文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Passifloraceae
Stems - Vinning, glabrous to minutely pubescent, herbaceous. Tendrils present.
Leaves - Alternate, 3-lobed, serrulate, petiolate, to +15cm long, +13cm wide, glabrous. Petioles with two glands near base of leaf blade.
Inflorescence - Single pedicillate flowers from leaf axils.
Flowers - Very interesting. This flower exhibits a corona which is a structure of appendages situated between the corolla and stamens. In the picture the corona is the ringlike structure of purple and white appendages above the petals and sepals. Flower is typically 6-7cm broad. Petals 5, sepals 5, purplish to whitish, similar, alternating. Styles 3. Stamens typically 5. Sepals 5, greenish-white, with a terminal appendage.
Fruit - Fleshy, ovoid to globose, green at first, yellowish-red at maturity.
Flowering - June - September.
Habitat - Thickets, disturbed sites, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This plant and its relatives have an edible fruit often seen in drinks as "Passion fruit". Some folks like it, some don't. In his particular species the mucilage around the seeds of the fruit is quite sweet and delicious.
The genus name comes from the story of Jesus in Christianity, the "Passion". The flower parts are telling of the story. The petals and sepals are representative of the disciples of Jesus, except for Judas and Peter. The stamens, numbering 5, represent the wounds of Jesus. The stigmas, because of their shape, represent the nails used in the crucifixion. The corona represents the crown of thorns.
Stems - Vinning, glabrous to minutely pubescent, herbaceous. Tendrils present.
Leaves - Alternate, 3-lobed, serrulate, petiolate, to +15cm long, +13cm wide, glabrous. Petioles with two glands near base of leaf blade.
Inflorescence - Single pedicillate flowers from leaf axils.
Flowers - Very interesting. This flower exhibits a corona which is a structure of appendages situated between the corolla and stamens. In the picture the corona is the ringlike structure of purple and white appendages above the petals and sepals. Flower is typically 6-7cm broad. Petals 5, sepals 5, purplish to whitish, similar, alternating. Styles 3. Stamens typically 5. Sepals 5, greenish-white, with a terminal appendage.
Fruit - Fleshy, ovoid to globose, green at first, yellowish-red at maturity.
Flowering - June - September.
Habitat - Thickets, disturbed sites, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This plant and its relatives have an edible fruit often seen in drinks as "Passion fruit". Some folks like it, some don't. In his particular species the mucilage around the seeds of the fruit is quite sweet and delicious.
The genus name comes from the story of Jesus in Christianity, the "Passion". The flower parts are telling of the story. The petals and sepals are representative of the disciples of Jesus, except for Judas and Peter. The stamens, numbering 5, represent the wounds of Jesus. The stigmas, because of their shape, represent the nails used in the crucifixion. The corona represents the crown of thorns.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Oxalidaceae
Stems - Absent. Scaly bulb present below ground.
Leaves - Basal, trifoliolate, petiolate. Petioles to +10cm long, purplish, glabrous to pubescent. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, to +2cm long, +2.5cm broad, glabrous to sparse pubescent, entire, deep green to purplish-green above, purple below.
Inflorescence - Scapose umbels of +10 flowers arising from bulb. Scapes to +15cm tall, erect, longer than the leaves, whitish-green or with a pinkish tinge, glabrous to pubescent. Ray of umbel (pedicels) to +1cm long, glabrous or sparse pubescent.
Flowers - Petals 5, joined at base, purplish, with yellow and green at base, to 2cm long, 7mm broad, obtuse to truncate at apex, glabrous. Stamens 10, two sets of different sizes. Filaments connected at base. Anthers yellow. Pistil 5-carpellate. Styles 5. Sepals 5, greenish, subulate, to +5mm long, with orange mass(callosity) at apex, entire, typically glabrous. Capsule to 6mm long, elastically dehiscing from vertical sutures.
Flowering - April - July and often again in the fall.
Habitat - Rocky open woods, glades, prairies, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This is a common plant throughout the state. It forms large colonies where conditions are favorable. Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant based on pubescence. Variety tirchophora Fassett has gland tipped hairs on the petioles. Variety violacea has petioles which are glabrous. A white flowered plant is O. violacea var. violacea f. albida Fassett.
Many people, like my dad, eat Oxalis. This can be bad because the plant contains oxalic acid which is secreted as calcium oxalate crystals. These crystals can give the plant a glaucous appearance. The sharp, jagged crystals botch your kidneys if ingested in large quantity, so eat the plant with moderation. Averrhoa carambola L. or "Star Fruit" is a member of the Oxalidaceae, and should also be eaten in moderation.
Stems - Absent. Scaly bulb present below ground.
Leaves - Basal, trifoliolate, petiolate. Petioles to +10cm long, purplish, glabrous to pubescent. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, to +2cm long, +2.5cm broad, glabrous to sparse pubescent, entire, deep green to purplish-green above, purple below.
Inflorescence - Scapose umbels of +10 flowers arising from bulb. Scapes to +15cm tall, erect, longer than the leaves, whitish-green or with a pinkish tinge, glabrous to pubescent. Ray of umbel (pedicels) to +1cm long, glabrous or sparse pubescent.
