri is preferred as an outdoor landscape plant for desert gardens with a cast iron constitution. The green desert spoon, Dasylirion acrotriche of Mexico is preferred for its coloring which lends a more lush character to the garden.
All Dasylirion species are growing in popularity as a drought resistant landscape plant well beyond the desert environment. Provided soils are well drained and there is little summer rain they should be widely adaptable. The common name, Desert Spoon, is derived from the leaves which, when plucked from the stalk bear a spoon-shaped base used by Native Americans. They also utilized the fibrous leaves to weave baskets, mats and other useful objects.
Growing Condition and General Care Dasylirions are slow growing, carefree and durable, drought tolerant plant. However, they grow faster if watered well (don’t water the crown, though they rot easily). In the garden they should be placed in a sunny, well-drained area with additional summer water in dry climates. These make great specimen plants for xeriscape gardens and blend well in either tropical or arid gardens. Small plants are relatively inexpensive, but larger ones are a fortune. These make excellent potted specimens, and their symmetrical form provides a striking focal point.
They thrive best in full sun, but can be grown with some shade and humidity. Plant in very fast draining soil and provide little or no water in winter. Treat like a succulent. Best where winter temperatures stay above 50°F (10°C), but can take some periods of frost. Plants in containers can be moved inside during longer cold spells. Propagation Easy to propagate from seeds or cuttings.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Aeonium is a genus whose species are prized as some of the most ornamental succulents, with foliage that ranges from vivid chartreuse to nearly black, and that’s solid colored, banded or striped. The 35 species have distinct sizes and colors, with hybridization expanding varieties into the thousands. Aeoniums are frost tender, preferring the mild Mediterranean climate of their native Canary Islands, but you’ll find Aeonium to be more tolerant of soil and moisture than desert natives.
Where it will grow: Hardy to 25 degrees Fahrenheit (-4 degrees Celsius); USDA zones 9a to 11b Water requirement: Low, but prefers more watering than most succulents Light requirement: Full sun to partial shade (full sun in cooler climates) Mature size: Varies with species Benefits and tolerances: Soil tolerant; more tolerant of moisture than other succulents Seasonal interest: Year-round; Aeonium are monocarpic, meaning they flower once, set seed and then die When to plant: It’s best to plant cuttings in fall; allow the stem end to become callous
Succulents are very ornamental, and Aeonium are especially so. Lush, fleshy leaves are held in the typically tight rosette form, with edges often rounded out. While Aeonium once were included in the Sempervivum genus, frost sensitivity and subtle differences led to a division. Some species, like Aeonium canariense, produce offsets profusely while keeping low to the ground, like a mat. A. canariensis can burn if it gets prolonged sun exposure. They stay greener in bright to low light and can even tolerate a few hours of shade. Others, like Aeonium arboreum ‘Zwartkop’ (or ‘Schwartzkopf’) grow on stalks to 3 or 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m) tall. A. arboreum ‘Zwartkop’ is prized for its near-black foliage. Sunlight deepens its color; dark purple foliage can fade to green over winter.
Plants can become leggy with age. To tidy up, cut the primary rosette off, allow the end to become calloused and replant. It will reroot, and the stem will sprout new growth as well. Aeoniums are monocarpic, producing one flower stalk before dying. Most Aeonium in cultivation are branching forms, meaning only one rosette will fade.
Planting notes Aeonium thrive in regions with wet winters and dry summers, but can survive elsewhere. Shelter them from the sun in hot climates. Allow plenty of airflow and ventilation where there’s more humidity. They are winter growers and may go into dormancy in summer, especially in extremely warm climates.Aeonium are more tolerant of moisture than other succulents, actually preferring the soil to remain a little moist. Prevent the soil from drying out completely but take care to not overwater. Aeonium do well in most soils other than clay.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Grown as landscaping plants in mild winter climates, columnar cacti can reach impressive sizes not possible when they’re grown in containers. When cacti outgrow their allotted space or are reaching toward pathways, they need trimming. This might seem like a formidable task, since stem diameters can be large and some cacti have sizable spines along their ridges. Try to tackle pruning jobs before the stems get too large. With the proper equipment and planning, you can remove the unwanted growth.
