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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Ozone is an air pollutant that is essentially a very active form of oxygen. It forms when sunlight reacts with exhaust from internal combustion engines. Ozone damage to plants occurs when plant foliage absorbs ozone during transpiration, which is the plant’s normal breathing process. The ozone reacts with compounds inside the plant to produce toxins that affect the plant in a variety of ways. The result is reduced yields and unsightly discolorations, such as silver spots on plants.[图片]How to Fix Ozone Damage Plants under stress are most likely to be seriously affected by ozone damage, and they recover slowly. Treat injured plants by providing conditions as close to the ideal for the species as possible. Irrigate well, especially on hot days, and fertilize on schedule. Keep the garden weed-free so that the plants don’t have competition for moisture and nutrients. Treating ozone injured plants won’t correct the damage that is already done, but it can help the plant produce new, healthy foliage and help prevent diseases and insects that normally attack weak and injured plants.[图片]Ozone Plant Damage There are a number of symptoms associated with ozone plant damage. Ozone first damages foliage that is almost mature. As it progresses, older and younger leaves may also sustain damage. The first symptoms are stippling or tiny spots on the surface of the leaves that may be light tan, yellow, red, red-brown, dark brown, black, or purple in color. Over time, the spots grow together to form large dead areas.[图片]Here are some additional symptoms you may see in plants with ozone damage: You may see bleached out or silver spots on plants. Leaves may turn yellow, bronze or red, inhibiting their ability to perform photosynthesis. Citrus and grape leaves may wither and drop off. Conifers may show yellow-brown mottling and tip burn. White pines are often stunted and yellow. These symptoms closely mimic those of a variety of plant diseases. Your local cooperative extension agent can help you determine whether the symptoms are caused by ozone damage or disease.[图片]Depending on the extent of the damage, plants may have reduced yields. Fruits and vegetables may be small because they mature too early. The plants will likely outgrow the damage if the symptoms are light.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Reversion of variegated leaves occurs in many types of plants. This is when the white shading or lighter speckles and borders turn into green. This is frustrating to many gardeners, as the variegated forms of plants provide increased interest, brighten dim areas and are bred specifically to enhance this trait. Variegation loss in plants may be due to lighting, seasonality or other factors. It is not possible to reverse loss of variegation, but you can usually keep it from taking over an entire plant.[图片]Reversion of Variegated Leaves Variegation may be the result of a natural anomaly or carefully engineered breeding. Whichever, the case, variegated leaves may turn completely green for a number of reasons. The coloring results from unstable changes in the leaf’s cells. One of the most common variegated plant problems is limited chlorophyll in the leaves. Less chlorophyll means less solar energy, as it is a primary component in photosynthesis. Variegated plants are less vigorous than green specimens are. The tendency for reversion of variegated leaves is a protective adaptation that allows the plant to return to a more successful form.[图片]Why Does Variegation Disappear? Loss of variegation is a frustrating condition for the gardener. Why does variegation disappear? The plant may do it as a survival tactic. It may also occur due to another leaf cell mutation. Variegated plants growing in shady or semi-shady locations are really at a disadvantage. Not only do they have low levels of chlorophyll, but they are not even exposed to adequate light. This scenario lends itself to reversion of variegated leaves.