Flowers - Petals 5, joined at base, purplish, with yellow and green at base, to 2cm long, 7mm broad, obtuse to truncate at apex, glabrous. Stamens 10, two sets of different sizes. Filaments connected at base. Anthers yellow. Pistil 5-carpellate. Styles 5. Sepals 5, greenish, subulate, to +5mm long, with orange mass(callosity) at apex, entire, typically glabrous. Capsule to 6mm long, elastically dehiscing from vertical sutures.
Flowering - April - July and often again in the fall.
Habitat - Rocky open woods, glades, prairies, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This is a common plant throughout the state. It forms large colonies where conditions are favorable. Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant based on pubescence. Variety tirchophora Fassett has gland tipped hairs on the petioles. Variety violacea has petioles which are glabrous. A white flowered plant is O. violacea var. violacea f. albida Fassett.
Many people, like my dad, eat Oxalis. This can be bad because the plant contains oxalic acid which is secreted as calcium oxalate crystals. These crystals can give the plant a glaucous appearance. The sharp, jagged crystals botch your kidneys if ingested in large quantity, so eat the plant with moderation. Averrhoa carambola L. or "Star Fruit" is a member of the Oxalidaceae, and should also be eaten in moderation.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Scrophulariaceae
Stems - To +/-50cm tall, prostrate to erect, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, glabrous, terete, single or multiple from base, typically simple or branching.
Leaves - Leaves of flowering stems alternate, linear, sessile, to +3.5cm long, +/-3mm broad, glabrous, entire, glandular punctate. Margins slightly thickened.
Inflorescence - Terminal compact raceme, elongating in fruit to +20cm long(tall). Axis sparse glandular pubescent to glabrous. Each flower subtended by a single bract. Bracts to 3mm long. Pedicels to 4mm long, glandular pubescent to glabrous.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, with lighter palate, spurred, bilabiate, glabrous externally, pubescent(bearded) internally. Upper lip erect, 2-lobed, to 5-6mm long. Lower lip to 8mm long, 1.3cm broad, glabrous, 3-lobed. Spur to 10mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma capitate. Ovary glabrous, 2-locular. Calyx 5-lobed, accrescent. Lobes to 3mm long, 1mm broad (in flower), linear-oblong, acute, green, glandular pubescent. Capsules to 3mm long and broad, many seeded, glabrous.
Flowering - April - September.
Habitat - Open ground, glades, bluffs, prairies, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This attractive little species can be found in the southern half of Missouri. The plant can be identified by its irregular blue flowers which have a big basal spur. The spur of the corolla is filled with nectar to attract pollinating insects. The spur is longer than the calyx in this species and is typically 5-10mm long. Another species, N. canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton, is similar but has smaller flowers with a spur 2-6mm long. This latter species is much less common in Missouri.
Stems - To +/-50cm tall, prostrate to erect, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, glabrous, terete, single or multiple from base, typically simple or branching.
Leaves - Leaves of flowering stems alternate, linear, sessile, to +3.5cm long, +/-3mm broad, glabrous, entire, glandular punctate. Margins slightly thickened.
Inflorescence - Terminal compact raceme, elongating in fruit to +20cm long(tall). Axis sparse glandular pubescent to glabrous. Each flower subtended by a single bract. Bracts to 3mm long. Pedicels to 4mm long, glandular pubescent to glabrous.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, with lighter palate, spurred, bilabiate, glabrous externally, pubescent(bearded) internally. Upper lip erect, 2-lobed, to 5-6mm long. Lower lip to 8mm long, 1.3cm broad, glabrous, 3-lobed. Spur to 10mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma capitate. Ovary glabrous, 2-locular. Calyx 5-lobed, accrescent. Lobes to 3mm long, 1mm broad (in flower), linear-oblong, acute, green, glandular pubescent. Capsules to 3mm long and broad, many seeded, glabrous.
Flowering - April - September.
Habitat - Open ground, glades, bluffs, prairies, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This attractive little species can be found in the southern half of Missouri. The plant can be identified by its irregular blue flowers which have a big basal spur. The spur of the corolla is filled with nectar to attract pollinating insects. The spur is longer than the calyx in this species and is typically 5-10mm long. Another species, N. canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton, is similar but has smaller flowers with a spur 2-6mm long. This latter species is much less common in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Liliaceae
Stems - Underground stem a bulb. Flowering stem (scape) to 30cm tall, glabrous, often glaucous, single from base, simple, herbaceous, erect, green below, purplish in inflorescence.
Leaves - Basal, linear, entire, glabrous, to +20cm long, +5mm broad, grooved or broadly "U" shaped in cross section.
Inflorescence - Terminal dense indeterminate raceme to +/-6cm long (tall). Pedicels to 5mm long, glabrous, slightly elongating in fruit.
Flowers - Perianth subglobose to urcreolate, blue-purple, glabrous, of united parts, to 6mm long, with 6 small lobes at apex. Lobes white, 1mm long. Stamens 6, adnate to base of perianth, included. Style 1, included. Stigma 3-lobed. Ovary superior, 3-locular. Capsules 3-angled, glabrous, glaucous, 5mm long and broad. Seeds 2 per locule, black.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Typically cultivated but also escaped to fields, pastures, old homesites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is a very popular plant in cultivation because it is easy to grow and quite striking. The small blue inflated flowers are hard to miss. There are actually sterile and fertile flowers in the inflorescence. The sterile flowers are smaller and at the apex of the inflorescence.
This species can be found growing wild in a number of counties scattered throughout Missouri. There are at least two other species of Muscari in cultivation that have escaped into the wilds of the state.
