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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
フウセンカズラの基本情報 学名：Cardiospermum halicacabum 和名：フウセンカズラ（風船葛）　　 科名 / 属名：ムクロジ科 / フウセンカズラ属 特徴 フウセンカズラは、巻きひげをもち、フェンスなどに絡みつきながら繁茂するつる性の一年草です。夏に緑がかった白色の小さな花を咲かせ、その後、紙風船のようにふくらんだ袋状の果実をつけます。繊細な草姿と、風に揺れる果実は見た目にも涼しげで、緑のカーテンにも向いています。果実が茶色く熟すと、黒地に白いハート模様の入った丸いタネが3粒得られます。タネの模様は猿の顔のようにも見え、愛嬌があります。 成長が早いので、あんどんやネットは早めに準備をして、つるどおしが絡まないように誘引していきます。 [图片]フウセンカズラの育て方・栽培方法 育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 日当たりを好み、水はけのよい肥沃な土壌で育てます。 水やり 鉢植え、庭植えともに、土が乾き始めたらたっぷりと水やりをします。 肥料 元肥として、緩効性化成肥料を土壌に混ぜておきます。追肥は、鉢植え、庭植えともに、リン酸分とカリ分が多めの緩効性肥料を置き肥するか、液体肥料を定期的に施します。 [图片]病気と害虫 害虫:ハダニ ハダニが発生すると、葉のつやがなくなる症状が見られます。乾燥時には葉裏に葉水をするなど、予防に努めます。発生が見られたら、適用のある殺ダニ剤で駆除します。 用土（鉢植え） 水はけがよく、通気性のある土が適しています。市販の草花用培養土を用いるか、赤玉土6、腐葉土4の配合土を用いるとよいでしょう。 植えつけ、 植え替え 5月中旬から6月中旬に植えつけます。苗の間隔は20～30cmが目安です。鉢植えの場合は、できるだけ深いプランターや鉢を用います。 [图片]ふやし方 タネまき：タネはヤエザクラが咲くころ、直まきするか、ポリポットにまいて育てます。硬実種子のため種皮が硬く吸水しにくいので、一晩水につけておいたタネをまくか、種皮に傷をつけてからまくと、発芽がそろいやすくなります。ポリポットにまいたものは、本葉4～5枚になったら目的の場所に植えつけます。 タネの採取：茶色くなった果実から、タネを採取します。1果実にタネが3つ入っており、大きく成長した株からは200個以上のタネがとれることもあります。 主な作業 摘心：本葉が5～7枚展開したころ、茎の先端を摘み取る摘心をすると、枝数がふえます。 つるの誘引：オベリスクに絡ませたり、緑のカーテンに仕立てることができます。特に、緑のカーテンでは、最初の摘心後に伸びた枝を横に寝かせてネットに誘引すると、各節からわき芽が伸び出します。その後も手が届く範囲で、すき間を埋めるように誘引していくと、密に茂ったカーテンができます。
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Primarily night feeders, the common earwig (Forficula auricularia) is considered to be an insect pest when it feeds on soft plant shoots, such as corn silks, and eats small holes in foliage and flowers. Sometimes ripened fruits are infested, but damage is usually tolerable. It can be particularly damaging to seedlings. Earwigs also play a beneficial role in the garden, acting as scavengers on decaying organic matter and predators of insect larvae, snails, aphids and other slow moving bugs. They are often carried great distances in produce shipments and other freight.[图片]These slender red-brown insects (3/4 inch long) with elongated, flattened bodies are distinguished by a pair of sharp pincers at the tail end, which they use for capturing prey and mating. A few species have wings, although it is not a strong flier, and usually crawls in search of food. Earwigs get their name from an old superstition that they crawl into the ears of a sleeping person and bore into the brain. While menacing in appearance, they are harmless to man.[图片]Note: Earwigs will occasionally enter the home. However, their presence is accidental and they will not establish themselves or reproduce indoors. Life Cycle Adults overwinter in the soil. Females lay 20-50 cream-colored eggs in underground nests during January and February, and the newly hatched young (nymphs) first appear in April. Nymphs are protected in the nest and do not leave until after the first molt, when they must fend for themselves. Young earwigs develop gradually, passing through 4-5 nymphal instars before becoming adults. They are similar in appearance to adults, but lack wings and the large sized pincers. Most species in this country have one generation per year.