[图片]Variegation loss in plants could also be spurred by changes in heat or cold. If the weather is unfavorable to a particular plant, it may revert just to get a competitive advantage. Once the leaves revert to all green, the plant can increase its harvest of solar energy, which in turn gives it more fuel to produce bigger and stronger growth. Waterlogged plants may also turn back and new shoots often come out green.[图片]Variegated Plant Problems Variegated plants tend to be less hearty and vigorous as compared to their completely green cousins. They have no more or less general problems, but some plants can produce albino growth. This type of growth cannot gather solar energy and will eventually die back. If all the new growth becomes albino, the plant will not survive. This is the very opposite of the reversion process.[图片]Variegated plants also have smaller leaves, less tolerance to shady areas and yet a tendency to burn in hot sun, and slower growth. Most plants will only revert on stem, branch or other area. You can cut these off to try to prevent the entire plant from reverting. This usually works to slow the production of green leaf cells. If that doesn’t work, embrace your healthy, beautiful green chimera of a plant.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Nothing is more disconcerting than to discover a problem with your plants. But instead of getting worked up over things you cannot do and throwing them away, why not learn what you can do. The basic care of damaged plants may not be as difficult as you think. With a little know how, you can find ways for reviving stress damaged plants and making them well again.[图片]Damaged Plant Care Oh no, my beautiful coleus (or other favorite plant) is looking bedraggled! What can be done to perk up a stress damaged plant? Whether due to under or over watering, sunscald, pests or disease, inadequate fertilization or what have you, it may be advisable to retrieve a sample for diagnosis. Take the sample to a reputable nursery or contact your local Master Gardener chapter or extension service for a professional opinion and information on how to salvage your injured plants. That said, there are some simple remedies for reviving stress damaged plants, but first you must become something of a detective.[图片]Questions for Salvaging Injured Plants When it comes to dealing with common plant problems, it helps to assess the situation carefully. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is by asking questions. Important questions to ask regarding your stress damaged plant include: First of all, this may seem elementary my dear Watson, but what type of plant are we working with here? Consider where the damaged plant is located, sun, partial shade, or shaded area, etc. Has it been recently transplanted or otherwise moved? Are any other plants in this location afflicted? Examine the plant closely to determine the extent of damage. When were the first symptoms noted? Has there been a progression of symptoms? What part of the plant was affected first? Are insects observed and, if so, what do they look like? [图片]Identify what type of soil the damaged plant resides in. Tight clay or loose, sandy soil? Have there been fungicides, insecticides, or weed killers used in this area? Salt or ice melt utilized on or around the damaged plant? Additionally, consider your irrigation and fertilizing routine. The final checks to cross off are in regards to mechanical damage, such as weed trimmer injury, construction or utility work nearby, and even traffic pattern. Is the suffering plant regularly or infrequently tromped on by the kids when they run for the school bus? This last bit is a fairly obvious causal effect, but in one’s dismay over the damaged plants, it may also be overlooked.[图片]Care of Damaged Plants Once you have considered the above questions, you are ready to take on damaged plant care based on the answers. Some of the more common tips for salvaging injured plants include the following: First, prune any broken branches or stems to within ¼-Plntinch of a live bud or branch. Do not prune outdoor plants if there is any danger of frost, as recent pruning leaves the plant susceptible to additional damage. If branches or stems are damaged but not broken, stake the damaged area and tie with soft fabric or string. This may or may not work, and if not, the broken branch should be pruned. If a potted plant appears to be root bound (roots are growing through the drainage hole), transplant to a larger container.