Stems - Underground stem a bulb. Flowering stem (scape) to 30cm tall, glabrous, often glaucous, single from base, simple, herbaceous, erect, green below, purplish in inflorescence.
Leaves - Basal, linear, entire, glabrous, to +20cm long, +5mm broad, grooved or broadly "U" shaped in cross section.
Inflorescence - Terminal dense indeterminate raceme to +/-6cm long (tall). Pedicels to 5mm long, glabrous, slightly elongating in fruit.
Flowers - Perianth subglobose to urcreolate, blue-purple, glabrous, of united parts, to 6mm long, with 6 small lobes at apex. Lobes white, 1mm long. Stamens 6, adnate to base of perianth, included. Style 1, included. Stigma 3-lobed. Ovary superior, 3-locular. Capsules 3-angled, glabrous, glaucous, 5mm long and broad. Seeds 2 per locule, black.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Typically cultivated but also escaped to fields, pastures, old homesites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is a very popular plant in cultivation because it is easy to grow and quite striking. The small blue inflated flowers are hard to miss. There are actually sterile and fertile flowers in the inflorescence. The sterile flowers are smaller and at the apex of the inflorescence.
This species can be found growing wild in a number of counties scattered throughout Missouri. There are at least two other species of Muscari in cultivation that have escaped into the wilds of the state.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Boraginaceae
Stems - To +60cm tall, erect to ascending, multiple from base or sometimes single, glabrous, herbaceous, branching near apex, green with some purple at base, with a loose pith, from a caudex.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, sessile above, glabrous. Petioles winged, to +/-8cm long. Lowest blades ovate, entire, rounded to slightly emarginate at apex, to 20cm long, +11cm broad, dull green above, silvery-green below. Upper leaves reduced and becoming bracts at the base of the peduncles near apex of stem.
Inflorescence - Lateral cymes, compact in flower, elongating in fruit, glabrous. Pedicels to 3mm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +1.2cm.
Flowers - Corolla bluish, salverform, to +3cm long, glabrous, tubular portion to +2cm long, expanded limb to -2cm broad. Stamens 5, adnate at base of expanded portion of corolla tube, included. Filaments to 5mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers bluish-tan when fresh, to +2mm long. Style bluish-white, glabrous, to +/-3cm long, filiform, included. Ovary superior, 2-lobed, with nectar ring at base, glabrous, light green. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 9mm long, greenish-purple, glabrous. Calyx lobes lanceolate-ovate, entire, green, 4mm long, 2.1mm broad(in flower). Nutlets rugose, 4.
Flowering - March - June.
Habitat - Moist rich woods, bottoms, low slopes.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This striking plant is found nearly throughout Missouri but is probably absent from the extreme southwest corner of the state. The stems of the plant are subsucculent and nearly hollow so the plant is fragile. It grows well from seed and should be cultivated more. If left undisturbed, this species will thrive and form large colonies. Pink and white-flowered forms are mentioned by Steyermark and are rare in Missouri.
Stems - To +60cm tall, erect to ascending, multiple from base or sometimes single, glabrous, herbaceous, branching near apex, green with some purple at base, with a loose pith, from a caudex.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, sessile above, glabrous. Petioles winged, to +/-8cm long. Lowest blades ovate, entire, rounded to slightly emarginate at apex, to 20cm long, +11cm broad, dull green above, silvery-green below. Upper leaves reduced and becoming bracts at the base of the peduncles near apex of stem.
Inflorescence - Lateral cymes, compact in flower, elongating in fruit, glabrous. Pedicels to 3mm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +1.2cm.
Flowers - Corolla bluish, salverform, to +3cm long, glabrous, tubular portion to +2cm long, expanded limb to -2cm broad. Stamens 5, adnate at base of expanded portion of corolla tube, included. Filaments to 5mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers bluish-tan when fresh, to +2mm long. Style bluish-white, glabrous, to +/-3cm long, filiform, included. Ovary superior, 2-lobed, with nectar ring at base, glabrous, light green. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 9mm long, greenish-purple, glabrous. Calyx lobes lanceolate-ovate, entire, green, 4mm long, 2.1mm broad(in flower). Nutlets rugose, 4.
Flowering - March - June.
Habitat - Moist rich woods, bottoms, low slopes.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This striking plant is found nearly throughout Missouri but is probably absent from the extreme southwest corner of the state. The stems of the plant are subsucculent and nearly hollow so the plant is fragile. It grows well from seed and should be cultivated more. If left undisturbed, this species will thrive and form large colonies. Pink and white-flowered forms are mentioned by Steyermark and are rare in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Fabaceae
Stems - To 1m tall, 4-angled, erect or ascending, glabrous to pubescent, multiple from base, branching, herbaceous, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, to +1cm long, toothed to entire. Leaflets typically oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, toothed to entire, to +2cm long, -1cm broad, typically mucronate, glabrous to sparse arachnoid pubescent below.
Inflorescence - Compact axillary pedunculate racemes, with up to 40 flowers. Peduncle to +/-3cm long, typically pubescent. Cluster globose to subglobose.
Flowers - Corolla purple to whitish, papilionaceous, to 1cm long. Standard to 1cm long, 5mm broad. Stamens diadelphous. Calyx tube to 5mm long, 2mm in diameter, 5-lobed, typically glabrous. Lobes attenuate, to 4mm long, equal to subequal.