[图片]Earwig Control If earwigs become pestiferous there are several effective organic methods that can be used for getting rid of them. Remove garden debris and excessive mulch where earwigs are living and breeding. Since earwigs seldom fly, a sticky band of Tanglefoot Pest Barrier around the trunks of trees, shrubs, and woody plants will prevent them from reaching the leaves and fruits on which they feed. Broadcast Insect Killer Granules around foundations, lawns and landscapes to eliminate or repel all kinds of troublesome pests. Apply food-grade Diatomaceous Earth for long-lasting protection. Made up of tiny fossilized aquatic organisms, that look like broken glass under the microscope, DE kills by scoring an insect’s outer layer as it crawls over the fine powder. Contains NO toxic poisons![图片]Scatter Monterey Ant Control, a safe and organic bait containing iron phosphate and spinosad, evenly over the soil around or near areas to be protected. Least-toxic botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. Derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment.
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
ファセリアの基本情報 学名：Phacelia campanularia 科名 / 属名：ハゼリソウ科 / フォセリア属 特徴 ファセリアはカリフォルニア原産の一年草です。茎は赤みを帯び、根元から分枝して横に広がります。花は鐘形で美しい濃いブルーです。鉢植えのほか、吊り鉢やハンギングバスケットに仕立てるとよく映えます。 [图片]育て方のポイント 栽培のポイント 　日当たりと水はけのよいところを好むので、鉢花は日当たりのよいところに置き、水やりはやや乾かし気味に管理します。 　タネから育てる場合は、秋に水はけのよい土にタネをまき、フレーム内で管理し、一度3号ポットに鉢上げして、春先に4～5号鉢に植えつけます。 　庭で育てたいときには、霜の心配がなくなったころに、水はけのよい土壌に直まきして、間引いて育てます。
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
ヒョウタンの基本情報 学名：Lagenaria siceraria var. gourda 科名 / 属名：ウリ科 / ユウガオ属 特徴 ヒョウタンは、干瓢（かんぴょう）にするユウガオの変種です。日本には縄文時代に伝わり、古くから人々の生活に関わってきました。果実は苦みがあるので食用にはせず、乾燥させて容器や装飾品などに加工します。ヒョウタンというと、くびれた形を想像しがちですが、球形や首長の形、ヘビのように細長くなる形などいろいろあります。 [图片]種類（原種、園芸品種） つる首ヒョウタン 首の長い形。地面に這わせて育てると、首がぐにゃっと曲がっておもしろい。 [图片]千成ヒョウタン Lagenaria siceraria var. microcarpa 小型のヒョウタンを指す。 [图片]大長ヒョウタン 果実が2mを超える大きなヒョウタン。 ジャンボヒョウタン 果実の径が1mを超えるほどの大きなヒョウタン。 [图片]育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 日当たりと風通しのよい場所に棚をつくり、つるを誘引して育てます。生育がおう盛なので、地植えが望ましいですが、できない場合は土がたっぷり入る大型のプランターなどに植えつけます。連作障害を起こしやすいので、前年にウリ科植物を植えた土には植えないようにします。 水やり 土が乾き始めたらたっぷりと水やりします。葉が大きいので水分の蒸散が激しく、葉が茂ってきたら毎日の水やりが必要になります。ただし、過湿には注意してください。 肥料 植えつけ2週間後と親づるが棚上に達したころ、さらに着果したら、速効性の化成肥料を週1回、追肥します。なお、庭植えの場合、根はどんどん広がって伸びていくので、1回目の追肥は株元から30cm、2回目は50cmほど離れたところに施すとよいでしょう。 病気と害虫 病気：うどんこ病、つる割病、つる枯病 梅雨明け後にうどんこ病が発生しやすいので注意しましょう。また、つる割病やつる枯病が発生することもあります。 害虫：ウリハムシ オレンジ色の体長1cmくらいの成虫が葉と果実をかじったり、幼虫（体長1cmくらいの白いうじ虫）が果実や根を食害します。 用土（鉢植え） 大型プランターなどに植える場合は、赤玉土5、腐葉土5の配合土を用います。庭植えの場合は、植えつけ場所に1㎡当たり堆肥2kg、苦土石灰150g、化成肥料150gをまいて、よくすき込んでおきます。 [图片]植えつけ、 植え替え 4月上旬に暖かい場所でタネをまくか、あるいはポット苗を購入します。植えつけ適期は5月上・中旬で、本葉が4～6枚展開したころが目安ですが、年によってはまだ肌寒いこともあるので、株元にマルチングをしたり、ビニールキャップをかぶせたりして保温するとよいでしょう。 ふやし方 茶色くなった果実を収穫し、黒くつやのあるタネを採取して乾燥貯蔵し、来年用に供します。ただし、発芽率が低かったり、親と同じ形質のものが得られなかったりすることが多いです。 主な作業 摘心と誘引：果実は、親づるよりも子づる、孫づるによくつくため、放任ではあまり実りません。そこで、親づる（主茎）が棚の頂上に届くまではわき芽をかき取り、頂上に届いたら先端を摘心して、子づる（わき芽）の発生を促します。さらに、子づるが6節くらい伸びたら、先端を摘心して、孫づる（わき芽）を伸ばします。棚上では均一になるようにつるを誘引し、ひもで支柱に留めていきます。 人工受粉：夕方から早朝に白い花を咲かせます。雄花と雌花が別々に咲くので、受粉を確実にするために、雄花の葯（やく）をちぎり、雌花の柱頭に黄色くなるくらい花粉をつけます。
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