[图片]If you suspect a houseplant has been overwatered, remove the damaged plant and wrap the roots in a dry towel. Let the towel absorb any excess water. Trim off any rotting or mushy roots. If there has been a period of frequent freezing and thawing (known as frost heave) and your outdoor plants roots are pushing up out of the soil, push them back into the soil or wait until a thaw and then dig deep enough to recover roots. Consider the simplest routes to reviving your stress damaged plant. A stress damaged plant’s most likely fix is a quick one, as the damage is probably caused by over or under watering, a temperature flux, or maybe just a need for fertilizer.[图片]Once you have gone through the above and checked off the least likely (such as absence of pests and tromping children), the solution may be as easy as transplanting to a different environ, watering more frequently (or not, as the case may be), or regular feeding of your stress damaged plant.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Nutrient deficiencies in plants are hard to spot and are often misdiagnosed. Plant deficiencies are often encouraged by a number of factors including poor soil, insect damage, too much fertilizer, poor drainage or disease. When nutrients such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen are lacking, plants respond in a variety of ways—oftentimes in the leaves.[图片]Leaf problems in plants that are deficient in nutrients or trace minerals are common and may include stunted growth, drying and discoloration. Nutritional deficiencies present differently in plants, and a proper diagnosis is critical in order to rectify the problem. One of the most commonly asked questions relates to having a plant with purple leaves, or leaves turning reddish purple in color.[图片]Why Are Plant Leaves Turning Purple? When you notice a plant with purple leaves rather than the normal green color, it is most likely due to a phosphorus deficiency. All plants need phosphorus (P) in order to create energy, sugars and nucleic acids. Young plants are more likely to display signs of phosphorus deficiency than older plants. If the soil is cool early in the growing season, a phosphorus deficiency may develop in some plants. The underside of marigold and tomato plant leaves will turn purple with too little phosphorus while other plants will be stunted or turn a dull dark-green color.[图片]Leaves Turning Reddish Purple in Color Leaves turning reddish purple in color is most often seen in corn crops. Corn with a phosphorus deficiency will have narrow, bluish green leaves that eventually turn reddish purple. This problem occurs early in the season, often due to cold and wet soil. Corn suffering from a lack of magnesium may also display a yellow streaking between the veins of lower leaves that turn red with time.[图片]Other Causes for a Plant with Purple Leaves If you have a plant with purple leaves, it may also be due to elevated levels of anthocyanin, which is a purple colored pigment. This pigment builds up when a plant becomes stressed and normal plant functions are interrupted. This problem can be very hard to diagnose as other factors can cause the pigment buildup such as cool temperatures, disease and drought.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Herbicide plant damage can arise in a variety of forms. It is usually the result of unintentional contact with chemicals from spray drift or contact with vapor. Recognizing accidental herbicide injury may be difficult as the symptoms can mimic other plant conditions. Know the classic signs and learn how to treat plants accidentally sprayed with herbicide.[图片]Accidental Herbicide Injury The type of injury can be determined by the time symptoms begin to show. Problems that appear right after new plants begin to germinate are often the result of carry-over from previous applications, high rates of application, shallow planting and even poor timing. Herbicide plant damage that appears on mature plants may be due to drift, misapplication, high temperatures or humidity, incorrect treatment and tank contamination. The home gardener will usually notice accidental herbicide injury on mature plants due to misapplication and timing.