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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen

开心果，中文名：阿月浑子，又名：必思答、绿仁果、无名子等；漆树科黄连木属落叶小乔木。开心果是一种干果，类似白果，开裂有缝而与白果不同。开心果富含维生素、矿物质和抗氧化元素，具有低脂肪、低卡路里、高纤维的显著特点，是健康的明智选择。 开心果主要产于叙利亚、伊拉克、伊朗、前苏联西南部和南欧。中国新疆亦有栽培，开心果适合在该区正常生长，且有很好的经济效益，同时可以作为一个优良的水土保持树种。
开心果的营养价值 1、开心果富含具有较强抗氧化作用的维生素E，可以保护不饱和脂肪酸使其免于被氧化。 2、开心果含有丰富的槲皮素，槲皮素是一种类黄酮，具有较强的抗氧化作用。 3、开心果紫红色的果衣中含丰富的原花青素，而翠绿色的果仁中含较丰富的叶黄素。 4、开心果的膳食纤维含量较高，大约30～50粒开心果中就含有2～3克膳食纤维。 5、开心果是多不饱和脂肪酸、镁和磷的极好来源，也是蛋白质、钙、铁和维生素B的良好来源。 吃开心果有什么好处？ 1、保护心脏：开心果富含精氨酸，不仅可以缓解动脉硬化的发生，有助于降低血脂，还能降低心脏病发作危险、降低胆固醇、缓解急性精神压力反应等。 2、保护视力：开心果紫红色的果衣含有花青素，而翠绿色的果仁中则含有丰富的叶黄素，不仅可以抗氧化，而且对保护视网膜也很有好处。 3、补肾壮阳：开心果的营养价值非常高，不仅可以理气开郁，让人保持心情愉快，而且还具有很好的补益肺肾的作用。 4、增强体质：开心果不仅含有丰富的维生素A及B族维生素，还含有丰富的维生素E，这些营养成分可以起到增强体质、抗衰老的作用。 5、减缓衰老：开心果能通过降低胆固醇来促进心脏健康，提供植物食品中的抗氧化剂以抵抗衰老，而且果仁中含有的维生素E有抗衰老的作用。 6、帮助降糖：开心果所含的纤维在人体肠道内可以延缓糖分进入血液，从而避免血液中葡萄糖浓度过高威胁人体健康，而对于糖尿病患者来说适量食用开心果有助防控并发症。 7、预防肺癌：开心果是γ－生育酚的一种非常好的来源，γ－生育酚是一种形式的维生素Ｅ，摄入较多γ－生育酚可能降低罹患肺癌的风险。 吃开心果有什么禁忌？ 1、开心果含有润肠通便的膳食纤维和油脂，患有腹泻的人吃了会加重腹泻症状。 2、开心果有很高的热量且含较多的脂肪，怕胖的人、血脂高的人应少吃。 3、开心果不可过量食用，否则会出现上火、便秘等症状。 4、开心果睡前吃的多了会影响消化系统，同时可能会导致失眠。 开心果不能和什么一起吃？ 1、生冷食物：开心果含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸，和生冷食物同食很容易引起消化不良，出现腹泻之症，如生菜、黄瓜、西瓜、梨、香蕉、白萝卜、白菜、通菜、苦瓜、冬瓜等。 2、热性食物：开心果吃多容易上火，若再和其他的热性的食物一起大量同吃就更容易引起上火，如白酒、羊肉、韭菜、香菜、辣椒、茴香、生姜等。 3、鞣酸性食物：开心果蛋白质含量极高，鞣酸性食物会和蛋白质相互反应生成难以被胃酸溶解的络合物，轻者引起消化不良，严重者甚至形成胃石，如茶水、柿子、山楂、绿豆、苹果等。 4、高蛋白食物：开心果属高蛋白食物，与其他高蛋白食物同食会增加肠胃消化负担，容易引起腹胀、腹泻、便秘等症，如牛奶、鸡蛋、豆制品、奶制品、动物瘦肉、鱼肉及各类海鲜。
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen

生姜是姜科多年生草本植物姜的新鲜根茎，高40～100cm。品种有：青州竹根姜 山农一号生姜 青州小黄姜。 别名有姜根、百辣云、勾装指、因地辛、炎凉小子、鲜生姜、蜜炙姜。姜的根茎（干姜）、栓皮（姜皮）、叶（姜叶）均可入药。生姜在中医药学里具有发散、止呕、止咳等功效。
生姜的药用价值 【性味】味辛，性微温。 【归经】肺、脾、胃经。 【功效】解表散寒、温中止呕、温肺止咳、解毒杀菌，治风寒感冒、脾胃寒症、胃寒呕吐、肺寒咳嗽、解鱼蟹毒。 吃生姜有什么好处？ 1、止呕止吐：生姜是传统的治疗恶心、呕吐的中药，因胃肠不适、口腔异味等引起的恶心、欲呕等不适可含姜片来解决，民间用生姜防晕车、晕船有明显的效果。 2、开胃健脾：生姜能开胃健脾、增强食欲，如果饭前吃几片生姜可刺激唾液、胃液和消化液分泌，增加胃肠蠕动，从而起到增进食欲的效果。 3、降温提神：生姜在炎热的时候有兴奋、排汗降温、提神的作用，对一般暑热表现为头昏、心悸、胸闷恶心等的病人适当喝点姜汤大有裨益。 4、驱散寒邪：生姜有驱散寒邪的作用，由于着凉、受寒等引起的感冒、头疼、腹痛等，喝些姜汤水可增加血液循环，使全身发热，有助于驱逐体内风寒。 5、抗菌作用：生姜提取液具有显着抑制皮肤真菌和杀滴虫的功效，可治疗各种痈肿疮毒，另外可用生姜水含漱治疗口臭和牙周炎。 