ヒューケラの育て方・栽培方法 育て方のポイント 栽培環境・日当たり・置き場 耐寒性が強く耐暑性もあり、乾燥にもかなり耐えられますが、品種によっては夏の直射日光で葉焼けするものもあるので、落葉樹の下など、夏は日陰になるところが適しています。斑入り葉や淡色系のものは特に注意が必要です。また、土壌の水はけも大切で、株元が多湿であったり夏に肥料分が残るようだと、根腐れや茎腐れで株が傷み、枯れることもあります。耐陰性があるので、建物や塀の際で日陰になるところの植え込みにも向いています。 [图片]水やり 用土が乾いたらたっぷりと水を与えます。小苗を植えつけて根が張るまでは乾かさないよう注意します。また、タネをまいて育苗している間も乾かさないよう、常に湿っている状態にしておきます。ただし、大株になればかなりの乾燥に耐えられます。 肥料 3月から4月と10月から11月に粒状の化成肥料を株の周囲にまいておきます。または月に3回ほど液体肥料を施します。夏の高温期には肥料分が残らないようにします。 病気と害虫 病気：特にありません。 [图片]害虫：アブラムシ、カイガラムシ、ネマトーダ、ナメクジ、ダンゴムシ 風通しや水はけが悪いとカイガラムシやネマトーダが発生することがあり、また、日陰で湿り気のあるところでは、ナメクジや不快害虫のダンゴムシに注意します。 用土（鉢植え） 庭植えでは、水はけをよくするために、腐葉土などをよく混ぜておきます。鉢植えは、赤玉土4、鹿沼土3、腐葉土3の配合用土などがよいでしょう。 植えつけ、 植え替え 鉢植えは1～2年ごとに植え替えます。庭植えでは、込み具合や生育の様子を見て3～5年ごとに、株分けや植え直しをします。 [图片]ふやし方 主に春か秋の株分けでふやしますが、茎の立ち上がったものや、わき芽の多いものではさし芽もできます。品種にもよりますが、一般的なツボサンゴや‘パレス・パープル’はタネからもふやせます。タネが細かいので、ピートバンやタネまき専用の細粒用土などにまいて育てます。 主な作業 花がらや枯れ葉は早めに取り除いておくとすっきりと見栄えがよくなります。茎が立ち上がって老化してきた株は、バークチップや腐葉土を株元に敷いて茎が隠れるようにすると、新しい根が伸びて株が若返ります。
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Infection by dollar spot (Sclerotinia homeocarp) appears as tan or straw-colored spots ranging in size from a quarter to that of a silver dollar sunken in the turf. Occasionally, small cottony strings of the fungus can be seen growing from the diseased leaf blades.[图片]Dollar spot occurs throughout the growing period, and is most active during moist, warm days and cool nights. As the disease progresses, individual spots may join to destroy large patches of lawn. It occurs widely on golf greens, but may also be a severe problem on lawns growing under dry soil conditions. Turf damage is usually more severe if there is a deficiency of nitrogen. Disease fungi are spread from one area to another by water, wind, mowers, other equipment or shoes.[图片]Treatment The following organic fungicides are recommended: Bonide® Liquid Copper is a natural formulation used to protect everything from turf to vegetables, to flowers and fruits. Mix 1.5 to 6 oz with 2.5 gallons of water and apply to 1,000 sq. ft. For best results, start 2 weeks before problems normally occur. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals for as long as needed. Physan 20 works on a variety of disease outbreaks affecting lawns, turf and grass. Add 1 Tbsp per gallon of water and spray over problem areas, repeat as needed. One pint treats 6,400 square feet.[图片]Practices that promote a healthy lawn will help to reduce the occurrence of this fungal disease. For example: Cut grass at the recommended maximum height. Try not to remove more than 1/3 of the leaf surface in any one mowing, and if possible, wash the mower between cuttings with a 10% bleach solution. Remove excess thatch and aerate compacted soils. Improve drainage by top-dressing with organic matter such as organic compost or well-aged animal manure. Keep lawns well watered, but avoid irrigating in the late afternoon or evening — do NOT over water.[图片]Apply a slow-release organic fertilizer high in nitrogen; applying liquid seaweed and chelated iron is also helpful. Do NOT over fertilize, since this can result in an increase of other turf grass diseases such as brown patch. Over seed in the fall with resistant turf cultivars.
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玲儿
2017年09月14日
玲儿