Fruits - Coiled pods to 8mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - M. sativa is the only species of Medicago in Missouri with purple flowers. As you can see from the above photos, the flowers are variable in color. The flowers of some cultivated plants can be greenish-yellow also. Some plants may also have fruits which are only slightly coiled to straight.
The plant is also quite variable in its pubescence.
Alfalfa is a very important crop because of its high protein content.
Stems - To 1m tall, 4-angled, erect or ascending, glabrous to pubescent, multiple from base, branching, herbaceous, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, to +1cm long, toothed to entire. Leaflets typically oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, toothed to entire, to +2cm long, -1cm broad, typically mucronate, glabrous to sparse arachnoid pubescent below.
Inflorescence - Compact axillary pedunculate racemes, with up to 40 flowers. Peduncle to +/-3cm long, typically pubescent. Cluster globose to subglobose.
Flowers - Corolla purple to whitish, papilionaceous, to 1cm long. Standard to 1cm long, 5mm broad. Stamens diadelphous. Calyx tube to 5mm long, 2mm in diameter, 5-lobed, typically glabrous. Lobes attenuate, to 4mm long, equal to subequal.
Fruits - Coiled pods to 8mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - M. sativa is the only species of Medicago in Missouri with purple flowers. As you can see from the above photos, the flowers are variable in color. The flowers of some cultivated plants can be greenish-yellow also. Some plants may also have fruits which are only slightly coiled to straight.
The plant is also quite variable in its pubescence.
Alfalfa is a very important crop because of its high protein content.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Malvaceae
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, branching, from a woody caudex, to 1m tall, pilose, scabrous due to pustulate bases of trichomes, glaucous. Trichomes often with purplish bases.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules entire, subulate, +/-6mm long, 2-3mm broad. Petioles with an adaxial groove, pubescent. The trichomes of the petioles sometimes forked and with purple bases. Leaf blades 3-5 lobed, ovate to orbicular in outline, +6cm long, 5-6cm broad, sparse pubescent adaxially, stellate pubescent abaxially. Lobes deeply dissected or not. Ultimate divisions of divided lobes ~2mm broad, acute.
Inflorescence - Terminal bracteate umbellate cluster of 2-7 flowers. Bracts reduced, foliaceous. Pedicels 8-10mm long, with forked long pubescence. Calyx closely subtended by 3 linear-lanceolate bracts. Bracts 5-7mm long, 1-2mm broad, pubescent as the calyx.
Flowers - Petals 5, white to blue, glabrous, united at the base and forming the staminal column. Petals truncate to emarginate at the apex, 2-2.5cm long, +/-2cm broad. Staminal column 8mm long, glandular pubescent. Anthers +/-50, white to pink, -1mm broad. Styles +/-15, surrounded by staminal column. Free portion of styles pinkish-purple, -1cm long, compressed and dorsally pubescent. Ovary 15 carpellate. Carpels green, with a floccose tuft of hairs at the apex in flower. Each individual carpel ~1mm long. Calyx densely tomentose internally, 5-lobed. Calyx tube 4-5mm long, stellate (forked) pubescent. Lobes 7-8mm long, acute, triangular.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Waste places, cultivated ground, disturbed sites. Often cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This introduced species is uncommon in the wilds of Missouri but is commonly cultivated. The flower color of the species is variable, ranging from pure white to pink or blue. The leaves of this species can be variable also. The form found most commonly is form laciniata (Desr.) Hayek, which has finely dissected leaves. This form is shown above. Form heterophylla (Vis.) Hayek, has only the uppermost leaves dissected. Form moschata has leaves which are simply lobed and undivided.
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, branching, from a woody caudex, to 1m tall, pilose, scabrous due to pustulate bases of trichomes, glaucous. Trichomes often with purplish bases.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules entire, subulate, +/-6mm long, 2-3mm broad. Petioles with an adaxial groove, pubescent. The trichomes of the petioles sometimes forked and with purple bases. Leaf blades 3-5 lobed, ovate to orbicular in outline, +6cm long, 5-6cm broad, sparse pubescent adaxially, stellate pubescent abaxially. Lobes deeply dissected or not. Ultimate divisions of divided lobes ~2mm broad, acute.
Inflorescence - Terminal bracteate umbellate cluster of 2-7 flowers. Bracts reduced, foliaceous. Pedicels 8-10mm long, with forked long pubescence. Calyx closely subtended by 3 linear-lanceolate bracts. Bracts 5-7mm long, 1-2mm broad, pubescent as the calyx.
Flowers - Petals 5, white to blue, glabrous, united at the base and forming the staminal column. Petals truncate to emarginate at the apex, 2-2.5cm long, +/-2cm broad. Staminal column 8mm long, glandular pubescent. Anthers +/-50, white to pink, -1mm broad. Styles +/-15, surrounded by staminal column. Free portion of styles pinkish-purple, -1cm long, compressed and dorsally pubescent. Ovary 15 carpellate. Carpels green, with a floccose tuft of hairs at the apex in flower. Each individual carpel ~1mm long. Calyx densely tomentose internally, 5-lobed. Calyx tube 4-5mm long, stellate (forked) pubescent. Lobes 7-8mm long, acute, triangular.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Waste places, cultivated ground, disturbed sites. Often cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This introduced species is uncommon in the wilds of Missouri but is commonly cultivated. The flower color of the species is variable, ranging from pure white to pink or blue. The leaves of this species can be variable also. The form found most commonly is form laciniata (Desr.) Hayek, which has finely dissected leaves. This form is shown above. Form heterophylla (Vis.) Hayek, has only the uppermost leaves dissected. Form moschata has leaves which are simply lobed and undivided.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Campanulaceae
Stems - To 1m tall, angular, glabrous to pubescent on angles, herbaceous, with milky sap.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2-6cm broad, to 15cm long, crisped or toothed(or both) on margins, typically pubescent on both surfaces, acute at the apex.
