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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Many species of leafhoppers exist in home gardens throughout North America. Both adults and nymphs feed by puncturing the undersides of leaves and sucking out plant juices. Their toxic saliva causes spotting (white specks), yellowing, leaf curling, stunting and distortion of plants. They are also responsible for transmitting the organisms causing virus diseases in plants. Common host plants include beans, lettuce, beets, potato, grapes, roses and many others.[图片]Leafhopper adults (1/4 inch long) are slender, wedge-shaped insects that fly or disperse rapidly when disturbed. Depending on species they may be green, brown or yellow in color and often have colorful markings. Nymphs do not have wings and are generally lighter in color than adults. Both adults and nymphs run sideways and are good jumpers.[图片]Note: There are more leafhopper species worldwide than all species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians combined. Life Cycle Adults overwinter in crop debris or non-cultivated areas adjacent to gardens. In late spring females deposit 1-6 eggs daily within the stems and larger veins of the leaves. Hatching occurs in 6-9 days, and the young nymphs molt 5 times before they become fully grown adults. White cast skins shed by the molting nymphs can often be found attached to the underside of damaged leaves. The period from egg to adult is about three weeks. Several overlapping generations may be completed during the growing season.[图片]Leafhopper Control Remove garden trash and other debris shortly after harvest to reduce over-wintering sites. Floating row covers can be used as a physical barrier to keep leafhoppers from damaging plants.[图片]Commercially available beneficial insects, such as ladybugs, lacewing and minute pirate bugs, are all voracious predators of both the egg and young larval stage. Apply diatomaceous earth to plants and/or spot treat with insecticidal soap to keep pest populations under control. Thorough coverage of both upper and lower infested leaves is necessary for effective control. If pest levels become intolerable, spot treat with potent, fast-acting organic insecticides as a last resort.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Look for Seedlings germinate and begin to grow well until whole trays rapidly collapse and die. Damping off can also cause trays of seeds to fail to germinate. [图片]Plants affected Young seedlings of annual bedding and vegetables are the most commonly affected, but damping off can be a problem on a wide range of plants. [图片]About Damping off is caused by a variety of different soil borne fungi including Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora. Once plants have been affected, Botrytis (Grey mould) often also attacks. Plants are more likely to succumb if they are under stress. Stress can be caused by high temperature, high humidity and waterlogging. [图片]Treatment Good hygiene is important in combating damping off. Wash and disinfect pots and trays after use and use fresh compost. Dispose of pots, trays and compost where damping off has been a problem. High humidity around plants can increase the likelihood of damping off. Keep greenhouses well ventilated and sow seeds thinly to avoid overcrowding. The fungi can infect plants through their water. Make sure all rainwater-butts have sealed lids to prevent leaves and debris entering them and introducing fungi to the water.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Grasshoppers are voracious feeders, consuming approximately one-half of their body weight per day. Both adults and nymphs cause damage by chewing on the leaves and stems of plants, and if infestations are severe, may defoliate entire fields. It is estimated that grasshoppers consume up to 25 percent of the available forage in the western United States annually.[图片]Adults (1-2 inch long) are brown to reddish yellow or green in color with prominent jaws, fully developed wings and short antennae. They have enlarged hind legs and can jump great distances. Immature stages — nymphs — are similar in appearance to adults, but are smaller and have wing buds instead of wings. Note: Ten adults per square yard are economically damaging to rangeland, according to the USDA. Smaller numbers can damage cropland or gardens, depending on crop type and age. A classic study showed that 6-7 adults per square yard on 10 acres of pasture ate as much as a cow.[图片]Life Cycle The injurious species of grasshoppers are all alike in their cycle of development. Eggs are deposited in late summer in elongated masses or pods inserted in the soil. These pass through the winter, and on hatching in the spring, the young seek food in the immediate area. As they increase in size and food becomes scarce, migration to other food sources takes place. After molting 5 or 6 times, during a period of 40-60 days, the adults appear and continue feeding until cold weather kills them. One generation per year in most areas.[图片]Control Roto-till or cultivate crops in the spring to destroy overwintering eggs. Harvest-Guard row covers can be used to cover and protect small garden areas. For long-term grasshopper protection, apply organic Semaspore Bait (Nosema locustae) to hatching beds – field margins and other undisturbed grassy areas – when grasshoppers are young. Heavy infestations may require multiple applications. Azamax contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This concentrated spray is approved for organic use and offers multiple modes of action, making it virtually impossible for pest resistance to develop. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects.[图片]Spread EcoBran Bait or apply botanical insecticides, such as organic pyrethrins, to areas where you are experiencing heavy grasshopper damage and require a quick-kill. Read our pamphlet on How to Control Grasshoppers with Modern Baits here. Tip: Mow a “clean” strip between grassy fields and your garden area to help slow grasshopper migration. Pests are reluctant to enter the strip because it has no food, and they are very exposed to predators. A wider strip is better, especially if the adjacent area is large.