6、减缓衰老：生姜有抗衰老的作用，因为生姜中的姜辣素进入体内后能产生一种抗氧化酶，有很强的对付氧自由基的本领，比维生素E还要强得多。 吃生姜有什么禁忌？ 1、生姜含有的姜辣素和黄樟素能使肝炎病人的肝细胞发生变性、坏死，以及间质组织增生、炎症浸润，而使肝功能有所失常，因此肝炎病人不吃或少吃生姜。 2、生姜性辛温，属热性食物，根据“热者寒之”原则不宜多吃，在做菜或做汤的时候适量放几片生姜即可。 3、腐烂的生姜会产生一种毒性很强的物质可使肝细胞变性坏死，诱发肝癌、食道癌等，“烂姜不烂味”的说法是不科学的。 4、阴虚的人症见手脚心发热、手心有汗爱喝水及经常口干、眼干、鼻干、皮肤干燥、心烦易怒、睡眠不好，吃姜会加重阴虚的症状。 吃生姜有哪些做法？ 1、糖醋生姜 【材料】嫩姜500克，盐适量，糖适量，醋适量。 【做法】①生姜切成薄片，用盐均匀腌制3小时。②腌好的姜片放入干净的瓶中压实，压实时会有少量的水，将水倒到出，放入糖、醋，醋没过生姜即可，放冰箱2至3天即成。 2、红糖姜水 【材料】姜10克，蒜3瓣，水1大碗，红糖30克。 【做法】①生姜切丝，大蒜拍碎。②锅中加入一大碗水，姜丝放进去开始煮。③水烧开后放入红糖，搅拌均匀，大火煮2分钟。④加入大蒜，大火煮3分钟即可。 3、红枣姜茶 【材料】红枣适量，冰糖少许，姜适量，红糖适量。 【做法】①姜切碎，用挤蒜器挤成泥，大枣用剪刀剪碎，去核。②枣、红糖、冰糖、姜碎放入电压力锅，加入适量水，水没过红枣，选择“煮豆”功能即可。
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen

生姜红糖水，也叫姜汤，是民间广为流传的一种驱寒暖胃的偏方。生姜红糖水一定要趁热喝下，发一身汗，体内的寒气便会消散，人也就会通体舒泰起来。 可是喝过姜汤的人都知道，这水甜中带着一丝辛辣，断然称不上是好喝的。
生姜红糖水的有什么禁忌？ 1、睡前喝生姜红糖水可能会引起糖尿病，还可能发胖、龋齿等其他症状。 2、阴虚内热者、消化不良者及糖尿病患者切记不要喝生姜红糖水。 3、在服药期间在做好不要喝生姜红糖水。 4、怀孕期间喝生姜红糖水对胎儿可能有一定的影响。 生姜红糖水的简单做法 【材料】红糖，生姜。 【做法】生姜切片后和冷水下锅，慢慢熬的有点变黄了放入红糖，待红糖融化后即可。 【功效】暖胃驱寒，补血调经，预防感冒。 生姜红糖水的功效与作用 1、调理月经：女性来月经期间喝生姜红糖水能活络气血，加快血液循环，保证月经排的更加顺畅。如果月经完了之后感觉气色差、没精神，可在每天中餐以前喝一杯浓浓的生姜红糖水。 2、补充能量：产妇在生产后七到十天时喝一些生姜红糖水能够充分补充身体所需能量，增加血容量，有利于体力的恢复，并且对产后子宫收缩、恶露排除及母乳分泌有明显的促进作用。 3、滋养身体：生姜红糖水适合任何年龄人群饮用，女性受寒腹痛、经期易感冒者可起到祛寒作用，年老体虚、大病初愈人群除有极佳进补效果外，还能散瘀活血、清肝明目、润肠通便。 4、预防感冒：生姜红糖水有极好的预防感冒的效果，如果是受到风寒感冒引起头痛发热、鼻塞咳嗽、咽喉肿痛等症，喝上一碗生姜红糖水发发汗，寒邪即会随汗流出，能有效治疗风寒感冒。 生姜红糖水什么时候喝好？ 1、早上：喝红糖生姜水最好的时间段是在早上，这个时候人体中的阳气开始上升，此时喝生姜红糖水有提升阳气、健脾暖胃、驱寒补血的功效。 2、晚上：晚上最好不要喝红糖生姜水，因为红糖生姜水性质温热，而人在晚上的时候阳气内收，此时喝会扰乱身体种阴阳平衡，还会造成上火。
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall with each stem branching occasionally in the upper half. Because of vegetative offsets, multiple stems usually develop. The pale to medium green stems are strongly winged from the decurrent leaves; they are usually canescent, but some populations of plants can have either glabrous or hairy stems. The alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" across; they are pale to medium green, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, smooth along their margins, and canescent to glabrous. The base of each leaf clasps the stem, forming decurrent extensions of the leaf along the stem below.