ヒューケラの基本情報 学名：Heuchera 和名：ツボサンゴ（壷珊瑚）　　その他の名前：コーラルベル 科名 / 属名：ユキノシタ科 / ツボサンゴ属（ヒューケラ属） 特徴 ヒューケラは葉色のバラエティが豊富で、葉が重なるように密に茂り、コンパクトな草姿なので、カラーリーフプランツとして寄せ植えなどに使いやすく、人気の高い植物です。常緑性でほぼ一年中同じ草姿を保ち、ほとんど手がかからず日陰でもよく育ちます。また、ツボサンゴ（ヒューケラ・サンギネア Heuchera sanguinea）をはじめ、いくつかの種や園芸品種には花の美しいものも多く、赤やピンク、白の小花が群れ咲き、花壇やコンテナをにぎやかに彩ります。緑葉のものから黄色や赤紫色の葉、そして斑入り葉など色や模様は変化に富みます。葉の直径は3～10cmぐらい、花茎は長く伸びて1m近いものもあります。成長するにしたがい茎は立ち上がって低木のような草姿になります。品種の特性をよくつかんで、ヒューケラどうしをいろいろ組み合わせてもおもしろいものです。 種類（原種、園芸品種） ‘ファイヤーフライ’ Heuchera Firefly 鮮やかな赤色の壺形の花が群れ咲く。緑葉がこんもりと密に形よく茂る強健種。多少の個体差があり、葉に模様の入ることも多い。 [图片]‘パレス・パープル’ Heuchera villosa‘Palace Purple’ 光沢のある濃い赤紫色の葉。浅く切れ込みが入りモミジのよう。花は白っぽい小花で、それほど目立たない。 ‘キャラメル’ Heuchera‘Caramel’ 葉色がキャラメル色の大ぶりの品種。黄色から赤系統の葉色には‘アンバー・ウェーブス’‘シトロネラ’などがある。 [图片]「ドルチェ」シリーズ Heuchera Dolce Series 大きさや草姿のそろいがよく、各色バラエティに富む。 [图片]‘モネ’ Heuchera sanguinea‘Monet’ 斑入り葉の品種も多くある。葉面全体に細やかな「散り斑」（小さな斑点模様がまんべんなく入る）品種。 [图片]‘ビューティ・カラー’ Heuchera‘Beauty Colour’ 緑葉に赤褐色の葉脈が入る複色葉。 [图片]ヒューケレラ‘サン・スポット’ Heucherella‘Sunspot’ 近縁のズダヤクシュ（ティアレラ）とヒューケラの属間交配でつくられた園芸品種。黄緑の葉の葉脈が赤く、桃色のかわいい花が咲く。 [图片]ティアレラ（スダヤクシュ） Tiarella ヒューケラの近縁種。葉の模様に特徴があり、シェードガーデンを彩るガーデニング植物として広く出回っている。ヒューケラ（ツボサンゴ）との属間交配によるヒューケレラがある。
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Many species of cutworms from the night-flying moth family Noctuidae are found in home gardens across the United States. The larvae commonly feed on plant stems at or below ground, eventually cutting them down. Cutworms attack a wide variety of plants including beets, cabbage, broccoli, kale and cauliflower.[图片]Cutworm caterpillars (larvae) are stout, soft-bodied, gray or dull brown caterpillars (1-2 inch long) that curl up when at rest or disturbed. They feed at night and burrow into the soil during the day. Adults are dark gray or brown, night-flying moths (1-1/2 inch wingspan) with ragged blotches or stripes on their wings. They do not damage plants. Note: Pest populations vary greatly from year to year. When numerous, cutworms can destroy up to 75% of a crop. Life Cycle Most species pass the winter in soil or under garden waste as young larvae. In the spring, as temperatures warm, they become active and begin feeding on plants at night remaining hidden during the day. The larvae molt several times and when fully grown pupate in the soil (late spring). Within one week moths emerge and begin laying hundreds of eggs mostly on stems and leaves. One to five generations per year, depending upon the species.[图片]Note: Overwintering larvae and the first generation in the spring are the most damaging. A few species pass the winter as pupae or hibernating moths. Damage Damage occurs at night when caterpillars feed by clipping off seedling stems and young plants near or just below the soil surface. Often, an entire row of newly planted garden vegetables will be cut off during the night. Different cutworm species will climb plants doing damage to foliage, buds and shoots. Cutworms are also known to gouge potato tubers. Late season cutworms will tunnel in fruit. Cut worms, like their close cousins armyworms, will also frequently attack turf grass. The damage they inflict on grass — cutting off blades at the crown — is usually more dispersed than damage from army worms. Cutworms favor golf courses where they cause “ballmark” pockets of dead and missing turf both on fairways and putting greens.[图片]Cutworm Control Losing precious transplants once to cutworms is all most people require to implement preventive measures as part of an Integrated Pest Management plan. There’s little more heart-breaking than coming out to the garden one morning to find the seedlings you started months ago indoors have been severed at the root. Tempted to spray chemicals after losing young plants to the slow-moving eating machines? Despite the fact that it will endanger your pets, your children and the environment, pesticide use against cutworm, reports Michigan State University Extension, is “often unsuccessful.”