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权问薇
2018年05月17日
权问薇
橘子皮，让花再也不黄叶！ 冬天是橘子、橙子大量上市的季节，酸酸甜甜非常好吃。吃完之后可要把皮保留起来，因为橘子皮是非常好的花肥！ 操作方法： 1、把橘子皮切成细丝，切得越碎，发酵的时间也就越短。 2、找几个塑料瓶，把橘子皮装进去后，再加入清水，注意不要灌的太满。盖上瓶盖放在窗台晒太阳，每隔3天左右扭松盖子撒撒气。 3、大概一个月左右，把盖子扭开一道小缝，如果味道微酸但不臭，就是沤好了，把橘皮肥水再加入10倍清水，每个月给花浇2~3次，花绝对会疯长，叶子再也不发黄！ [图片]香蕉皮，让花开100朵！ 香蕉皮很软，非常容易腐烂，用来养花也很好吸收。另外，香蕉皮含有磷钾元素，能帮助花卉开出更多花！ [图片]操作方法： 1、把香蕉皮收集到一起，放在阳光下晒干水分，如果家里有暖气可以放在暖气上烤干，直到香蕉皮变得十分干燥，一捏就碎时就可以了。 [图片]2、把干燥的香蕉皮放到捣蒜用的臼子里捣成粉末状，这样更有利于花吸收香蕉皮的营养。 [图片]3、在花盆边缘挖2~3个直径约3厘米的小坑，把香蕉皮粉末撒进去，再用土埋上就行了。 [图片]4、每个月用1次香蕉皮，有利于分化花芽，长出更多花骨朵，开成圆圆的花球！ 苹果皮，让根系白又壮！ 很多原产地在南方的花，都喜欢微酸性的花土，如果土壤偏碱性，就会枯黄掉叶。如果把吃剩的苹果皮沤成花土，微酸性的土会让喜酸花长得更旺！ [图片]操作方法： 1、准备一个大一点的空花盆，先在底部垫2~3厘米园土。 [图片]2、在土上覆一层苹果皮，不要铺的太多，薄薄一层就可以了。 [图片]3、然后再覆上3厘米厚的土，重复这两个动作，直到填满花盆，最顶上用土封顶。在花盆口盖一层塑料薄膜，扎紧口。 [图片]4、大概2~3个月之后，翻动一下盆土，如果土发黑就沤好了，苹果皮沤的土营养丰富。现在开始沤，等到来年春天换盆的时候就可以用了。 [图片]菠萝皮，让花越长越旺！ 菠萝皮可以做成水果酵素，纯天然又环保，特别适合喜欢微酸生长环境的花卉，比如茶花、杜鹃、栀子等等！ [图片]操作方法： 1、准备好一个塑料桶，然后把菠萝皮装进去，菠萝皮放到桶身的三分之一或四分之一就可以。 2、桶里加入清水和一勺红糖，水和红糖的比例为10：1，放在光照好的位置，大约2~3月后就可以用了。 3、酵素沤好了不仅没有臭味，而且还会有股果香，每次用一瓶盖兑1升水，浇花就可以了。而且酵素不会过期，时间越长发酵的越好，泡一桶能用很长时间。 [图片]甘蔗渣，让土肥沃又透气！ 甘蔗清甜可口，在街上经常看见卖鲜榨甘蔗汁的，榨完的甘蔗渣都被当垃圾扔掉了，其实甘蔗渣也能拿来养花！ 操作方法： 1、收集一些吃剩的甘蔗渣，放在阳光下晒3~5天。 [图片]2、把甘蔗渣和园土按1:1的比例装进花盆，再加5%的豆饼，然后用工具搅匀。最后用塑料布密封住盆口发酵。 [图片]3、大概过2~3月后，等到甘蔗渣已经变黑，和土融为一体，就沤好了。用甘蔗渣沤好的土疏松透气，排水性特别好，适合君子兰、虎皮兰等花。 [图片]火龙果皮，让叶子绿油油！ 火龙果的皮非常有营养，含花青素、钙、磷等微量元素，也是制作花肥的上好原料！ [图片]操作方法： 1、把火龙果皮切碎，装进塑料瓶，加入清水和红糖。果皮、红糖和清水的比例为3:1:10。 [图片]2、装好后盖上瓶盖，隔2~3天就扭松盖子撒撒气，但是不要完全打开，否则会影响发酵进度。 [图片]3、火龙果皮大概3个月左右就能沤成酵素了。每次浇花的时候要兑1000倍左右的清水稀释后再用。 [图片]4、用酵素水浇花好处非常多，不仅能提供养料，还能调节土壤的酸碱性，让喜酸的花疯长，叶子片片绿油油！ [图片]各种水果皮的制肥方法就介绍到这了，是不是环保又实用呢？
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巴黎铁塔
2018年05月17日
巴黎铁塔
[图片]1、正常现象 如果你的紫根兰是刚刚才种下去的，那对于它叶子发黄的这种情况你就不需要那么紧张了，因为这是一种正常的现象，是不用怎么理会的。通常，在把它刚种进去的一周之内，它的叶子可能就会变黄，这就代表着它正在缓苗，所以是一种很正常的现象。等到过了这一段时间之后，它的叶子就会很快恢复到绿色了。但是如果你实在比较担心的话，那可以把黄色的叶子给剪掉，差不多过上一个月的时间，它就会开始疯狂生长了。 2、施肥不当 如果你在平时给它施加太多肥料的话，也是会容易让它发黄的，也就是我们常说的肥害。因为太多的肥料，会让它营养太充足，让它的根没办法一下子全吸收进去，从而就会把根烧坏了。所以就需要我们给它浇上一些水稀释一下，并且以后还要注意控制施肥的量。另外也不能让施肥太少了，不然就会让营养缺失，也是会影响到叶子的。 [图片]3、浇水不当 在对它浇水的时候，一定要控制一下，因为水太多的话也是会让叶子发黄的。一般再给它浇水的时候，就是盆土不干的时候不要去浇，干的时候再去浇，只要适当让盆土湿润就可以了，不能让水分太多太少了，这样就可以让它的叶子生长的很好，时刻有光泽。 [图片]4、高温引起的 养过它的人都知道，它是很偏爱凉爽湿润的地方，在这样的环境中它的叶子很少会有问题，但是如果是在夏天的时候，温度会很高，空气也比较的干燥，所以叶子就会出现发黄的现象，这时候我们也不要太担心了，只要到了秋天，这种现象就会没有了。
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权问薇
2018年05月17日
权问薇
[图片]一、如何进行种子种植 1.挑选种子 一般来说会选择在秋季进行种子栽培，到了秋季种子中的养分积累最多，最有利于种子的存活，种子的选择上一般会选已经熟透的红色浆果内的种子。在进行种植前需要挑选浆果种已完全成熟的种子。 2，选盆 挑选完了合适的种子后就要进行种植了，种植时需要注意土壤一定要比较疏松，同时栽种的花盆最好是土盆或者是塑料盆，这将有利于种子的生长。 [图片]3.浇水 首先将土壤填装进花盆之中，然后用清水将土壤完全浇透，当看到花盆盆底有水渗出时再停止，再把种子均匀地分布在土面上，不能靠近花盆壁，要注意种子之间的间距，调整完成之后再在种子上覆盖几厘米厚度的土壤，覆盖的时候要注意不能完全压住种子，完成后就不要再用清水浇灌土壤了，要改用喷雾器，花盆中的土壤湿度一定不能过高。 4.温度 温度上需要让铃兰种子处于15℃左右的常温环境中，否则很难成功发芽，通常的做法包括用保鲜膜覆盖，如果是夏季，则需要给土壤降温，总之需要让种子保持恒温生长。 [图片]二、种植完成后如何进行养护 当看到种子成功发芽之后，如果土壤上还覆盖有保鲜膜，需要把保鲜膜去掉，让种子进行自由呼吸，并且将花盆搬到明亮处，每天要保持一定的太阳光的照射，但是不能让它直接接触阳光。 在此期间可以适当增加浇水量，但是土壤不能过于湿润，也可以加适量的复合肥，但是复合肥需要放在花盆的下部，一定要避免与幼苗根部的直接接触，否则种子尚在生长阶段，非常幼嫩，很有可能发生烧苗。
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权问薇
2018年05月17日
权问薇
[图片]一、施肥的时间 一般施肥不能选择在早上进行，否则肥料附在叶片表面经过一天的日晒，肥料很有可能在阳光下分解，也很容易对它的叶子造成伤害。所以一般选择在傍晚的时候去施肥，这样可以让它在夜间充分吸收肥料的养分，避免了白天施肥的一些缺点。 此外一般都是选择在它生长比较旺盛的时候去施肥，像冬天的时候，它会进入休眠期，这个时候再施肥不会取得比较好的效果。 [图片]二、施肥的频率 前面已经提到过，施肥要选在它的生长期进行，如果它进入了休眠期就不要再进行了。生长期的时候一般每隔半个月施肥一次，每次施肥的量也不能太多，施肥太多它无法完全吸收反而会带来反效果。 三、肥料的选择 肥料的选择上要讲究科学方法，一般都施有机肥料，这样有利于它的吸收。在浓度的稀释比例上也要恰当，据相关研究显示，浓度在千分之二左右的含氮肥料非常适合它的生长，这种肥料可以让它的叶子长得更加圆润、颜色更加翠绿。 [图片]四、肥料的喷施方法 用喷壶来喷洒肥料，主要喷在它的叶子上，要控制喷施时候的肥料的流量，同时注意让所有的叶片都有肥料可以吸收。但是，不能施加的太多，否则会对它的生长造成影响。 另外要注意的是，对它构成危害的病虫害不多，所以在这方面不要过多担心，只需要在换季的时候给它喷一点农药起到预防的作用就可以了。