The upper stems terminate in individual flowerheads about 1" across. Each flowerhead has a globoid center about ½" across that consists of many disk florets that are purple to brown. Surrounding the center of the flowerhead, there are 8-14 ray florets. The petaloid rays of these latter florets are bright yellow, V-shaped (narrow at the base, broad at the tip), and slightly drooping; the tip of each ray is defined by 3 rounded lobes. At the bottom of each flowerhead, there is a single series of floral bracts that are pale green and lanceolate in shape; they become recurved when the flowerheads are in bloom. The blooming period occurs from mid-summer to early fall and lasts about 2 months. The rays fall to the ground, while the disk florets in the globoid center develop into small achenes. Each achene is about 1.0 in length or a little longer and bullet-shaped; there is a crown of awned scales at its apex. The root system is fibrous, forming vegetative offsets. Winged Stem & Leaves Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, wet to moist conditions, and a slightly acid soil. This wildflower will wilt if it is allowed to dry out. Temporary flooding is tolerated. Range & Habitat: Purple-Headed Sneezeweed is common in southern Illinois and uncommon in central Illinois, where it is native; in the northern section of the state, where this wildflower is rare, local populations probably derive from escaped cultivated plants (see Distribution Map). Habitats include thinly wooded swamps, soggy riverbottom meadows, wet prairies, moist swales in upland prairies, moist depressions in rocky glades, borders of sinkhole ponds, ditches, pastures, and abandoned fields. This wildflower is found in both high quality and disturbed habitats. Faunal Associations: The flowerheads offer nectar and pollen as floral rewards to a wide range of insect visitors, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, and skippers. Various insects feed on the leaves, pith of the stems, and other parts of Helenium spp. (Sneezeweeds). These species include the caterpillars of the butterfly Nathalis iole (Dainty Sulfur), the caterpillars of Papaipema impecuniosa (Aster Borer Moth) and Papaipema rigida (Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth), and Smicronyx discoideus (Sneezeweed Weevil). Most of these insects also feed on other herbaceous species in the Aster family. The Greater Prairie Chicken eats the seeds and dried flowerheads of Helenium spp. to a limited extent. Because the foliage is bitter-tasting and toxic, it is avoided by cattle and other mammalian herbivores. Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: If you can find a sufficiently damp location for it, Purple-Headed Sneezeweed is worth cultivating because of its attractive foliage and flowerheads. Generally, Sneezeweeds (Helenium spp.) can be distinguished from other species in the Aster family by the globoid centers of their flowerheads, their V-shaped and 3-lobed petaloid rays, and their strongly winged stems from the decurrent leaves. Purple-Headed Sneezeweed is easily distinguished from Helenium autumnale (Common Sneezeweed) by the purple to brown globoid centers of its flowerheads; the globoid centers of the latter species are yellow. Another species in Illinois, Helenium amarum (Bitterweed), has very narrow leaves and it prefers drier habitats. Another scientific name of Purple-Headed Sneezeweed is Helenium nudiflorum.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen
Description: This wildflower is a summer annual about ½-2½' tall. A robust plant is unbranched below and abundantly branched above; the stems are light green and hairless (or nearly so). Abundant alternate leaves are located along these stems; they are widely spreading to ascending. Individual leaves are ½-3" and less than 1/8" across; they are simple (non-compound), linear-filiform, sessile, and smooth along their margins. Frequently, these narrow leaves often occur in short axillary clusters (making them appear whorled or palmately lobed); they are light to medium green or grayish blue, glandular-dotted, and hairless (or nearly so). Flowerheads about ¾" across occur individually on erect peduncles about 1-5" long. Each flowerhead has 5-10 ray florets surrounding numerous tiny disk florets (75 or more); both types of florets are yellow. The petal-like rays become wider toward their tips, where they are 3-toothed; their florets are pistillate and fertile. The disk florets have tubular corollas with 5 tiny teeth along their upper rims; they are perfect and fertile. At the base of each flowerhead, there are several linear-lanceolate bracts (phyllaries) that are light green; they extend downward while the flowerhead is blooming. The blooming period occurs from late summer into the fall and lasts 1½-3 months. Both the disk and ray florets are replaced by small achenes (about 1-1.25 mm. in length) that are reddish brown, oblanceoloid, angular,Distribution Map and hairy. Each achene has a crown of several awned scales at its apex. The root system consists of a short branching taproot. This wildflower spreads into new areas by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is full sun, dry-mesic to dry conditions, and barren ground containing gravel or sand. The lower leaves often wither away before the flowerheads bloom. Range & Habitat: The native Bitterweed is occasional in southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is rare or absent. Habitats consist of upland prairies, rocky glades, gravelly areas along railroads, roadsides, pastures, and open sandy ground. Bitterweed is somewhat weedy, preferring disturbed areas. It is more common in the southeastern states. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract a wide variety of insect visitors, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, skippers, and beetles. The caterpillars of two moths, Papaipema impecuniosa (Aster Borer Moth) and Papaipema rigida (Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth), bore through the stems and roots of Helenium spp., while larvae of Smicronyx discoideus (Sneezeweed Weevil) feed on the florets and seeds. Two plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Tarnished Plant Bug) and Polymerus basalis (Red-spotted Aster Mirid), feed on Bitterweed. In prairies and other open areas, the Greater Prairie Chicken eats the seeds and/or dried seedheads. Because the foliage is bitter and toxic, it is usually avoided by mammalian herbivores. When dairy cows graze on the foliage of Bitterweed in overgrazed pastures, it provides their milk with a bitter taste. If the foliage is eaten in sufficient quantities, it can kill horses and other domesticated farm animals. Photographic Location: A flower garden at the Arboretum of theUniversity of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This is one of many wildflowers in the Aster family that produces showy yellow flowerheads during the summer and fall. Like other species in its genus, the flowerheads of Bitterweed have very distinctive petal-like rays with broad 3-toothed tips. Bitterweed is also distinguished by its very narrow leaves (less than 1/8" or 3 mm. across) that are nearly filiform; they often occur in short clusters along the stems. Other Helenium spp. in Illinois have wider leaves and they prefer habitats that are more damp.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous plant is usually a biennial (rarely a short-lived perennial) that forms a low rosette of basal leaves during the first year. During the second year, one or more flowering leafy stems develop from the root system; they are ¾–3' tall. The stems are light green or yellowish white; they are terete, hairless, and branched above. Alternate leaves occur along these stems. Individual leaves are ¾–3" long and ¼–¾" across; they are oblong, broadly oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate in shape, while their margins usually have short narrow teeth with blunt glandular tips. However, some upper leaves may lack teeth along their outer margins. The orientation of the leaves in relation to their stems is ascending, widely spreading, or somewhat curved and twisted. The leaf bases clasp the stems, while the leaf tips are usually blunt. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are light-medium green, finely mottled from resinous glands, and hairless; they are slightly sticky to the touch. Each leaf has a prominent central vein. The upper stems terminate in solitary or small clusters of erect flowerheads that span about 1–1¾" across. Each flowerhead has 20-50 ray florets that surround an even higher number of disk florets. The petaloid rays of the flowerhead are bright yellow and short-oblong to oblong in shape; they are widely spreading when the flowerhead is fully open. The disk florets form a dense circular head; their corollas are about 4-6 mm. long, bright yellow, and short-tubular in shape with 5 erect lobes. These lobes have a broad, but low, triangular shape. Both ray florets and disk florets can produce fertile seeds. Surrounding the base of the flowerhead, there are light-medium floral bracts (phyllaries) in several series. These erect bracts have a thick filiform (worm-like) shape and their upper tips are strongly recurved (less often, their upper tips may be twisted). The floral bracts are hairless, but finely mottled from resinous glands, like the leaves, and they are slightly sticky to the touch. The blooming period occurs from mid-summer into early autumn, lasting 1½–2 months for a colony of plants at a specific locality. Afterwards, fertile florets are replaced by 4-angled oblanceoloid achenes that are about 1.5–4 mm. long. These achenes are light brown, straight to slightly curved, and they have narrow vertical ridges along their sides. The apex of each achene has 2 or more scales or awns that are early-deciduous. The root system consists of a stout taproot with abundant fibrous roots emerging from its sides. Although this taproot can extend up to 6' into the ground, it is usually much shorter than this. This plant reproduces by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: The preference is full sun, dry conditions, and a barren soil containing clay, gravel, or sand, although this plant becomes larger in size when the soil contains loam and more moisture. The seeds germinate more readily when they are exposed to 10-weeks of cold moist stratification indoors, or they are planted outdoors in exposed topsoil during the autumn. Range & Habitat: The non-native Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa squarrosa) is occasional in northern Illinois, uncommon in central Illinois, and rare or absent from the southern section of the state (see Distribution Map). It is adventive from the Great Plains region further to the west, where it occurs in prairies and open disturbed ground. However, Curlycup Gumweed has expanded its range further to the west and further to the east; it has also spread to areas that lie east of Illinois. Habitats include upland prairies, disturbed areas along the border of prairies, abandoned fields, pastures, roadsides, areas along railroads, and dry exposed waste areas. Areas with a history of disturbance are strongly preferred. In Illinois, this plant is not considered invasive, with the possible exception of overgrazed pastures.
Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of Curlycup Gumweed's flowerheads attract primarily bees, including little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (Lasioglossum spp.), alkali bees (Nomia spp.), Andrenine bees (Andrena spp.), and dagger bees (Calliopsis spp.). Other floral visitors include adult bee flies (Bombyliidae), and the adults of Chauliognathus pennyslvanicus (Goldenrod Soldier Beetle), Diabrotica barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm), and Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Spotted Cucumber Beetle). In addition to feeding on the pollen, the latter two beetle species also gnaw destructively on the florets of the flowerheads (Reed, 1993; Graenicher, 1909; Krombein et al., 1979; Williams, 2006; Discover Life, accessed 2015; Campbell & Meinke, 2006). Other insects that feed destructively on this plant include Pissonotus delicatus (a planthopper); larvae of Calycomyza platyptera (a leaf-mining fly); Chlorochroa uhleri (Uhler's Stink Bug); Atarsos grindeliae, Illinoia grindeliae palmeri, and Uroleucon richardsi (aphid species); flowerhead-feeding larvae of Heliothis phloxiphaga (Darker-spotted Straw Moth), Homoeosoma electellum (Sunflower Moth), and Schinia mortua (Mortua Flower Moth); and Hesperotettix speciosus (Western Grass-green Grasshopper), Hesperotettix viridis (Meadow Purple-striped Grasshopper), Melanoplus confusus (Little Pasture Grasshopper), and Melanoplus femurrubrum (Red-legged Grasshopper); see Bossert (2011), Spencer & Steyskal (1986), Rider (accessed 2009), Robinson & Bradley (1965), Blackman & Eastop (2013), Natural History Museum (accessed 2010), Brust et al. (2008), Campbell et al. (1974), and Vickery & Kevan (1985) for more information. The foliage of Curlycup Gumweed is unpalatable to mammalian herbivores (horses, cattle, sheep, etc.) and rarely eaten. Its foliage is unpleasant-tasting because it contains tannins, volatile oils, resins, bitter alkaloids, and glucosides. However, in some areas of western United States, the chicks of Sage Grouse feed on this plant to a significant extent (Walsh, 1993).
Photographic Location: Along a path at the disturbed edge of a prairie in McHenry County, Illinois. Comments: The resinous foliage of Curlycup Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) may enable it to survive periods of drought by reducing the emission of water vapor from transpiration. Across its range, different varieties of Curlycup Gumweed have been described. The typical variety, Grindelia squarrosa squarrosa, has been described here. There is also a variety that lacks petaloid rays on the flowerheads, referred to as Grindelia squarrosa nuda. Another variety of this plant, Grindelia squarrosa serrulata, has more narrow leaves. These atypical varieties of Curlycup Gumweed, and other gumweed species (Grindelia spp.), have a more western distribution and they have not been found in Illinois. Other gumweed species can be easily distinguished from this plant by the relatively straight floral bracts (phyllaries) surrounding the bases of their flowerheads. Other common names of Grindelia squarrosa include Curlytop Gumweed and Tarweed.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is ½–2' tall, often tillering at the base with multiple erect to sprawling stems. The stems are green to purplish green, terete, and hairy, branching occasionally. At intervals along the entire length of each stem, there are pairs of opposite leaves. The leaves are 1½–3" long and ¾–3" across, becoming more narrow and slightly shorter as they ascend the stems. The leaves are pinnatifid and ovate to lanceolate in outline; the lower leaves are often deeply divided (cleft) into 3 primary lobes (1 terminal lobe and 2 lateral lobes), while the upper leaves are shallowly to moderately divided (cleft) into 3 or more primary lobes. The primary lobes