[图片]Preventive Measures Before planting a new garden remove weeds and plant debris that might feed and shelter developing larvae. Turn the soil after fall clean up then give birds and other predators a chance to pick off the expose larvae and pupae. Mow as closely as possible to the edge of your garden to give cutworms less to feed on and less shelter near your plants. A three-foot wide (or more) bare-soil strip between your lawn and your garden plants makes it harder for larvae to reach your plants. It also gives you more of a chance to spot them. Wait as late as possible before setting out starts. Cutworms go on the move early in the growing season. Give them a chance to starve before you put out dinner. Place cardboard collars (or milk containers with the bottom cut out) around transplant stems at planting time. Be sure to work the collar into the soil at least an inch or two. Plant sunflowers along the edge of your garden. Sunflowers are a favorite target of cutworms. The plants will attract the larvae giving you a chance to pick them from the ground before they head to your corn.[图片]Dealing with Infestations The presence of many birds feeding in the yard may indicate cutworms in your turf. Handpick caterpillars after dark. This is often most productive following a rain or thorough watering. Slow the progress of worms, who don’t like navigating dry soil, by watering in the morning then cultivating your garden’s walkways lightly to a depth of an inch or so. This cultivated soil will dry quickly while trapping moisture beneath it. Do not use mulch which gives the worms shelter. Beneficial nematodes released in moist, spring soil will attack and destroy cutworms living underground. They’re especially beneficial to apply the season after cutworms have been a problem.[图片]At the first sign of moths, release trichogramma wasps weekly for three consecutive weeks to parasitize cutworm eggs. Spreading a line of diatomaceous earth around the base of plants sets up a barrier to larvae. Diatomaceous earth, the fossilized, abrasive remains of prehistoric sea life, literally lets you draw a line in the dirt that’s deadly to any larvae that pass over. Scatter bran or corn meal mixed with Monterey Bt (Bt-kurstaki) and molasses on the soil surface to attract and kill caterpillars. Eco-Bran will also kill caterpillars that feed on it.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Cucumber beetles are found across the United States from Canada to Mexico and are either striped (Acalymma vittatum) or spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi). Both species feed primarily on the leaves, flowers and fruits of cucurbits (cucumbers, squash, pumpkins and melons). Alternate plant hosts include beans, corn, peanuts and potatoes.[图片]Adult cucumber beetles (1/4 inch long) are yellowish-green in color with dark heads, legs and antennae. They have distinct black spots or lengthwise stripes on their wings. During the growing season, they are found feeding on seedlings, foliage, pollen and flowers causing greatly reduced yields and sometimes plant loss. The slender white larvae (up to 1/3 inch long), have brown ends and injure plants by feeding on roots and underground stems. Heavy larvae populations can reduce plant vigor and damage melon rinds making the produce unfit for consumption or market. Note: Adult and larval stages of the cucumber beetle transmit several plant diseases, including bacterial wilt and mosaic virus in cucurbits.