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权问薇
2018年05月17日
权问薇
[图片]健胃消食片 健胃消食片是咱们平时促进肠胃消化的药，呈酸性，可以制成酸性肥，为了花能更好的吸收，一般泡成肥水来用 [图片]1、泡水溶解 2-3粒消食片兑500毫升清水，摇一摇使药片快速溶解 2、发酵 放在有阳光的地方发酵，现在的气温，大概2-3天就发酵好了（闻到酸酸的酒气），偶尔开下盖子敞气 3、使用 发酵好的肥水要兑清水，肥水：清水=1：10，浇土里或者擦拭叶子都行 4、花开更多 消食片肥水里面有丰富的营养菌、微量元素，是非常好的酸性复合肥，可以促花、催花 维生素C 维生素C几乎家家都有，都说是美容养颜，但总是忘了吃，有些都过期了，赶紧拿来养花吧 [图片]1、兑水浇花 维生素C很好溶解，特别是VC泡腾片，一片可以快速冲一杯 2、浇花 1粒维生素C冲1000毫升的水就可以直接浇花了，适用于月季、栀子、茶花、米兰等喜酸的花 3、减少黄叶，延长花期 VC可以抗氧化，帮助植物抵抗空气中的氯气，1个月浇上2次左右，可以延长花期，保护植物减少氧化~ 维生素B12 花动不动就黄叶枯萎，多半是根出了问题，根肥才能叶壮，所以先把根养好，喂它吃点维生素B12吧 [图片]1、碾碎拌花土 将2-3粒维生素B12碾碎，均匀拌在盆土里，已经栽好的可以在5厘米深的地方埋一圈 2、浇水 1-2粒维生素B12兑1000毫升水，可以直接来浇花 3、养根、防虫 VB12可以提高根系的抵抗力，根壮了开花自然多。不仅如此，虫子非常讨厌它的气味，所以用它来浇花虫子都绕道走啦 阿司匹林 阿司匹林也是大部分家中的常备药，头疼什么的都需要它，大家可能还不知道，它也能养花~ [图片]1、兑水浇花 1-2粒阿司匹林先碾碎，然后兑上1升的清水，摇匀就可以浇花了 2、使花加速生长、提高抵抗力 阿司匹林里的水杨酸能够加快植物的生长速度，同时提高免疫力，不仅能当肥还能保健 紫药水 紫药水是家家必备，一有个磕磕碰碰就找它，你知道它还能用来养花吗？ [图片]1、治疗叶斑病 月季、栀子、发财树、绣球、君子兰等等很容易得叶斑病，难根治还传染，其实可以涂上紫药水来杀菌防传染 2、泡根杀菌 如果花烂根了，清理掉烂根后要及时消炎杀菌，也可以放在紫药水里泡上5-10分钟 达克宁 夏天来了，达克宁是不是又要开始轰炸了哈哈，感觉家里总是剩下半管子，放着都过期了，还不如拿来养花 [图片]1、治疗叶斑病 达克宁可以抑制真菌，防止传染，非常适合用在治疗花花草草的叶斑病、黄褐病 2、治疗烂根、防止深度腐烂 春夏季节，浇水稍有不慎花就烂根，如果是老桩花一换盆就死，这时候不用换盆也能救，先控水几天 控水后拔掉恢复不了的软叶、烂叶，根部稍微变的干燥就是好事 在根部涂抹达克宁，不要太多留点空隙给植物呼吸就行 一般轻微的根腐都可以用，不用眼睁睁看着花烂死啦
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权问薇
2018年05月17日
权问薇
[图片]一、换大盆 1、将植株从盆里面拿出来，会看到根部缠绕在一起，基本上看不到土壤。 2、为了能够让它重新生长起来，需要将根部变硬的地方给轻轻扯掉，之后就可进行栽种。如果根部没有老化，较稀疏时，就不需要这样做了。 3、将配制好的营养土放在盆内三分之一位置。 4、接下来就可将准备好的植株放到土里面，用土填埋，并保证周围没有空隙存在，此时可以用小棒稍微摁一下。 5、将它栽好之后，就可以用手使劲按压一下，记得不要让土堆积的太多，要留出一定的存水槽，通常3厘米就可以了。 6、为了不让它因为闷热而烂掉，可以在将它种进去之后对其进行打顶，这样可以促进它分出更多枝条。 7、栽好并打顶好之后，就可以对其适当浇水，切忌猛浇，不然会把土的表面冲出大坑的。 [图片]二、换同样大小的盆 如果是换同等大小的花盆，其实步骤跟上面差不多，只要在第二步时，将根部多摘掉一部分即可，这样就可以留出更多地方放新土。但要注意的是，因为根部摘除的多，吸收水分能力变弱，所以要对上面枝条做适当修剪，将发黄或过长枝条统统剪掉，以防止水分和养分的流失。 [图片]三、注意事项 换盆时，需将发黑或烂掉根须剪掉，保留白色根须。另外在脱盆时，不可让盆土太干，不然就会容易拉伤根系，建议可适当浇些水，最好让盆土处于湿润状态下进行脱盆。 [图片]
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Miss Chen
2018年05月16日
Miss Chen
Description: Depending on its stage of development, this herbaceous perennial plant is about 3-12" tall. It produces only basal leaves that are about 3-5" wide and across. Each of these basal leaves is wrapped around the stalk of a single flower (sometimes two stalks are produced) as the flower begins to bloom. The basal leaves continue to unfold to their fullest extent as the flowers wither away. Each basal leaf is oval-orbicular in outline and palmate-reticulately veined, with 5-9 major lobes and several minor lobes along the undulating margins. The palmate-reticulate venation is fairly prominent and provides the rather succulent leaves with a wrinkly appearance, especially on their lower surfaces. The color of the leaves on the upper surface is light green, sometimes with greyish or bluish tints, while the lower surface is whitish green. The terete petioles are about 4" long and rather stout. The foliage of this plant is glabrous and glaucous. The flowering stalk is terete, stout, glabrous, and sometimes slightly reddish, terminating in a single large flower. This stalk is about 3-4" tall when the flower begins to bloom. The flower is about 1½–3" across, consisting of 8-16 white petals, a green oval pistil, and numerous stamens with prominent yellow anthers. The pistil has a pale yellow stigma at its apex. There are 2 light green sepals that are nearly as long as the petals, but they fall off the flowering