Inflorescence - Terminal raceme with +20 flowers. Flowers subtended by foliaceous bracts.
Flowers - Resupinate. Corolla purple-blue, tubular, 2-3cm long, with perforations (fenestrate), 5-lobed. Filaments united into a tube to 1.5cm long and surrounding style. Pedicels with pair of small bracteoles at or above the middle. Calyx pubescent to glabrous, +/-1.5cm long. Calyx lobes 5-6mm broad, with auricles at base.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet areas.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Steyermark splits the species into two varieties. The most common being variety siphilitica. A white flowered form of var. siphilitica, f. albiflora, is presented on the "White flowers alternate" portion of this website. Another form, form purpurea Palmer &Steyermark, has very deep purple flowers.
The second variety is variety ludoviciana A. DC., which has fewer flowers in the inflorescence and leaves and stems which are mostly glabrous. The two varieties intergrade and may not be valid.
This species is quite common along pond margins and and in wet woods and meadows. The brilliant flowers have earned the plant a place in cultivation and it is becoming quite common. The plant is somewhat toxic.
Stems - To 1m tall, angular, glabrous to pubescent on angles, herbaceous, with milky sap.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2-6cm broad, to 15cm long, crisped or toothed(or both) on margins, typically pubescent on both surfaces, acute at the apex.
Inflorescence - Terminal raceme with +20 flowers. Flowers subtended by foliaceous bracts.
Flowers - Resupinate. Corolla purple-blue, tubular, 2-3cm long, with perforations (fenestrate), 5-lobed. Filaments united into a tube to 1.5cm long and surrounding style. Pedicels with pair of small bracteoles at or above the middle. Calyx pubescent to glabrous, +/-1.5cm long. Calyx lobes 5-6mm broad, with auricles at base.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet areas.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Steyermark splits the species into two varieties. The most common being variety siphilitica. A white flowered form of var. siphilitica, f. albiflora, is presented on the "White flowers alternate" portion of this website. Another form, form purpurea Palmer &Steyermark, has very deep purple flowers.
The second variety is variety ludoviciana A. DC., which has fewer flowers in the inflorescence and leaves and stems which are mostly glabrous. The two varieties intergrade and may not be valid.
This species is quite common along pond margins and and in wet woods and meadows. The brilliant flowers have earned the plant a place in cultivation and it is becoming quite common. The plant is somewhat toxic.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Linaceae
Stems - To .75m tall, herbaceous, glabrous, reclining to erect, multiple from base, branching above.
Leaves - Alternate, linear, entire, glabrous, glaucous, sessile, to 3cm long, 3mm broad.
Inflorescence - Loose panicles terminating stems.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, rotate. Petals 5, to 2cm long, free, cuneate, glabrous, yellowish at base. Stamens 5. Filaments to -4mm long, connected and forming ring around ovary at base, white and fading into light blue-purple at apex. Anthers pale yellow, to 2mm long. Styles 5, to 5mm long, purplish. Ovary globose to subcylindric, glabrous, 10-carpellate.
Fruit - Ovoid capsule to -1cm long, splitting (dehiscing) into 10 portions.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This plant is the common cultivated "Flax" which is used to make linen and linseed oil (a classic wood finish for carpenters). The plant is very high in fatty acid content, especially the unsaturated - linolenic acid. It can be found cultivated throughout the state and is rarely escaped.
Stems - To .75m tall, herbaceous, glabrous, reclining to erect, multiple from base, branching above.
Leaves - Alternate, linear, entire, glabrous, glaucous, sessile, to 3cm long, 3mm broad.
Inflorescence - Loose panicles terminating stems.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, rotate. Petals 5, to 2cm long, free, cuneate, glabrous, yellowish at base. Stamens 5. Filaments to -4mm long, connected and forming ring around ovary at base, white and fading into light blue-purple at apex. Anthers pale yellow, to 2mm long. Styles 5, to 5mm long, purplish. Ovary globose to subcylindric, glabrous, 10-carpellate.
Fruit - Ovoid capsule to -1cm long, splitting (dehiscing) into 10 portions.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This plant is the common cultivated "Flax" which is used to make linen and linseed oil (a classic wood finish for carpenters). The plant is very high in fatty acid content, especially the unsaturated - linolenic acid. It can be found cultivated throughout the state and is rarely escaped.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To +2.5m tall, purple, glabrous, single from the base, branching in inflorescence, from a taproot, with pure-white milky sap, erect, herbaceous.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile. Basal leaves toothed(dentate), pinnately lobed, to +15cm long, +9cm broad, terminal lobe triangular. Cauline leaves toothed, lobed to unlobed, glabrous, with triangular, sagittate terminal lobe.
Inflorescence - Paniculate arrangement of flower heads at the apex of the main stem.
Involucre - Vase shaped to cylindric. Phyllaries imbricate, green with purple apices.