[图片]Symptoms of Herbicide Injuries The signs of injury will depend on the type of herbicide which contacted the plant. Post-emergence broadleaf herbicides are responsible for most injuries. These result in twisted leaves, cupped foliage, narrower new leaves, and roots that appear on the surface in annual plants. On ornamental grasses, these products cause yellowing and die back. Pre-emergence controls are not as dangerous and herbicides that are applied systemically rarely result in problems unless they are over-applied.[图片]The exceptions are herbicides that have amine salt, which allows the chemical to liquefy and travel more easily through soil. Non-selective herbicides will cause accidental herbicide injury in many instances and these controls must be applied according to directions and with caution. Symptoms of herbicide injuries from these products include yellowing in leaves, die back and general ill health in plants that might have been exposed. In some cases, fixing herbicide spray drift is possible if it is caught early enough.[图片]How to Treat Plants Accidentally Sprayed with Herbicide Contact non-selective herbicide injury is usually most evident in the leaves. A foliar method is used for application, which increases chances of drift. Plants accidentally exposed should have affected leaves pruned off to prevent the spread of the herbicide deep into the plant. It may also help to water the plant thoroughly to dilute the chemicals. If left untreated, the plant will eventually die.[图片]Plants exposed to other chemical formulas may survive if you give them superior care for the next year. Keep the plant watered properly, fertilize in spring and prevent competition from weeds. If no other factors, such as disease or insects, are affecting your plant, then your leafy friend may outlive you.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
If you’ve ever found a flower stem that looks wide and flattened, splayed or fused, you’ve probably discovered an odd disorder called fasciation. Some fasciation in plants result in huge, grotesque stems and flowers, while others are quite subtle. Discovering fasciations in your garden or in the wild is intriguing, and one of the fascinations of observing nature. Let’s find out more about the fasciation deformation of flowers.[图片]What is Fasciation? So exactly what is fasciation in flowers anyway? Fasciation literally means banded or bundled. Scientists aren’t sure what causes the deformity, but they believe it is probably caused by a hormonal imbalance. This imbalance may be the result of a random mutation, or it can be caused by insects, diseases or physical injury to the plant. Think of it as a random occurrence. It doesn’t spread to other plants or other parts of the same plant. The result of fasciation is thick, often flattened, stems and large flowers or flower heads with far more than the usual number of flowers. The extent of fasciation deformation of flowers depends on where the damage occurs. Fasciations close to the ground affect a larger portion of the plant.[图片]Can Fasciation Be Treated? Can fasciation be treated once you spot it? In short, no. Once the damage is done, you can’t correct fasciation on that particular stem. In some cases, you may be able to prune out the affected stems without damaging the plant. The good news is that perennials that exhibit fasciation may be perfectly normal next year, so there is no need to destroy the plant. Not all fasciation in plants makes them undesirable. The fasciation of a fan-tailed willow makes it a highly desirable landscape shrub. Fasciation deformation of flowers such as the cauliflower-like heads of a celosia is part of the charm of the plant. Crested saguaro cactus, fasciated Japanese cedar, beefsteak tomatoes and broccoli are all examples of desirable fasciations.[图片]While fasciation in flowers is usually a one-time occurrence, sometimes the fasciation is carried in the plant’s genetic material so that it reoccurs from generation to generation. More often, fasciated plants have to be propagated vegetatively to carry on the unusual characteristics. A fasciated plant can be a monstrosity or an interesting variation, and the difference is often in the eye of the beholder. Some gardeners will want to immediately replace the plant with one that looks more like its neighbors, while others will want to keep it as a curiosity.[图片]