stalk as soon as the flower begins to bloom. The blooming period occurs from early to mid-spring, lasting about 2 weeks. Each flower remains in bloom for only 1 or 2 days (when it is sunny), producing a fragrant scent. Afterwards, each flower is replaced by a seed capsule that becomes enlarged and eventually turns yellow, splitting open to release its seeds. The root system consists of thick reddish rhizomes with coarse fibrous roots. Both the foliage and the rhizomes contain an acrid reddish juice. This plants often forms vegetative colonies. [图片]Cultivation: During early to mid-spring, this plant should have access to some sunlight, otherwise the flowers may fail to open. After the trees begin to form leaves later in the spring, considerable shade is tolerated. The soil should be fertile and loamy, with average moisture levels (by woodland standards). The foliage is not affected by disease significantly, although it will gradually wither away as the summer progresses. Range & Habitat: Bloodroot is a common plant that occurs in most counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, wooded slopes, edges of bluffs, shaded ravines, banks of rivers in wooded areas, and areas along woodland paths. [图片]Faunal Associations: The pollen of the flowers attracts various kinds of bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.). Other insects that visit the flowers include Syrphid flies and beetles, which feed on the pollen (or search vainly for nectar). An aphid, Linosiphon sanguinarium, sucks plant juices from the leaf undersides. The seeds of Bloodroot are distributed by ants because of their fleshy appendages. This is a common method of seed distribution for woodland wildflowers, as wind speeds are greatly reduced in wooded areas. The foliage and rhizomes contain an acrid reddish juice and they are toxic. Consequently, this plant is not often eaten by mammalian herbivores, although White-Tailed Deer browse sparingly on the succulent leaves. [图片]Photographic Location: A partially-shaded flower garden near Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Bloodroot is one of the spring ephemerals of deciduous woodlands. It has very showy flowers and unusual-looking, but attractive, foliage. Unfortunately, the flowers are relatively short-lived. Across different localities, there are significant variations in this plant, involving such characteristics as the number of petals and size of the flowers, and the appearance of the foliage. On rare occasions, light pink flowers are produced. The Amerindians created a red dye from the juice of the rhizomes. The juice of plants in this genus possesses anti-bacterial properties with possible pharmaceutical applications, including an anti-plaque mouthwash.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月16日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1½–3' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are green, terete to angular, and either glabrous or sparsely hairy along two opposite lines. The opposite leaves are up to 5" long and 3" across; they are lanceolate to ovate in shape and smooth or slightly undulate along their margins. The upper leaf surface is yellowish green to dark green and glabrous (or nearly so), while the lower leaf surface is pale to medium green and glabrous to sparsely hairy along the undersides of the veins. The petioles are ¼–½" long. From the axils of the middle to upper leaves, there develops 1-3 flowers that are nearly