Ray flowers - 10-16 flowers per head. Corolla light blue, sometimes whitish. Ligules to 6mm long, apex toothed. Flower head +/-12mm broad, when fully opened. Achenes brown, to 5mm long, ribbed, typically with short beak. Pappus to +/-8mm long, of white capillary bristles in more than one series.
Disc flowers - Absent.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Open woods, thickets, disturbed sites, waste ground, streambanks, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Although the inflorescence can have over 100 flower heads at once, these open just a few at a time. The plant will secrete a pure-white milky juice if bruised. There are a few variations which are mostly differentiated on leaf shape and/or flower color. I won't go into those here.
Prior to flowering, this species greatly resembles another in the genus, L. canadensis L., but L. canadensis has sap with a salmon color to it.
The genus name may remind you of "lettuce" and indeed this genus is wild lettuce and is quite edible although slightly bitter. The next time you slice a head of store-bought lettuce, watch for the milky juice that comes from the leaves.
Stems - To +2.5m tall, purple, glabrous, single from the base, branching in inflorescence, from a taproot, with pure-white milky sap, erect, herbaceous.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile. Basal leaves toothed(dentate), pinnately lobed, to +15cm long, +9cm broad, terminal lobe triangular. Cauline leaves toothed, lobed to unlobed, glabrous, with triangular, sagittate terminal lobe.
Inflorescence - Paniculate arrangement of flower heads at the apex of the main stem.
Involucre - Vase shaped to cylindric. Phyllaries imbricate, green with purple apices.
Ray flowers - 10-16 flowers per head. Corolla light blue, sometimes whitish. Ligules to 6mm long, apex toothed. Flower head +/-12mm broad, when fully opened. Achenes brown, to 5mm long, ribbed, typically with short beak. Pappus to +/-8mm long, of white capillary bristles in more than one series.
Disc flowers - Absent.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Open woods, thickets, disturbed sites, waste ground, streambanks, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Although the inflorescence can have over 100 flower heads at once, these open just a few at a time. The plant will secrete a pure-white milky juice if bruised. There are a few variations which are mostly differentiated on leaf shape and/or flower color. I won't go into those here.
Prior to flowering, this species greatly resembles another in the genus, L. canadensis L., but L. canadensis has sap with a salmon color to it.
The genus name may remind you of "lettuce" and indeed this genus is wild lettuce and is quite edible although slightly bitter. The next time you slice a head of store-bought lettuce, watch for the milky juice that comes from the leaves.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Iridaceae
Stems - Aerial stems to +60cm tall, longer than the leaves, glabrous, glaucous, erect, herbaceous, simple, from somewhat flattened rhizomes.
Leaves - Basal and cauline. Basal leaves to +/-40cm long, +/-3cm broad, glabrous, glaucous, acute, entire, with a thin scarious margin. Cauline leaves reduced, folded around the stem.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary sessile flowers. Flowers subtended by a reduced foliaceous bract. Bracts to 6cm long, foliaceous in the basal half and scarious in the apical half, often with a reddish tinge in the apical 1/3.
Flowers - Fragrant. Sepals 3, spreading to recurved, obovate, 8-12cm long, 5-6cm broad at the apex, glabrous except for conspicuous beard of hairs along inner midrib, obovate, white to violet. Beard of papillate hairs. Hairs 3mm long white to yellow or with some purple, segmented. Petals 3, erect and folding over fertile floral organs, to +8cm long, -6cm broad, broadly obovate to rotund, glabrous. Style branches (stigmas) 3, +/-4cm long, +/-2cm broad, with and obvious midvein, receptive only on the adaxial surface. The apical portion 2-lobed, erose. Stamens tucked underneath the style branches (on the abaxial side). Anthers to 1.5cm long. Filaments glabrous, to 2cm long. Floral tube +/-2cm long, glabrous, greenish and typically with some mottled color. Ovary at the base of the floral tube, 6-valved, -2cm long, 7-8mm in diameter, 3-locular. Placentation axile.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Roadsides, railroads, old homesites. Commonly cultivated.
Origin - Probably native to southern Europe.
Other info. - This striking species can be found escaped in scattered localities throughout Missouri. It is a widely cultivated plant and many cultivars exist. The plants can vary somewhat in size and greatly in flower color. Flowers can range from white to yellow or red to violet. The way to differentiate this species from others is by the well developed aerial stems, the bearded flowers, and the foliaceous bracts that subtended the flowers. The bracts should only be scarious in the apical half at most. Plants which share the other characteristics but have completely scarious bracts are I. pallida Lam.
Stems - Aerial stems to +60cm tall, longer than the leaves, glabrous, glaucous, erect, herbaceous, simple, from somewhat flattened rhizomes.
Leaves - Basal and cauline. Basal leaves to +/-40cm long, +/-3cm broad, glabrous, glaucous, acute, entire, with a thin scarious margin. Cauline leaves reduced, folded around the stem.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary sessile flowers. Flowers subtended by a reduced foliaceous bract. Bracts to 6cm long, foliaceous in the basal half and scarious in the apical half, often with a reddish tinge in the apical 1/3.