[图片]Life Cycle Adult beetles overwinter in plant debris and garden trash. Females leave their winter sites in early spring and deposit up to 800 orange-yellow eggs in the soil near the base of plants. In about 10 days hatching occurs and the larvae feed for three or more weeks before pupating. First generation adults emerge 10 days later. A complete life cycle requires 6-9 weeks. Up to four generations can be produced in a single growing season. Control Select resistant varieties whenever possible. Inspect plants frequently for beetles and handpick any that are discovered.[图片]Floating row covers are extremely effective when placed on seedlings and left in place until plants are old enough to tolerate beetle damage. Commercially available beneficial insects, such as ladybugs, green lacewing and the spined soldier bug, will feed on pest eggs. Beneficial nematodes work well to curtail immature stages developing in the soil. When applied to plants, Surround WP (kaolin clay) leaves a fine powdery film that insects find unattractive for feeding and egg-laying. Spinosad, the active ingredient in Monterey Garden Insect Spray is approved for organic use and works on a long list of insects found on vegetable crops.[图片]If pest levels become intolerable, spot treat with a fast-acting organic insecticide. For best results, apply to the undersides of leaves and deep into the plant canopy where insects hide. Remove garden trash and other debris shortly after harvest to reduce overwintering sites.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年09月14日
Dummer. ゛☀
Common in vegetable gardens throughout North America, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) is one of the most destructive insect pests attacking corn. It’s also known to bore into other fruiting vegetables and feed on lettuce. One worm can do extensive damage, and often a single larvae is all that’s found on a fouled ear. The corn earworm is also a serious pest of cotton where it is known as the cotton bollworm. On tomatoes it is known as the tomato fruitworm.[图片]Full grown larvae (1-1/2 inch long) are lightly striped and vary in color from a light green or pink to brown. They darken as they grow older. Adults are night-flying, dull greenish gray or brown moths (1-1/2 inch wingspan) with irregular darker lines and spots near the outer margins of the fore and hind wings. During the day they hide in nearby vegetation, but may occasionally be seen feeding on nectar. Note: Adult moths are good flyers, and able to move long distances. Each year they migrate from warm southern areas back to northern states where they are subject to winterkill.[图片]Life Cycle In areas where this insect survives the winter, pupae hibernate in the soil. Adult moths emerge anywhere from February through June, depending upon temperatures, and deposit their eggs singly on corn silks and other plant parts. Each female can lay up to 3,000 eggs, which hatch in two to ten days. When larvae emerge, they burrow directly down through the silks into the ear tip, becoming fully grown in 3-4 weeks. Corn earworm are extremely cannibalistic, which tends to limit the number of larvae to one per ear. When full grown, they drop to the ground to enter the soil for pupation. Usually two generations develop in the north, with as many as six in the extreme south.