sessile. Less often, such flowers will terminate a lateral stem that is up to 6" long, directly above a pair of leaves. Each flower is about 2" long and 1½" across, consisting of a funnelform corolla that is pinkish lavender to bluish violet (rarely white, except at its base), a green short-tubular calyx with long slender teeth, 4 inserted stamens, and a pistil with an inserted style. The corolla is narrowly tubular at the base, but it spreads outward to form 5 rounded lobes. The lobes of the corolla have undulate edges and a delicate appearance. At the throat of the corolla, there are several fine veins that are purple and somewhat reticulated; they function as nectar guides for visiting insects. The tubular portion of the calyx is about ¼" long or a little less, while its teeth are ½–1" long, linear-lanceolate in shape, strongly ciliate along their margins, and 2-3 mm. across. [图片]The blooming period occurs during the summer for 2-3 months. Each diurnal flower lasts only a single day; a single mature plant will have about 0-2 flowers in bloom during a typical summer day. The flowers are often partially hidden by the foliage. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by glabrous seed capsules that are up to ¾" long. Each of these capsules contains several seeds that are released explosively. Individual seeds are about 3 mm. (1/8") across, flattened-globoid in shape, and brown to dark brown. There is a less common form of this plant that produces non-showy cleistogamous flowers (f. cleistantha); it usually has more narrow leaves than the typical form (f. strepens). [图片]Cultivation: The preference is light shade or partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and either loamy or rocky soil containing some organic matter. This plant is not often bothered by either disease and insect pests. It may fail to flower in areas with medium to dense shade. Range & Habitat: The native Smooth Wild Petunia occurs occasionally in southern and central Illinois, while it is absent in the northern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic open woodlands, woodland edges, areas along woodland paths, thickets, thinly wooded slopes along rivers, and rocky banks of streams. In woodlands where there is an absence of fire or other disturbance, populations of this plant may decline because of excessive shade, particularly when those woodlands have become dominated by Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and other woody vegetation that cast heavy shade. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers have few visitors, although their nectar and pollen occasionally attract the smaller long-tongued bees (personal observation). Robertson (1929) observed the long-horned bee, Synhalonia speciosa, visiting the flowers of Smooth Wild Petunia. According to MacRae (1991), the adults of some metallic wood-boring beetles (Acmaeodera spp.) also visit the flowers. Sometimes pieces of the corolla are used by leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.) in the construction of their brood nests; these bees may also visit the flowers for nectar and pollen. The caterpillars of a butterfly, Junonia coenia (Buckeye), have been observed feeding on the foliage of Ruellia spp. (Wild Petunias). Otherwise, little is known about floral-faunal relationships for plants in this genus. Photographic Location: Along a path in a mesic area of Busey Woods, Urbana, Illinois, and along the rocky bank of a stream in