Preparing to Prune 1. Mix a container of 10 percent bleach solution by combining 1 part household bleach with 10 parts water. Select a container tall enough that you can immerse the cutting edges of your pruning tools in it. 2. Wear protective clothing that covers your arms and legs, closed-toe shoes and gloves. Add safety goggles if your face will come anywhere near the cactus during the pruning process.
3. Study your cactus plant to determine a plan of action. Identify the outermost branches you wish to prune, and decide on the order of pruning so that you have easy access to the stems with the pruning tools. Then move to inner branches. Remove long, heavy branches that would be hard to handle in sections, taking manageable cuttings from the top down. 4. Select the proper tool for the size of stem you’re working on. A serrated knife works well for smaller diameter cuttings and angled-blade pruning saws are best for larger diameter stems. Use a long-handled saw for hard-to-reach stems. 5. Dip the blades of saws or knives in the bleach, soaking all surfaces.
Making the Cuts 1. Grasp the stem in the middle of the intended cut location with cooking tongs if the stem is small in diameter. Put a piece of rope in the middle if the stem is larger. Continue to hold the stem with the tongs or rope while you make a clean slanting cut through the stem angled at 45 degrees. Get another person to hold the stem of big branches while you make the cut. 2. Remove the cutting and lay it on a clean tarp or piece of cardboard if you are going to propagate it. Place the cuttings in a garbage can or sturdy box for transport if you aren’t keeping the cuttings.
3. Check the cut on the mother plant if you are only removing one cutting. Remove any torn or jagged areas and make sure the slanted cut is smooth and will easily shed water to prevent rot on the parent plant. 4. Continue to make cuts on the stem if it is a large branch, supporting each cut section with the tongs or rope as you go. Lay each piece of cactus on the clean surface or put it in the garbage can. Make sure you can tell the bottom from the top of each cutting if you plan to root the cuttings. Use a permanent marker and put an X at the bottom edge of each cut.
5. Discard the cuttings, give them away, or make more plants by rooting the cuttings.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Every month has birth flowers which are a lot easier to give to that special someone! Each month has a couple flowers to choose from.
So if you want to give flowers to someone, but can’t decide which ones, consult the list below and be prepared to be the recipient’s new favorite person!
Birth Month Flowers and their Meanings January‘s birth flower, the Carnation, comes in several different colors to convey different meanings, much like roses. A pink carnation means affection, while a red carnation means ‘I love you.’ White carnations mean pure love, striped carnations means regret that a love is not shared, and yellow means rejection or disappointment. The other January flower is the Snowdrop, which used to be considered bad luck due to the fact that it would always seem to appear to grow in graveyards. Nowadays, it signifies hope and beauty.
February‘s birth flower is the Violet, which signifies watchfulness, loyalty, and faithfulness. Give a violet to someone to let them know you’ll always be there for them. The other February flower is the Primrose, which lets someone know you can’t live without them. March‘s birth flower is the Daffodil, which means unequaled love; the sun is always shining whenever your significant other is around. The other March flower is the Jonquil, which signifies desire for affection returned. It also is used to convey sympathy.
April‘s birth flower is the Daisy which conveys innocence, loyal love, and purity. It is also a flower given between friends to keep a secret; the daisy means “I’ll never tell.” The other April flower is the Sweet Pea. Sweet peas signify blissful pleasure, but are also used to say good-bye. May‘s birth flower is the Lily of the Valley, which signifies sweetness, humility, and a return to happiness. If you want to show your loved one that your life is complete with them, give them a few lilies of the valley. The other May flower is the Hawthorn Plant, which represents hope and supreme happiness. Hawthorne signifies that you want only the best for the recipient.