of these leaves, in turn, are shallowly divided (cleft) into smaller secondary lobes and coarse dentate teeth. The tips of these lobes are bluntly acute. The leaf margins are slightly ciliate. The upper leaf surface is medium green and sparsely short-pubescent, while the lower leaf surface is more hairy, especially along the lower sides of the veins. Leaf venation is pinnate; the upper leaf surface is slightly wrinkled along these veins. Upper stems terminate in individual spikes of flowers that are 1-6" long. Initially these floral spikes are quite short, but they become elongated with age. A dome-shaped cluster of 10-25 flowers up to 2½" across is produced at the apex of each spike, while the ascending calyces of withered flowers persist below. Each flower is about ¾" long and ½" across, consisting of narrowly tubular corolla with 4-5 spreading lobes, a short-tubular calyx with 4-5 long narrow teeth, 4 stamens, and a pistil. The corollas are pink, rosy pink, lavender, or rarely white; their lobes are obovate to oblanceolate in shape and sometimes notched at their tips. The calyces are a little less than ½" long (including the teeth), medium green to reddish purple, and hairy; their teeth are linear-lanceolate in shape and ciliate. The erect to ascending peduncles of the floral spikes are 1-4" long, medium green to purplish green, terete, relatively stout, and hairy. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer, lasting about 2 months. Some plants may bloom later and longer, but this is an exception to the rule. The flowers may, or may not, have a pleasant floral fragrance. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by nutlets (4 per flower). Mature nutlets are about 3 mm. long, narrowly angular-cylindrical in shape, and black. The root system consists of a woody caudex with fibrous roots. In addition, when they lie on moist ground, the lower nodes of the stems sometimes develop secondary plants with rootlets. As a result, clonal colonies of plants are produced.
Cultivation: The preference is full to partial sun and mesic to dry conditions. The soil can contain rocky material, gravel, sand, loam, or clay-loam, although less fertile soil is preferred in the wild as a result of reduced competition from other ground vegetation. Northern ecotypes of this plant are hardy to Zone 5, while southern ecotypes are more prone to winter die-off. Range & Habitat: Rose Vervain occurs in scattered counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native to many areas of southern and central Illinois, but probably adventive elsewhere. Illinois lies along the northern range limit of this plant, where it is uncommon (outside of cultivation). Some local populations in the wild are undoubtedly plants that have escaped cultivation. Habitats include mesic to dry black soil prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, pioneer cemeteries, thinly wooded slopes, openings in rocky upland woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, limestone and sandstone glades, pastures, abandoned fields, and roadside embankments. Native populations of Rose Vervain in Illinois are usually found in high quality habitats, while adventive populations are more likely to be found in disturbed areas.
Faunal Associations: The structure of the flowers indicates that they are designed to attract such pollinators as nectar-seeking long-tongued bees, butterflies, and skippers. Two aphids feed destructively on Rose Vervain. One aphid, Aphis aubletia, feeds on the above-ground parts of this plant, while the other aphid, Aphis middletonii (Erigeron Root Aphid), feeds on the roots (Patch, 1919; Blackman & Eastop, 2013). Mammalian herbivores are unlikely to consume this plant because of the bitterness of the leaves. Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at the Loda Cemetery Prairie in Iroquois County, Illinois.