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
フウチソウ（風知草）の育て方・栽培方法 育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 日なたか、明るい日陰で育てます。葉が焼けやすい斑入りの園芸品種は、夏の間だけ明るい日陰に置いてもよいでしょう。また斑入り品種は、斑をきれいに発色させるために、春の間だけでも十分日ざしの当たるところに置きます。庭植えの場合は少し土を盛った場所や傾斜地に植えます。 水やり 鉢植えの場合は表土が乾いたら十分に与えます。庭植えの場合はよほど乾燥が続かないかぎり、雨水のみで十分です。 [图片]肥料 3月から5月に親指大の固形油かすを、5号鉢で4～5個施します。その後の夏の間に葉の色が思わしくない場合は、チッ素の多い液体肥料を2000倍に薄めて施します。庭植えのものには特に施さなくても問題ありません。盆栽づくりにする場合は、施さなくてもかまいません。 病気と害虫 ほとんどありません。 用土（鉢植え） 非常に丈夫なため、水はけさえよければ特に選びません。市販の草花用培養土で問題なく育ちます。 [图片]植えつけ、 植え替え 鉢植えの場合は2年に1回、2月から3月の休眠中に植え替えします。庭植えの場合も3～5年に1回、2月から3月に堀り上げて株を整理して植え直します。 ふやし方 株分け：植え替えに合わせて、株を2～3つに分けます。あまり小さく分けるとあとの成長が遅くなるので、よくありません。 [图片]主な作業 古葉切り：枯れた葉を2月から3月に取り除きます。
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
フウチソウ（風知草）の基本情報 学名：Hakonechloa macra 和名：ウラハグサ（裏葉草）　　その他の名前：フウチソウ（風知草） 科名 / 属名：イネ科 / ウラハグサ属 特徴 風知草は本州の山地の崖や尾根に見られる多年草です。本州の太平洋側の地域の特産種です。多数の茎が株立ちになって垂れ下がり、数枚の長さ15cm前後の細長い葉をつけます。この葉はつけ根でねじ曲がっていて、表が裏に、裏が表になっているので「裏葉草」という名になっています。8月から9月に茎の先端に細かな穂をつけますが、地味な色合いです。冬は全体に黄色く黄葉したあと、地上部は茶色く枯れて冬越しします。 本来、風知草は「知風草」と書くのが正しく、その正体は低地の道端などに広く見られるカゼクサ（Eragrostis ferruginea）を指します。 種類（原種、園芸品種） キンウラハグサ Hakonechloa macra ‘Aureola’ 最もよく普及している黄色い縞斑の園芸品種。日に強く当てても日焼けしにくい強健な美麗種。 [图片]‘オール・ゴールド’ Hakonechloa macra ‘All Gold’ むらなく黄色い葉の園芸品種で、キンウラハグサよりやや小型。成長がやや遅いので、小苗のうちは鉢植えが無難。黄金風知草の名で流通していることがある。 [图片]紅風知草 緑の葉だが、先端が赤く染まる。キンウラハグサよりやや小型。 [图片]
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
フウセントウワタの基本情報 学名：Gomphocarpus　fruticosus 和名：フウセントウワタ（風船唐綿）　　その他の名前：フウセンダマノキ 科名 / 属名：ガガイモ科 / フウセントウワタ属 特徴 フウセントウワタは、ハリセンボンのようなとげのある果実がユニークな観賞用のトウワタ（唐綿）です。とげといっても鋭いものではなく、柔らかい突起で、庭で楽しむほか、切り花やドライフラワーにも利用されています。切り花にするとすぐ葉がしおれるので、葉は取り、果実だけがついた茎を楽しみます。晩夏から果実がついた鉢植えが流通します。 葉腋から花柄を伸ばし、反り返った花弁をもつ乳白色の花が集まり、下向きに咲きます。紫色の副花冠には蜜がたまるので、アリが寄ってきます。果実が成熟すると縦に裂け、ワタというよりもむしろシルクのような冠毛のついたタネが飛散します。 茎に傷をつけると白い汁が出ます。この白い汁は茎の切り口をふさいで水が上がりにくくするので、さし木や切り花にする場合は洗い流します。また、この汁は毒性があり、目に入ると角膜炎を起こすことがあるので注意してください。 霜が降りない暖かい地域では冬越しも可能ですが、一般的には冬に枯れる春まき一年草として扱います。冬越しさせたい場合は、鉢植えにして、秋に切り戻しをして室内に取り込むとよいでしょう。 [图片]フウセントウワタの育て方・栽培方法 育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 日当たりを好み、水はけのよい肥沃な土壌で育てます。水はけの悪い土壌では根腐れを起こしやすいので、腐葉土などの有機物やパーライトなどを加えて土壌改良するか、盛り土をして植えつけます。株が大きくなるので、庭植えが向いていますが、鉢植えにするときはできるだけ大きな鉢を選びましょう。 水やり 鉢植え、庭植えともに、土が乾いたらたっぷりと水やりをします。 肥料 元肥として、緩効性化成肥料を土壌に混ぜておきます。追肥は、鉢植えのみ、5月から9月の間にチッ素分の少ない液体肥料か緩効性化成肥料を定期的に施します。多肥にすると、花つきが悪くなったり、草姿があばれてきれいにまとまらなかったりします。 [图片]病気と害虫 害虫:アブラムシ 蕾や葉などに群生して汁を吸い、生育を阻害することがあります。風通しが悪いと発生を助長します。見つけしだい適用のある殺虫剤で駆除します。 用土（鉢植え） 水はけがよく、通気性のある土が適しています。市販の草花用培養土を用いるか、赤玉土6、腐葉土3、パーライト1の配合土を用いるとよいでしょう。 植えつけ、 植え替え 気温の高くなる5月から7月上旬にポット苗を植えつけます。株張りがよいので、植えつけ間隔は30～50cmとします。 [图片]ふやし方 タネまき：発芽適温は25℃以上と高いので、タネまきは4月中・下旬とします。ポリポットにタネをまいたら1cmほど覆土をします。2～3週間で発芽します。5月から6月になってポット内に根がほどよく回ったら、植えつけます。 さし木：冬越しさせた株であれば、春から伸びた枝を切ってさし木することができます。 主な作業 タネとり：果実が成熟したら割れて散る前に採取し、タネを取り出して保存します。なお、果実のついた切り枝を水に生けておくだけでも、タネが採取できます。
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