southern Illinois. [图片]Comments: The flowers of Ruellia spp. (Wild Petunias) have a striking resemblance to the flowers of the cultivated Petunia (Petunia × hybrida), which has been introduced from South America and belongs to a different family of plants (Solanaceae). However, the flowers of Wild Petunias have less diversity of color. Mohlenbrock (2003) describes 4 Ruellia spp. in Illinois; some of these are restricted to the southern one-third of the state. Smooth Wild Petunia (Ruellia strepens) is very similar in appearance to Carolina Wild Petunia (Ruellia caroliniensis) and Stalked Wild Petunia (Ruellia pedunculata). Its calyx teeth are wider (2.0–3.0 mm. across), whereas the latter two species have linear calyx teeth that are only 1.0–1.5 mm. across. Stalked Wild Petunia also differs by producing terminal flowers on long lateral stems only, rather than non-terminal flowers from the axils of leaves, and its stems are more hairy. Some authors regard Smooth Wild Petunia and Carolina Wild Petunia as variants of the same species. The remaining species of this genus in Illinois, Hairy Wild Petunia Smooth (Ruellia humilis), is a shorter plant with much hairier stems and leaves than Smooth Wild Petunia. Hairy Wild Petunia also prefers habitats that are more sunny and dry, such as prairies.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月16日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 6" tall, although its stems can extend up to 1' long. Both basal leaves and stems with alternate leaves are produced; the latter usually sprawl across the ground. The stems are light green, reddish green, or brownish green, and glabrous to sparsely pubescent. The basal and alternate leaves are up to 3" long and across (excluding the petioles); they are yellowish green to dark green, trifoliate, and glabrous. The leaflets are obovate, broadly obovate, or rhombic in outline and their margins are shallowly to deeply cleft and coarsely dentate. The terminal leaflet has a longer petiolule (basal stalklet at its base) than either of the lateral leaflets. There is some variability in how broad and deeply cleft the leaflets are across different populations of plants. The petioles are up to 3" long, light green to reddish green, and glabrous to sparsely pubescent; they are grooved above and convex below. Occasionally, individual flowers develop from unbranched stalks about 2-5" long. These stalks are ascending to erect, green, and glabrous to pubescent. Each flower spans about ¾" across, consisting of 5 yellow petals, 5 light green sepals, numerous yellow stamens, and a cluster of pistils in the center of the flower. The petal bases are often pale yellow with fine veins functioning as nectar guides; the remainder of the petals are bright yellow and shiny. The petals are obovate with rounded tips; they are longer than the sepals. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer and lasts about 1½ months. After the petals fall away, the pistils are replaced by a cluster of flattened achenes with long beaks; these achenes are 2.5-3.5 mm. in length. The root system consists of a tuft of fibrous roots. The sprawling stems are able to form rootlets when their nodes establish contact with moist ground. Swamp Buttercup sometimes forms loose colonies of plants at favorable sites. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, wet to mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil with some decaying leaf mould. Standing water from spring rainfall is tolerated if it is temporary. Range & Habitat: Swamp Buttercup is a common plant that occurs in most counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, soggy areas along vernal pools, swamps, partially shaded areas of seeps, and areas along springs in woodlands. This species often grows in soggy areas of woodlands that are too wet for some invasive species, such as Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard). Therefore, populations of Swamp Buttercup remain reasonably secure. This plant is also able to tolerate some degradation of its habitat from other causes. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers attract their fair share of flower visitors, including little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), Syrphid flies, bee flies (Bombylius spp.), Muscid flies, Anthomyiid flies, skippers, and miscellaneous beetles. The bees suck nectar or collect pollen, while the flies and beetles suck nectar or feed on pollen. Other insects feed destructively on the foliage, roots, and other parts of Swamp Buttercup and other buttercups (Ranunculus spp.). These species include the leaf beetles Prasocuris ovalis and Prasocuris vittata, larvae of the sawflies Monophadnus pallescens and Stethomostus fuliginosus, Thecabius affinis (Poplar-Buttercup Aphid) and Thecabius gravicornis (Folded-Leaf Balsam Aphid), and larvae of the moth Sparganothis sulfureana (Sparganothis Leafroller). The foliage of buttercups is more or less toxic and it is avoided by mammalian herbivores. However, the seeds of these plants are eaten to a limited extent by the Wild Turkey, Cottontail Rabbit, Fox Squirrel, Gray Squirrel, Eastern Chipmunk, and Meadow Vole. The Wild Turkey reportedly browses on the foliage of buttercups, notwithstanding its toxicity (Martin et al., 1951/1961). [图片]Photographic Location: A moist deciduous woodland at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: With the exception of the weedy Ranunculus abortivus (Small-Flowered Buttercup), this is probably the most common buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) in Illinois. It is possible to confuse Swamp Buttercup with similar species, especially Ranunculus hispidus (Hispid Buttercup), Ranunculus carolinianus (Carolina Buttercup), and the introduced Ranunculus repens (Creeping Buttercup). Unlike Swamp Buttercup, the stems of Hispid Buttercup have abundant spreading hairs and they are usually more erect. Carolina Buttercup is supposed to have longer achenes (3.5–5.0 mm. in length) than the preceding two species, however its status as a separate species is debatable. Some authorities consider Swamp Buttercup and Carolina Buttercup to be different varieties of Ranunculus hispidus (Duncan & Duncan, 1999; Yatskievych, 2000), although Mohlenbrock (2002) doesn't. The leaves of Creeping Buttercup are less deeply cleft and they are often splotched with pale green or white patterns. In addition, its achenes are less flattened than those of Swamp Buttercup.