Comments: This is a beautiful plant with flowers that are similar to those of phlox species (Phlox spp.). However, the ragged appearance of the leaves makes it easy to distinguish from these latter species. Because of the attractive and long-blooming flowers, several cultivars of Rose Vervain (Glandularia canadensis) have been introduced that offer a greater range of floral colors than what is normally encountered in the wild. Some of these cultivars are not winter-hardy in Illinois, however. Compared to the Verbena spp. in Illinois that are either native or naturalized, Rose Vervain has showier flowers that form dome-shaped clusters. There are other Glandularia spp. with some resemblance to Rose Vervain, however they don't occur in Illinois. Most of these species are found in the Great Plains and western regions of the United States, or they occur in Central and South America. An example is Dakota Mock Vervain (Glandularia bipinnatifida). The flowers of this latter species are very similar to those of Rose Vervain, but it has more narrowly lobed leaves that are bipinnatifid. An older scientific name of Rose Vervain is Verbena canadensis.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月06日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower forms a low leafy rosette about 6-10" across. Individual basal leaves are 3-5" long and 1-1¾" across; each leaf is odd-pinnate with 3-6 pairs of lateral leaflets and a terminal leaflet. There are also secondary leaflets that are inserted between some pairs of lateral leaflets; these secondary leaflets are quite small and poorly developed. These leaflets are oriented away from the center of the rosette, forming an oblique angle with the rachis (central stalk of the compound leaf). Individual leaflets are oblanceolate in shape, shallowly cleft, coarsely dentate, and slightly ciliate along their margins; they are somewhat variable and irregular. During the growing season, the upper leaf surface is medium green and sparsely covered with short appressed hairs, while the lower leaf surface is light green and hairy primarily along the rachis and major veins. Flowering stalks develop from the center of the rosette, becoming 5-10" tall at maturity. Each stalk terminates in an umbel of 3 nodding flowers. The flowering stalks (peduncles) are reddish green to reddish purple, terete, and densely hairy. There is a pair of leafy bracts at the base of each umbel that are deeply cleft with linear to linear-oblong segments. These bracts are reddish green to reddish purple and hairy. Sometimes pairs of leafy bractlets develop along the hairy pedicels of the flowers; these bractlets are also deeply cleft with linear segments. IndividualDistribution Map flowers are ½-1" long and similarly across. Each flower consists of 5 pale red to purplish red sepals, 5 white to pale red petals, a central cluster of pistils, and numerous stamens that are arranged in a ring. The sepals extend along the entire length of the flower and they are joined together at the base; each sepal is deltate in shape and hairy. Each flower also has 5 linear floral bracts (one floral bract between each adjacent pair of sepals). These floral bracts are the same color as the sepals and hairy; they extend outward from the sepals. The petals are largely hidden by the long sepals as the flower barely opens. The blooming period can occur from early to late spring and lasts about 1-2 months. Afterwards, each flower becomes erect and develops a dense cluster of achenes with long feathery tails. These achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. This wildflower can form small clonal colonies of plants from the rhizomes. A rosette of low basal leaves persists through the winter; these winter leaves are often reddish purple. Cultivation: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and a barren soil that is rocky, gravelly, or sandy. Young plants should be kept well-watered during hot summer weather as Prairie Smoke is adapted to a somewhat cool northern climate. Competition from taller and more aggressive plants is not tolerated. Range & Habitat: The native Prairie Smoke is restricted to northern Illinois, where it is uncommon. Elsewhere in the state, it is absent. In Illinois, habitats consist of dry gravelly prairies and hill prairies. In other states (e.g., Michigan), this plant has been found in sand prairies and alvars (a habitat that is dominated by limestone slabs). This conservative species is found in high quality prairies where the vegetation is neither too dense nor tall. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, which seek primarily nectar from the flowers (personal observation, 2011; Choberka et al., 2000). These insects are strong enough to force their way into the flowers. The adults of a leaf beetle, Graphops marcassita, have been observed to feed on Prairie Smoke (Clark et al., 2004). The larvae of this beetle may also feed on the roots. Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: Prairie Smoke is an attractive little plant that should be cultivated more often. The reddish flowers remain attractive for 2-3 months during both the blooming period and afterwards as the achenes develop. It is an easy plant to identify because no other Geum sp. (Avens) within Illinois develops achenes with long feathery tails. Only one other species in this genus, Geum rivale (Water Avens), also produces large reddish flowers. However, Water Avens prefers much wetter habitats than Prairie Smoke. Within the state, other species in this genus produce more conventional flowers with 5 spreading petals that are white or yellow.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月05日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is ½–2' tall, and is unbranched. The light green or reddish central stem is slender and smooth. The opposite leaves are narrowly ovate to elliptic and sessile. They have smooth margins, a prominent central vein, and are hairless. The leaves are up to 3½" long and 1½" across; their upper surfaces are medium to dark green and shiny.