Flowers - Fragrant. Sepals 3, spreading to recurved, obovate, 8-12cm long, 5-6cm broad at the apex, glabrous except for conspicuous beard of hairs along inner midrib, obovate, white to violet. Beard of papillate hairs. Hairs 3mm long white to yellow or with some purple, segmented. Petals 3, erect and folding over fertile floral organs, to +8cm long, -6cm broad, broadly obovate to rotund, glabrous. Style branches (stigmas) 3, +/-4cm long, +/-2cm broad, with and obvious midvein, receptive only on the adaxial surface. The apical portion 2-lobed, erose. Stamens tucked underneath the style branches (on the abaxial side). Anthers to 1.5cm long. Filaments glabrous, to 2cm long. Floral tube +/-2cm long, glabrous, greenish and typically with some mottled color. Ovary at the base of the floral tube, 6-valved, -2cm long, 7-8mm in diameter, 3-locular. Placentation axile.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Roadsides, railroads, old homesites. Commonly cultivated.
Origin - Probably native to southern Europe.
Other info. - This striking species can be found escaped in scattered localities throughout Missouri. It is a widely cultivated plant and many cultivars exist. The plants can vary somewhat in size and greatly in flower color. Flowers can range from white to yellow or red to violet. The way to differentiate this species from others is by the well developed aerial stems, the bearded flowers, and the foliaceous bracts that subtended the flowers. The bracts should only be scarious in the apical half at most. Plants which share the other characteristics but have completely scarious bracts are I. pallida Lam.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Convolvulaceae
Stems - Vining, twining, herbaceous, to many meters long, with a combination of long and short pubescence (the hairs mostly retrorse, the longest with pustulose bases), mostly terete.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petioles to +12cm long, pubescent as the stem, with a shallow adaxial groove. Blades typically 3-lobed but simple also, pubescent above and below, to 15cm broad and long. Lobes typically acuminate and entire.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate clusters(cymes) of typically 3 flowers. Peduncles to 6cm long, pubescent as the stem, often purple at the base. Pedicels short, 3-5mm long, retrorse pubescent (the hairs short). Each division of the inflorescence subtended by opposite linear-attenuate bracts. Bracts to -3cm long, 2-3mm broad, spreading pubescent, reduced upwards.
Flowers - Corolla blue, funnelform, to +3.5cm long, 5cm broad, glabrous internally and externally. Stamens 5, included, adnate near the base of the corolla tube. Filaments white, to 1.5cm long, mostly glabrous but with distinct thickened hairs at the base. Anthers white, 2mm long, 1.5mm broad. Ovary superior, white, glabrous, subtended by white nectariferous ring, 1.5mm in diameter, conic, 3-locular. Placentation axile. Seeds 6. Style white, glabrous, included, 1.6cm long. Stigma biglobose, 2mm in diameter. Sepals 5, long-aristate, expanded at base for 6-7mm, 2.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit, glabrous internally. Basal portion with dense long spreading hairs. Arista short pubescent.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, thickets, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Central and South America.
Other info. - This is an attractive vine but it can be tough to get rid of once established. This species frequently occurs in flower beds and cultivated areas. The flowers only last one day before wilting. Because this species is found throughout the world there is some confusion about it's origin. Most tend to agree the plant is from the American tropics.
The typical variety found is variety hederacea, which has three-lobed leaves. Variety integriuscula Gray, has leaves which are entire. This plant is less common than the former.
Stems - Vining, twining, herbaceous, to many meters long, with a combination of long and short pubescence (the hairs mostly retrorse, the longest with pustulose bases), mostly terete.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petioles to +12cm long, pubescent as the stem, with a shallow adaxial groove. Blades typically 3-lobed but simple also, pubescent above and below, to 15cm broad and long. Lobes typically acuminate and entire.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate clusters(cymes) of typically 3 flowers. Peduncles to 6cm long, pubescent as the stem, often purple at the base. Pedicels short, 3-5mm long, retrorse pubescent (the hairs short). Each division of the inflorescence subtended by opposite linear-attenuate bracts. Bracts to -3cm long, 2-3mm broad, spreading pubescent, reduced upwards.
Flowers - Corolla blue, funnelform, to +3.5cm long, 5cm broad, glabrous internally and externally. Stamens 5, included, adnate near the base of the corolla tube. Filaments white, to 1.5cm long, mostly glabrous but with distinct thickened hairs at the base. Anthers white, 2mm long, 1.5mm broad. Ovary superior, white, glabrous, subtended by white nectariferous ring, 1.5mm in diameter, conic, 3-locular. Placentation axile. Seeds 6. Style white, glabrous, included, 1.6cm long. Stigma biglobose, 2mm in diameter. Sepals 5, long-aristate, expanded at base for 6-7mm, 2.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit, glabrous internally. Basal portion with dense long spreading hairs. Arista short pubescent.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, thickets, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Central and South America.
Other info. - This is an attractive vine but it can be tough to get rid of once established. This species frequently occurs in flower beds and cultivated areas. The flowers only last one day before wilting. Because this species is found throughout the world there is some confusion about it's origin. Most tend to agree the plant is from the American tropics.
The typical variety found is variety hederacea, which has three-lobed leaves. Variety integriuscula Gray, has leaves which are entire. This plant is less common than the former.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Brassicaceae
Stems - To +80cm tall, erect, simple to branching near apex, herbaceous, carinate, glabrous, from large taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, at least the lowest auriculate and partially clasping, serrate-dentate, glabrous, to 15cm long, +/-4cm broad, spatulate below, lanceolate above, acute to acuminate. The lowest leaves often somewhat pinnatifid.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes elongating in fruit to +30cm tall. Pedicels slightly elongating in fruit to 1cm long, tuberculate, typically perpendicular to axis of stem.