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Every swelling bud in the garden is like a little promise from your plants. When these buds collapse for no reason, it may bring a gardener to tears. It may feel like all the love and care you’ve given your plants and the time you waited to see them finally bloom was wasted. But fear not, fellow gardener; flower bud blast may be disappointing, but it’s rarely a serious condition.[图片]What is Bud Blast? Bud blast is a term used to describe flowers that have prematurely aborted before or soon after opening, such as with scape blasting in daylilies. Most often, flowers develop to a certain point and simply stop growing. Other bud blast symptoms may indicate the exact cause of flower bud blast. For example, flower buds that become paper-thin and dry may be suffering from botrytis blight, a common landscape fungus.[图片]What Causes Bud Blast in Flowers? More often than not, the cause of bud blast is a problem in the environment. This is good news, though, because treating bud blast only requires you to figure out what the problem is and fix it for good. To help with your bud blast care, the most common environmental problems are listed below, along with solutions for treating bud blast: Improper Watering – Improper watering causes a great deal of stress to many plants. Under watering may cause plants to redirect water from enlarging buds to food-producing areas in an act of self-preservation. Over watering often leads to root rot, or other fungal infections that may destroy developing flower buds. Water plants when the top two inches of the soil is dry, and add two to four inches of organic mulch to keep moisture levels more even.[图片]Temperature Extremes – Extremes in temperature can influence developing buds, especially in indoor plants. When temperatures fluctuate madly, plants get stressed and may respond by dropping all excess baggage in an attempt to survive. Flowers are costly and are often the first thing to be jettisoned, especially when temperatures are more often very cold than very warm. Moving indoor plants may correct the problem, but not much can be done for outdoor plants, although covering them with cardboard boxes on very cold nights may help. Wrong Lighting – Light has a direct effect on how well the plant can produce food and survive. Often, buds fail when high light plants are in low light settings, if they are initiated at all. At the same time, plants accustomed to low light situations may overheat in direct sun, causing buds to fail. Move these plants to more appropriate lighting conditions or provide supplementary light indoors.[图片]Too Little Humidity – Insufficient humidity can interfere with proper bud formation, especially in tender indoor plants like orchids. Too dry of conditions or humidity that fluctuates considerably will lead to buds that drop. If your indoor plants are experiencing this problem, you can place them on top of some rocks in the center of a pan filled with water to increase the humidity in their immediate area. Young Plants – Younger plants often lack the root structure to support blooms, though they may try to set them regardless, leading to aborted blossoms. If your plant has been recently transplanted or the one with problems is a perennial you divided in the last season, pick any blooms off to allow the root system to expand before permitting it to bloom.[图片]
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月23日
Dummer. ゛☀
Ever have one of those days when you feel a little sluggish and bloated? Well, your plants can have the same problem — they retain water just like people do when conditions are not right. Edema in plants is not a serious disease and it’s not a symptom of a bacteria, virus or insect infestation. Common causes of plant edema include over watering and improper fertilization; it’s easily curable if caught early.