In the mid 1800s, gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) that were being evaluated for silk production were blown from a window sill in Medford, Massachusetts. The first outbreak of gypsy moth occurred in 1889. By 1987, the gypsy moth had established itself throughout the Northeast and is now found throughout much of the Eastern United States. It is one of the most damaging pests of hardwood forests and urban landscapes, defoliating a million or more forested acres annually. Gypsy moths are spread over large areas primarily by shipment of infested nursery stock or any object on which eggs may be deposited.[图片]Only the caterpillar stage of the gypsy moth feeds. When fully grown, they will be approximately 2 inches long, very hairy and have five pairs of blue dots followed by six pairs of red dots along its back. Adults are gray (male) or white (female) colored hairy moths with a 1-1/2 – 2 inch wingspan. Although both sexes are winged, the female moth does not fly.[图片]Life Cycle The female gypsy moth lays an egg mass, covering it with body hairs to act as insulation and to help protect the eggs from predators. Shortly after the female gypsy moth lays the egg mass, she dies, and the eggs wait out the winter until temperatures rise in the spring and a hatch begins. Upon hatching, small black headed gypsy moth caterpillars, climb to the tops of the trees where they may begin to feed on foliage or they may dangle from silk strands and drift in the wind to colonize other trees. Gypsy moth caterpillars go through five or six instars and feed from late April to mid June. Most of the feeding occurs at night to protect caterpillars from extreme heat and predation by birds during the day. When fully mature, caterpillars stop feeding, and change into pupae. Adult moths emerge 7-10 days later. There is one generation per year.[图片]Gypsy Moth Control Keep your yard as clean as possible. Remove discarded items, dead branches, stumps, etc., where the adult female moth is likely to lay egg masses. Destroy any egg masses that are found. The Gypsy Moth Trap is used to monitor the moth population and may also prevent male moths from homing in on females. Tanglefoot Pest Barrier or Sticky Tree Bands can be placed around tree trunks to help curtail the caterpillars movement into and out of the tree canopy. Apply Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki or Monterey Garden Insect Spray (Spinosad) to the leaves of trees to kill gypsy moth caterpillars. For best results, sprays must be applied when caterpillars are young, less than one inch long. In instances where populations are high, two (or more!) applications five days apart might be needed.[图片]Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This concentrated spray disrupts growth and development of pest insects and has repellent and anti-feedant properties. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects. Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Many species of flea beetles are found throughout the United States. They are small jumping insects (similar in appearance to fleas) commonly found in home gardens early in the growing season. A voracious pest, they will damage plants by chewing numerous small holes in the leaves, which make them look as if they have been peppered by fine buckshot. When populations are high, flea beetles can quickly defoliate and kill entire plants. They feed most on hot sunny days and attack a wide variety of plants including beans, cabbage, corn, eggplant, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, lettuce and most seedlings. Adults are small (1/10 inch long), shiny, dark brown or black beetles with large hind legs that allow them to jump when disturbed. Some species may have white or yellow stripes on their wing cases. Larvae are small, cream-colored worms (1/8 – 1/3 inch long). They live underground and feed on the roots and tubers of young plants as well as on germinating seeds.[图片]Note: Flea beetles transmit viral and bacterial diseases. Life Cycle Adults overwinter in the soil or garden debris and become active in the spring, feeding on host plants as new growth appears. Tiny white eggs are laid on or in soil cracks around the base of plants. These hatch in about one week, and the slender white larvae feed on plant roots for approximately 2-3 weeks. Pupae usually remain in the soil for 7-9 days until adults emerge and the cycle is completed. There are one to four generations per year, depending on species and climate.[图片]Flea Beetle Control Remove garden trash and plow or roto-till under weeds to reduce overwintering sites. Floating row covers are extremely effective when placed on seedlings and left in place until plants are old enough to tolerate beetle damage. Place yellow sticky traps throughout garden rows every 15 to 30 feet to capture adults. Beneficial nematodes applied to the soil will destroy the larval stage, reducing root feeding and helping to prevent the next generation of adults from emerging.[图片]Apply food-grade Diatomaceous Earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, that look like broken glass under the microscope, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons! Surround WP (kaolin clay) forms a protective barrier film, which acts as a broad spectrum crop protectant for preventing damage from insect pests. Azatrol EC contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. This concentrated product is approved for organic use and offers multiple modes of action, making it virtually impossible for insect resistance to develop. Best of all, it’s non-toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects.[图片]Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
A major pest of corn, the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) will also feed on over 300 different garden plants including peppers, snap beans, potatoes, tomatoes, apples and gladiolus. Damage to corn is caused by the young larvae which chew leaves and tassels. Later they tunnel all parts of the stalks and ears, resulting in reduced plant vigor, broken stalks, poor ear development and dropped ears. Other crops are damaged primarily by the tunneling of the stalks, pods or stems by the larvae.