[图片]Damage Damage usually begins in the corn’s silk, where the moth deposits its eggs. The caterpillars follow the silk down to the ear, eating as they go. Extensive damage is often found at the ear’s tips, where the worms devour kernels and foul them with excrement. The larvae often destroy the silks before pollination is complete. The resulting ears are deformed and susceptible to mold and disease. Worm damage is often confined to the tip of corn ears and can easily be cut away. Worms frequently follow leaves down the ear, leaving excrement and settling into kernels well in from the tip. It doesn’t take much of this kind of damage to make the entire ear undesirable. Each year, copious amounts of pesticides are sprayed on commercial corn fields in attempts to kill larvae. Runoff from these sprayings contribute to watershed and water table contamination while the spray itself decimates beneficial insects. Genetically engineered corn, each kernel producing its own pesticide, was developed with corn earworms in mind.[图片]Corn Earworm Control An Integrated Pest Management plan that deals with the earworm at all three stages is the best way for corn growers to combat them. As moths, corn earworms are great travelers. Continued vigilance is needed. Just because you had them well-managed the previous season doesn’t mean they won’t glide back in on the first warm breeze come springtime. Seasonal maintenance: Don’t mulch ahead of winter without first getting as many pupae as you might have out of the soil. Till your soil fall and spring to expose the pupae to wind, weather, birds and other predators.[图片]Got chickens? Turn them loose after harvest to pick the grubs from your soil. Watching them work can be very entertaining! If you suspect your former corn patch might harbor corn earworm pupae, try broadcasting beneficial nematodes into moist soil well ahead of first frost. Word of mouth suggests this is a helpful component of any earworm IPM program. Spring moth arrival: Use pheromone traps to determine the main flight period for moths. Moths mostly fly under cover of night and go unspotted. At first sign of moths, release trichogramma wasps to destroy eggs. Growing season: Inspect silk for larvae, eggs regularly. Employ beneficial insects, such as green lacewings, minute pirate bugs and damsel bugs. All will feed on corn earworm eggs and small larvae. Spray or inject silks weekly with Beneficial Nematodes to control larvae.[图片]If corn earworms persist, apply Safer Garden Dust (Bacillus thuringiensis) or Monterey Garden Insect Spray (Spinosad) to silks at 5-10% formation and continue weekly until tassels turn brown. Both products are listed in the Organic Materials Review Institute’s products certified for use in the USDA’s National Organic Program. Tip: When using mineral or vegetable oils to suffocate feeding larvae at the ear’s tips, include a botanical insecticide in the oil as an added punch.
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