June‘s birth flower is the Rose, which has more meanings than one can count! A pink rose means perfect happiness, while a red rose means “I love you.” A white rose signifies innocence and purity, while a yellow rose conveys jealousy or a decrease in love. A bouquet of roses means sincere gratitude, whereas a single rose amplifies the meaning of the color (a single red rose means “I REALLY love you”). The other June flower is Honeysuckle, which is a strong symbol for the everlasting bonds of love. July‘s birth flower is Larkspur. Each color variation of larkspur has a different meaning: pink means fickleness, white conveys a happy nature, and purple normally represents a first love. Generally, larkspur indicates strong bonds of love. The other July flower is the Water Lily, which signifies purity and majesty.
August‘s birth flower is Gladiolus, or ‘Sword Lily’. Gladiolus represents remembrance, calm, integrity, and infatuation. With gladiolus, the recipient’s heart is being “pierced with love.” The other August flower is the Poppy. A red poppy signifies pleasure, a white poppy is given for consolation, and a yellow poppy wishes wealth and success. September‘s birth flower is the Aster. Asters are mainly symbols of powerful love. The other September flower is the Morning Glory. Morning glories are simple symbols of affection. October‘s birth flower is the pumpkin bloom. Just kidding—it’s actually the Marigold. Marigolds are often given as a sign of warm or fierce, undying love, or as a way of saying that you’re content with being with the recipient. The other October flower is Cosmo, a symbol of order, peace, and serenity.
November‘s birth flower is the Chrysanthemum. A red chrysanthemum means “I love you;” a white chrysanthemum means innocence, purity, and pure love; a yellow chrysanthemum means slighted love. December‘s birth flower is the Narcissus which embodies the idea that you want your beloved to stay just the way they are. The other December flower is Holly, which symbolizes your wish for domestic happiness.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. It is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis (peduncle) and by the timing of its flowering (determinate and indeterminate).
Types of Inflorescence Catkin – A spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers (alder, poplar, walnut, and willows) Composite or Head – A daisy-type flower composed of ray flowers (usually sterile with attractive, colored petals) around the edge and disc flowers that develop into seed in center of the flat head (sunflower and aster) On some composites, the ray and disc flowers are similar (chrysanthemums and dahlias) Corymb – Stemlets (pedicels) arranged along main stem. Outer florets have longer pedicals than inner florets giving the display a flat top. (yarrow, crabapple)
Cyme – A determinate, flat or convex flower, with inner floret opening first. Panicle – An indeterminate flower with repeated branching. It can be made up of racemes, spikes, corymbs, or umbels. (begonia) Raceme – A modification of a spike with flowers attached to a main stem (peduncle) by stemlets (pedicel). (snapdragon, bleeding heart, Canterbury bells)
Solitary (or single) – One flower per stem (tulip, crocus) Spadix – Showy part is a bract or spathe, partially surrounding the male and female flowers inside. (calla, caladium) Spike – Flowers attached to main stem, without stemlets, bottom florets open first. (gladiolus, ajuga and gayfeather) Umbel – Florets with stemlets attached to main stem at one central point, forming a flat or rounded top. Outer florets open first. (dill, onion) Symmetrical – Symmetrical flowers (lily)
Asymmetrical – Asymmetrical flowers (snapdragon)
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月30日
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The name is derived from the Latin “rosa” and the Greek “rhodon”. Chloris, goddess of flowers, crowned the rose as queen of the flowers. Aphrodite presented a rose to her son Eros, god of love. The rose became a symbol of love and desire. Eros gave the rose to Harpocrates, the god of silence, to induce him not to gossip about his mother’s amorous indiscretions. Thus the rose also became the emblem of silence and secrecy. In the middle ages a rose was suspended from the ceiling of a council chamber, pledging all present to secrecy,or sub rosa,”under the rose”.