[图片]What is Edema? Edema, or oedema, is a type of abnormal water retention in plants, often influenced by the plant’s environment. Favorable conditions actually encourage edema in many cases, since affected plants already have a fair amount of water in their systems, providing them with more can just encourage them to gorge on liquid. Any time the plant takes up water faster than it transpires, edema becomes a risk. Signs of edema plant disease vary between susceptible species, but often include bumps, blisters or water-soaked areas on the undersides of leaves. These areas may expand and become corky, but in other plants, curling and distortion are common. White, crusty eruptions may form along the leaf veins or gall-like structures can develop under leaves with yellow corresponding spots on the upper leaf surface.[图片]Treating Edema Because it’s not a disease, there are many ways to treat edema, depending on the cause. Your job as gardener is to figure out what’s causing your plant’s problem and correct the situation. If your plant has edema, first adjust your watering habits. Most plants should never sit in water, so remove those saucers and make sure that big pots are draining well. Roots tend to absorb water faster when the water is warm and the atmosphere is cool, so wait to water until the sun is up in the morning whenever possible. Indoors, humidity can have a considerable influence on edema; improving air circulation around plants will help reduce humidity into safer ranges.[图片]Increasing the light intensity is helpful for many plants with edema, but be sure not to cook them by moving them too quickly into brighter light. Make these changes gradually, over the course of a week or two, slowly leaving the plant in brighter light for an increasing length of time, until it no longer wilts in response to the sun. Lastly, make sure you’re fertilizing your plant properly. Plants with low available potassium and calcium can be more susceptible to edema. If cultural conditions seem correct for your plant, a soil test may be needed. Adjusting the pH can make more nutrients available, or you may need to add more of the nutrients that are lacking.[图片]
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权问薇
2017年09月23日
权问薇
[图片]一、选择合适环境养护 #小木槿 可以通过盆栽或地栽来种植，当然这两种种植方法在冬季的适宜处理方法也不尽相同。一般来说，花盆种植的小木槿相比露天的来说比较怕冻，入冬以后最好移入室内，并放置在向阳处，这样可安全过冬。放在室外阳台的可移入内侧以防止霜、雪使枝叶出现冻伤的症状。露天种植的入冬时最好使用塑料薄膜覆盖，塑料薄膜有着极好的保温防冻作用，这样做有利小木槿安全过冬。             二、确保合理的光照 小木槿是喜阳光、喜温热的花卉，必然对阳光的要求颇高。在冬季，温度偏低，光照便成为帮助小木槿过冬极为重要的因素。所以，在冬季的养护过程中将小木槿放在可以晒到太阳的地方，并且及时对小木槿进行挪动，使小木槿各个面都能受到光照，防止长期保持一个方向光照导致小木槿出现生长偏差。 三、对植株进行修剪                  为了让小木槿更好地过冬，花友们最好在秋末季节就对小木槿及时进行修剪，将长枝、枯枝、病枝、残枝剪短或者直接剪除，以免小木槿冬季消耗过多的养分，影响第二年的生长发育。 四、合理的水分补给 水分是小木槿生长必不可少的因素。不过，冬季小木槿会进入休眠期，此时最不该做的就是大量的浇水，而是适量的少浇或者干脆停止。如果花友们对不浇水实在不放心的话，那么可以适当控水，微润即可。 [图片]五、施肥 肥料与水分的处理基本一致，即冬季进入休眠期时，停止施加肥料或者适当施加少量肥料。
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权问薇
2017年09月23日
权问薇
土壤的种类有哪些 1、园土 来源：大多数来自于菜园、马路边、田野里 优点：呈现微酸性、保水保肥能力特别强 缺点：透水透气性太差，时间长了容易造成板结 2、腐叶土 来源：树林、竹林等地 优点：腐叶土是树叶等长期腐烂发酵后形成的，质地疏松，保水保肥性很好 缺点：采集腐叶土的时候会带入虫卵和细菌，潮湿时透水性差，容易烂根。 [图片]3、松针土 来源：松树、柏树等树下的表层土壤 优点：呈现弱酸性，养分充足，疏松透气 缺点：保水性差 4、泥炭土 来源：鱼塘、池塘、河湖底 优点：养分充足、松软透气、保水保肥性好 缺点：时间长会造成土壤板结 [图片]5、椰糠 来源：买的 优点：椰糠的透水透气性非常强，完全可以替代泥炭土，而且价格也比泥炭土便宜多了。 缺点：只用椰糠种多肉，容易导致多肉根系脆弱、僵苗。 [图片]土壤里掺点这个保水透气防烂根 上面花花介绍的那些土壤，各自都有优缺点，没有哪一种能够完全养花，一点问题也不出的，所以，我们就需要在土壤中掺点东西，从而弥补土壤的缺点。 1、土壤里加点沙子 沙子的透气排水性非常好，而且十分干净卫生，它里面还含有铁、镁等微量元素，还能被花吸收，所以沙子算的上是非常好的东西了。 2、土壤里加点松树皮 松树皮的吸水能力非常强，掺在土里能保持水分，而且还可以避免土壤板结。如果你在养花的时候，加了松树皮，那就可以不用再加珍珠岩和蛭石了。 3、土壤里加点木屑 木屑是咱们日常生活中最常见到的东西了，特别是家里装修的时候，经常能见到残留下来的木屑。木屑也是养花的好东西，透水透气性非常好，只是在使用之前，最好先腐熟一下，避免烂根的情况发生。 4、土壤里加点珍珠岩 珍珠岩的吸水量可以达到自身的2-3倍，透水性和透气性都非常好，浇水后会慢慢浮现在土壤表面，风一吹就走了，所以珍珠岩也可以掺在土壤中。 5、土壤里加点陶粒 陶粒有大有小，最大的特点就是透气性好，一般都会垫在花盆底部，也可以和土壤掺在一起，或是铺在盆面上使用。 家庭常见花如何配土 花花上面已经介绍了这么多了，那么有花友要问了，家里的花具体要怎么配土呢？今天花花就跟各位好好说一说这个问题。 1、发财树、幸福树等大型植物 发财树、幸福树等大型盆栽，特别容易烂根，所以配土必须要求排水性良好。 配土比例：园土、有机肥、沙子、煤渣=6：2：2：1 [图片]2、绿萝、吊兰、常春藤等观叶植物 幼苗期：腐叶土、园土、沙子=4：3：2 生长期：腐叶土、园土、沙子=1：1：1 [图片]3、君子兰 养叶子为主： 腐叶土、松针、沙子、蓖麻（骨粉）=5：3：1：1 养根为主： 腐叶土、松针、沙子、骨粉、陶粒（珍珠岩）=3：4：1.5：1：0.5 [图片]4、多肉 扦插、叶插、砍头配土： 潮湿天气：育苗泥炭、珍珠岩、蛭石=3：2：5 干燥天气：育苗泥炭、珍珠岩、蛭石=2：2：6 成株配土： 潮湿天气：泥炭（椰糠）、珍珠岩、蛭石、赤玉土=4：1.5：1：3.5 干燥天气：泥炭（椰糠）、珍珠岩、蛭石、赤玉土=6：1.5：1.5：1 [图片]5、栀子、茉莉、山茶等喜酸性花卉 配土方法一：泥炭土、沙子、骨粉=6：3：1 配土方法二：松针土、沙土、园土、有机肥=4：4：1：1 [图片]6、月季 小苗、裸根苗配土： 泥炭土、园土、蛭石（河沙、珍珠岩）=3：1：1 泥炭土、园土、蛭石（河沙、珍珠岩）1：3：1 中苗、大苗配土： 园土、腐叶土、河沙（蛭石、珍珠岩）、有机肥=4：3：2：1 [图片]7、矮牵牛、六倍利等草花配土 播种配土： 腐叶土、园土、河沙=5：3：2 上盆配土： 腐叶土、园土、河沙、骨粉=4：5：1：0.5 [图片]花花介绍的这些配土方法， 各位花友都学会了么？ 如果学会了， 可千万别再把花养死了啊！
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