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月16日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2' tall, consisting of some basal leaves, branched stems with alternate leaves, and flowers. The basal leaves are up to 5" long and 5" across; they have long hairy petioles. Each basal leaf is palmately cleft into 3-5 lobes; these lobes are often divided again into smaller lobes. The alternate leaves are similar to the basal leaves, except they become smaller as they ascend the stems and their petioles are shorter. The upper leaves are more slender and divided into fewer lobes. The margins of the leaves are crenate or dentate. The upper surface of each leaf is medium to dark green and glabrous. The stems are light green, terete, and covered with long hairs; they are erect to ascending, rather than sprawling across the ground. The upper stems terminate in loose clusters of flowers. Each flower is about 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of 5-6 yellow petals, 5 light green sepals, a dense green cluster of pistils, and a ring of surrounding stamens with yellow anthers. The petals are oblong-elliptic and a little shorter than the sepals; the latter tend to hang downward while the flowers are blooming. The pedicels of the flowers are pubescent. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer and lasts about 1 month. Both sepals and petals are deciduous and they soon fall to the ground. The pistils become transformed into a dense cluster of flat-sided achenes with slender hooked beaks; this fruit is globoid in shape. Eventually, the fruit changes in color from green to nearly black. Each achene is about 2-3 mm. long. The root system consists of a cluster of fibrous roots and occasional rhizomes. Sometimes, small clonal colonies of plants are produced. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is light to medium shade, wet to moist conditions, and soil with abundant organic material. Range & Habitat: The native Hooked Buttercup is widely distributed in Illinois, but it is found only occasional in most areas (see Distribution Map). Habitats include damp depressions in upland woodlands, floodplain woodlands, shaded areas along streams, bottoms of rocky ravines, areas along woodland paths, swamps, forested bogs, and shady seeps. This species prefers damp woodlands and shaded wetlands. Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts primarily small bees. These include Cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), Halictid bees (Augochlorella spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.). Among vertebrate animals, the Wood Duck, Ruffed Grouse, and Wild Turkey feed on the seeds and foliage of Ranunculus spp. (Buttercups) in woodlands. The Eastern Chipmunk also eats the seeds of these plants. Hoofed mammalian herbivores usually avoid the consumption of buttercups because the toxic foliage contains a blistering agent that can irritate the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Photographic Location: Along a stream at the bottom of a rocky ravine at The Portland Arch in west-central Indiana. Comments: This buttercup has achenes with unusually long hooked beaks; this provides its fruit with a slightly spiny appearance. While its foliage is reasonably attractive, the flowers are not very showy. Other similar buttercups include Ranunculus abortivus (Small-Flowered Buttercup) and Ranunculus pensylvanicus (Bristly Buttercup), which can be found in wet woodlands as well. Small-Flowered Buttercup has lower leaves that are kidney-shaped and lack lobes, while the palmately cleft leaves of Bristly Buttercup have more narrow lobes. The latter species also blooms later in the year (during the summer) than Hooked Buttercup. Other similar buttercups have larger flowers (at least ½" across) or their fruits (seedheads) are more elongated (ovoid or oblongoid) in shape.
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