In the upper part of the plant, 1-6 flowers develop from axils of the opposite leaves, with a greater number of flowers at the apex. These tubular flowers are pale blue to blue-violet, often with vertical streaks of purple, green, or white. They are about 1½" long and closed at the top (or nearly so). Each flower has five lobes, with each adjacent pair of lobes connected together by a lighter colored membrane. This membrane is the same length or slightly lower than the adjacent lobes, with an irregular pattern at the top; it is not readily perceptible unless the lobes of the flower are spread apart. Underneath the flowers, the lanceolate lobes of the calyx are erect, spreading only slightly outward; they are not recurved. The blooming period is late summer to fall, and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable fragrance to the flowers. The seed capsules split into 2 sections, releasing numerous small seeds that can be dispersed by wind or water. The root system consists of a long stout taproot. Close-up of LeafCultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, and moist to mesic soil. This gentian often grows in sandy soil, but will tolerate other kinds of soil, including fertile loam. Foliar disease is not a significant problem, although the leaves sometimes turn yellow in response to strong sunlight and dry weather. It is faster and easier to introduce gentians as transplants, rather them to start them by seed, which is difficult and slow. Range & Habitat: The native Soapwort Gentian is an uncommon plant that occurs in NE Illinois and a few counties in southern Illinois (see Distribution Map). It can occur in other localities as a result of restoration activities, or as an escape from cultivation. Habitats include moist to mesic sandy Black Oak forests, sandy savannas, sand prairies, and sandy thickets. Less often, this gentian can be found in non-sandy habitats that are similar to those already mentioned. This conservative plant is rarely found in disturbed areas. Faunal Associations: Bumblebees are the primary pollinators; they are strong enough to force their way into the flowers, where they suck nectar. Sometimes tiny beetles sneak into the flowers to feed on the pollen, while some larger beetles, such as Epicauta pensylvanica (Black Blister Beetle), may knaw on the flowers themselves. The seeds are too small to be of any interest to birds, while the bitter foliage is too bitter deters most herbivores; however, deer sometimes chomp off the tops of the plants. Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Hooper Branch Savanna Nature Preserve in Iroquois County, Illinois. This plant was growing in a moist sand prairie. Comments: Soapwort Gentian usually has pale to medium blue flowers, while Gentiana andrewsii (Bottle Gentian) often has deep blue flowers. Color alone, however, is not a reliable guide to species identification. The calyx lobes in flowers of Soapwort Gentian are fairly straight and upright, while the calyx lobes of Bottle Gentian often curl outward. In the flowers of Soapwort Gentian, the connecting membranes are a little lower than, or equal to, the lobes of the corolla, while they are higher than the lobes in the flowers of Bottle Gentian. There is also a tendency for Soapwort Gentian to have more slender leaves and stems than Bottle Gentian, but this distinction is not always reliable. Soapwort Gentian differs from Gentiana alba (Cream Gentian) with its bluer, less open flowers and sessile leaves, whereas the leaves of the latter strongly clasp the stem.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月05日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is unbranched and about ¾–1½' tall. The central stem is slightly reddish and has lines of minute white hairs that are difficult to see. The leaves are up to 3" long and 1¼" across. They are oppositely arranged along the central stem, except at the apex of the plant, where they occur in a whorl of 3-7 smaller leaves. They are lanceolate, sessile, and have smooth margins. On each leaf, there may be minute pubescence along the central vein at the base, otherwise the texture tends to be shiny. Two smaller side veins run parallel to the central vein. One or more clusters of 1-8 flowers occur at or near the apex of the plant. The inflorescence is sessile at the topmost whorl of leaves, otherwise the flowers occur on short stalks from the axils of the upper opposite leaves. The violet-blue flowers are about 2" long and 1" across when fully open. The corolla is tubular and vase-shaped, but divides into 5 small triangular lobes that reflex outward. Within the corolla, there is a prominent stigma with a divided white tip, which is surrounded by 5 stamens with white anthers. The outer sides of the corolla contain some patches of greenish violet, while it becomes whitish green near the base on the inside. The blooming period occurs during the fall, and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral fragrance. The seed capsules split into 2 sections, releasing numerous small seeds that can be dispersed by wind or water. The root system consists of a long stout taproot with a few lateral roots. Cultivation: The preference is full sun and average to dry soil. The soil texture can consist of rich loam, clay-loam, or contain some gravel. Prairie Gentian is often difficult to start from seed, but fairly easy to establish from transplants. Foliar disease rarely bothers the leaves. This plant is quite drought resistant.
Range & Habitat: The native Prairie Gentian is uncommon in NE Illinois, while it is rare or absent elsewhere within the state (see Distribution Map). This is an indicator plant of original prairie and other high quality habitats. Such habitats include mesic to dry black soil prairies, gravelly hill prairies, barrens with stunted trees or shrubs, limestone glades, and prairie remnants along railroads. Occasionally, Prairie Gentian forms small loose colonies. It adapts well to a regimen of occasional spring wildfires, as this removes some of the grassy debris that can smother this plant. Faunal Associations: Bumblebees are attracted to the nectar of the flowers and cross-pollinate them. Some beetles may knaw on the flowers or eat the seeds, such as Epicauta pensylvanica (Black Blister Beetle). The seeds are too small to be of much interest to birds. Most mammalian herbivores usually don't bother this plant because the leaves are bitter, although White-Tailed Deer may chomp off the upper half of its leafy stems. Overall, the value of this plant to wildlife is low.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Loda Cemetery Prairie in Iroquois County, Illinois. Comments: This is one of the most beautiful plants on the prairie during the fall, with exceptionally vivid blue-violet flowers. Prairie Gentian can be distinguished from other gentians that occur within the state by its more open corolla and its small, reflexed lobes. It is also has fine white hairs on the stems and at the base of the leaves, but they are often hard to see. Another scientific name for this plant is Gentiana puberula; another common name is 'Downy Gentian.'
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