The first historical testimony we have of the rose dates back to ancient Mesopotamia, Sargon I, King of the Akkadians (2684-2630 B.C.) brought to UR “vines, figs and rose trees” on his way back from a military expedition beyond the River Tigris. In Homer’s Iliad (ninth century B.C.), Achilles`s shield is decorated with roses. According to Herodotus, the rose was introduced to Greece by the mythical King Midas of Phrygia, who was supposed to have lived in Asia Minor about 300 B.C. Confucius wrote that during his life (551-479 B.C.), the Emperor of China already had in his library six hundred books concerning the culture of Roses. The Chinese of the fifth century B.C. extracted oil of roses from the plants grown in the Emperor’s garden. It was only allowed to be used by the nobles and dignitaries of the court; if a commoner were found in possession of even the smallest amount of this oil he was condemned to death.
Egyptian wall paintings and objects representing roses have been found in tombs dating from the fifth century B.C. to Cleopatra`s time. Cleopatra had a passion for everything Roman and her mania for roses was picked up from her allies. The first roses came to Rome from Greece, a few decades before her time. During the feasts in Athens young people of both sexes, crowned with roses, danced naked in the shadow of the temple of Hymen to symbolize the innocence of the Golden Age. During the public games all the streets in Rome were strewn with rose petals. The Romans believed that by decorating their tombs with roses they would appease the Manes (spirits of the dead); and the rich specified in their wills that entire rose gardens should be maintained to provide flowers for their graves.
Nero was wild about roses. During lavish dinner parties rose petals rained down from the ceiling of the banquet hall. It is recorded that some diners, evidently intoxicated, were buried and suffocated in rose petals. The writings of Seneca and other stoic philosophers regarding the excessive use of roses were mild and bland in comparison to the angry attacks by the early Christians who saw in the rose a symbol of paganism, orgy, and lust. Tertullian wrote an entire volume against the flower and about 202 A.D., Clement of Alexandra forbade Christians to adorn themselves with roses. It seems however that early Christians did not pay must attention to these warnings about roses and continued to cultivate them, even taking them to Church for various ceremonies. Slowly the Church realized it was better to absorb some aspects of paganism by changing them into Christian symbols instead of simply rejecting them all together. In Catholic litanies, the Virgin Mary is called”Rosa mystica” and in many hymns she is invoked as the “rose without thorns.” Long before Pope Leo IX Consecrated the rose in the eleventh century, it had high status as an ornamental plant with royalty. King Childebert I had a rose garden planted for the Queen in Paris. Charlemagne ordered the cultivation of Roses in the castles where he held assemblies. After Leo IX was elected Pope in 1084 he instituted the ceremony of the Golden Rose. The Golden Rose was sent to favored monarchs as a token of papal esteem, and many of these roses are concerned masterpieces of the goldsmith’s art.
Many rose varieties were lost during the years between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Moslem invasion of Europe. After the conquest of Persia in the seventh century, the Moslems developed a fondness for the rose and as their empire extended from India to Spain many varieties of roses were reintroduced to Europe. During the Dark Ages roses found refuge in monasteries. It was a rule that at least one monk should be versed in botany and familiar with the medicinal and healing virtues of plants. It is recorded that on his return from the Seventh Crusade, Thibaut IV, Count of Brie and Champagne and King of Navarre (1201-1253) brought back to his wife a gift of rose bushes from Syria. During the years that followed, the cultivation of roses was a prerogative of the French and particularly of the town of Rouen.Red Rose image
The rose became an important heraldic symbol. During the “War of the Roses,” the House of York was symbolized by a white rose, the House of Lancaster by a red rose. Empress Josephine of France started her rose collection at Malmaison in 1804. Within 10 years,in 1814, her garden contained every species of rose then known. In 1829 her garden contained 2,562 different roses. The passion for roses spread from France to the British Isles ,throughout western Europe to America and Australia.
As for the medicinal properties of roses you could fill a large book with the many prescriptions. One thing we know is that rose hips were used for the prevention of scurvy. Oranges contain 49mgs of vitamin C per 100 g. of pulp, whereas the fruits ( rose hips) of Rosa rugosa contain 2,275 to 6,977 mg. of vitamin C per 100 g. of pulp. The wild rose is the state flower of Iowa, North Dakota, Georgia and New York. It is also the official flower of England.
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