[图片]Fully grown corn borer larvae (3/4 – 1 inch long) are extremely destructive flesh-colored caterpillars with a reddish or dark brown head and several distinct spots on the top of each abdominal ring or segment. The adult borer is a night-flying yellowish-brown colored moth (1 inch wingspan) with dark wavy bands across its wings. Note : The European corn borer most likely arrived in the United States during the early 1900’s in imported corn which was used to make brooms.[图片]Life Cycle Fully grown larvae pass the winter concealed in corn stubble or other plant parts on which they have been feeding. Pupation takes place in late spring with the adult moths appearing in May and June. When mature, the females begin laying clumps of white eggs on the undersides of the lower leaves of host plants. (Adult females may lay up to 500 eggs over their short lifetime.) Under ideal conditions, these first generation eggs hatch within 3-7 days. Tiny caterpillars begin feeding on host plants and complete their development in 3-4 weeks. Pupation occurs deep inside the corn stalks and second generation moths emerge and begin laying eggs in early summer. Produces 1-3 generations per year depending upon the climate.[图片]Note: Second generation borers are considered to be the most damaging to corn. Corn Borer Control Shred and plow under cornstalks in or near fields where borers overwinter. This should be done in fall or early spring before the adults emerge. Use pheromone traps to determine main flight period for moths, then release trichogramma wasps to destroy eggs. Beneficial insects, such as ladybugs and lacewing larvae, will consume a large number of borer eggs.[图片]Treat silk frequently with Garden Dust (Bt-kurstaki) or Monterey Garden Insect Spray (spinosad) to kill young larvae. Repeat applications every 4-5 days until tassels turn brown. Use organic insecticides only as a last resort. Note: Ladybugs will consume almost 60 borer eggs a day. Stink bugs, damsel bugs, spiders and hover fly larvae feed on young caterpillars.
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
フウセンカズラの基本情報 学名：Cardiospermum halicacabum 和名：フウセンカズラ（風船葛）　　 科名 / 属名：ムクロジ科 / フウセンカズラ属 特徴 フウセンカズラは、巻きひげをもち、フェンスなどに絡みつきながら繁茂するつる性の一年草です。夏に緑がかった白色の小さな花を咲かせ、その後、紙風船のようにふくらんだ袋状の果実をつけます。繊細な草姿と、風に揺れる果実は見た目にも涼しげで、緑のカーテンにも向いています。果実が茶色く熟すと、黒地に白いハート模様の入った丸いタネが3粒得られます。タネの模様は猿の顔のようにも見え、愛嬌があります。 成長が早いので、あんどんやネットは早めに準備をして、つるどおしが絡まないように誘引していきます。 [图片]フウセンカズラの育て方・栽培方法 育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 日当たりを好み、水はけのよい肥沃な土壌で育てます。 水やり 鉢植え、庭植えともに、土が乾き始めたらたっぷりと水やりをします。 肥料 元肥として、緩効性化成肥料を土壌に混ぜておきます。追肥は、鉢植え、庭植えともに、リン酸分とカリ分が多めの緩効性肥料を置き肥するか、液体肥料を定期的に施します。 [图片]病気と害虫 害虫:ハダニ ハダニが発生すると、葉のつやがなくなる症状が見られます。乾燥時には葉裏に葉水をするなど、予防に努めます。発生が見られたら、適用のある殺ダニ剤で駆除します。 用土（鉢植え） 水はけがよく、通気性のある土が適しています。市販の草花用培養土を用いるか、赤玉土6、腐葉土4の配合土を用いるとよいでしょう。 植えつけ、 植え替え 5月中旬から6月中旬に植えつけます。苗の間隔は20～30cmが目安です。鉢植えの場合は、できるだけ深いプランターや鉢を用います。 [图片]ふやし方 タネまき：タネはヤエザクラが咲くころ、直まきするか、ポリポットにまいて育てます。硬実種子のため種皮が硬く吸水しにくいので、一晩水につけておいたタネをまくか、種皮に傷をつけてからまくと、発芽がそろいやすくなります。ポリポットにまいたものは、本葉4～5枚になったら目的の場所に植えつけます。 タネの採取：茶色くなった果実から、タネを採取します。1果実にタネが3つ入っており、大きく成長した株からは200個以上のタネがとれることもあります。 主な作業 摘心：本葉が5～7枚展開したころ、茎の先端を摘み取る摘心をすると、枝数がふえます。 つるの誘引：オベリスクに絡ませたり、緑のカーテンに仕立てることができます。特に、緑のカーテンでは、最初の摘心後に伸びた枝を横に寝かせてネットに誘引すると、各節からわき芽が伸び出します。その後も手が届く範囲で、すき間を埋めるように誘引していくと、密に茂ったカーテンができます。
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