Flowers - Petals 4, clawed, light purple to lilac, glabrous. Claw to 8mm long. Limb to +3mm broad, 6-7mm long, truncate or obtuse at apex, spreading or reflexed. Stamens 6, 4 large and 2 small. Filaments glabrous, lilac at apex, whitish near base, to 8mm long. Anthers purple, 1.2mm long. Ovary purple, glabrous, 7mm long, terete. Sepals 4, erect, distinct, lilac below, green and scarious at apex, glabrous, to 6mm long, 2mm broad at base, cupped. Siliques ascending to spreading, to 4cm long, with beak to 2.5mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Moist soils of flood plain forest and low woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - The plant is a textbook member of the Brassicaceae with 4 distinct petals, 4 distinct sepals, and 6 distinct stamens.
The plant is common in the habitats mentioned above but is typically found growing in conjunction with other, not so friendly, alluvial plants as Laportea canadensis and Rhus radicans.
Stems - To +80cm tall, erect, simple to branching near apex, herbaceous, carinate, glabrous, from large taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, at least the lowest auriculate and partially clasping, serrate-dentate, glabrous, to 15cm long, +/-4cm broad, spatulate below, lanceolate above, acute to acuminate. The lowest leaves often somewhat pinnatifid.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes elongating in fruit to +30cm tall. Pedicels slightly elongating in fruit to 1cm long, tuberculate, typically perpendicular to axis of stem.
Flowers - Petals 4, clawed, light purple to lilac, glabrous. Claw to 8mm long. Limb to +3mm broad, 6-7mm long, truncate or obtuse at apex, spreading or reflexed. Stamens 6, 4 large and 2 small. Filaments glabrous, lilac at apex, whitish near base, to 8mm long. Anthers purple, 1.2mm long. Ovary purple, glabrous, 7mm long, terete. Sepals 4, erect, distinct, lilac below, green and scarious at apex, glabrous, to 6mm long, 2mm broad at base, cupped. Siliques ascending to spreading, to 4cm long, with beak to 2.5mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Moist soils of flood plain forest and low woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - The plant is a textbook member of the Brassicaceae with 4 distinct petals, 4 distinct sepals, and 6 distinct stamens.
The plant is common in the habitats mentioned above but is typically found growing in conjunction with other, not so friendly, alluvial plants as Laportea canadensis and Rhus radicans.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Hydrophyllaceae
Stems - To +50cm tall, branching, single from the base, herbaceous, scabrous, hispid, angled from decurrent leaf tissue.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petioles to +17cm long, scabrous, hispidulous. Blades of lower leaves deeply 5-lobed, with a few much smaller lobes on the petiole, green above, silvery-green below, hispidulous, to +12cm long and broad. Lobes acute, shallowly dentate. Teeth mucronate.
Inflorescence - Terminal scorpoid panicle to 10cm long. Peduncle hispid. Pedicels to 6-7mm long, hispid.
Flowers - Corolla lilac (or rarely white), 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 4mm long, glabrous. Lobes rounded, 5-6mm long and broad, glabrous externally and internally except for vertical rows of hairs at base of lobe sinuses, fimbrillate on margins. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, erect, mostly included. Filaments white-lilac, 8-9mm long, glabrous. Anthers lilac, to 3mm long. Ovary superior, unilocular, with yellow nectariferous ring at the base, conic, 1mm long, with erect white hispid pubescence. Style 7-8mm long, glabrous, white to lilac. Stigma 2-lobed, 1mm long. Calyx 5-lobed and with 5 small projections alternating with the lobes. Projections to 1mm long, spreading. Lobes attenuate, 6mm long, hispid, erect.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Moist rich woods, slopes, base of bluffs, thickets, wooded valleys.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found throughout Missouri but is apparently absent from the plains region at the southwestern edge of the state. The plant can be locally abundant in the habitats mentioned above.
Steyermark mentions two forms based on flower color. Form appendiculatum has a lilac or purplish flower. Form album Steyermark has a white flower and is rare.
This species would do well in a shaded garden setting and is worthy of cultivation. It is a biennial plant.
Stems - To +50cm tall, branching, single from the base, herbaceous, scabrous, hispid, angled from decurrent leaf tissue.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petioles to +17cm long, scabrous, hispidulous. Blades of lower leaves deeply 5-lobed, with a few much smaller lobes on the petiole, green above, silvery-green below, hispidulous, to +12cm long and broad. Lobes acute, shallowly dentate. Teeth mucronate.
Inflorescence - Terminal scorpoid panicle to 10cm long. Peduncle hispid. Pedicels to 6-7mm long, hispid.
Flowers - Corolla lilac (or rarely white), 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 4mm long, glabrous. Lobes rounded, 5-6mm long and broad, glabrous externally and internally except for vertical rows of hairs at base of lobe sinuses, fimbrillate on margins. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, erect, mostly included. Filaments white-lilac, 8-9mm long, glabrous. Anthers lilac, to 3mm long. Ovary superior, unilocular, with yellow nectariferous ring at the base, conic, 1mm long, with erect white hispid pubescence. Style 7-8mm long, glabrous, white to lilac. Stigma 2-lobed, 1mm long. Calyx 5-lobed and with 5 small projections alternating with the lobes. Projections to 1mm long, spreading. Lobes attenuate, 6mm long, hispid, erect.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Moist rich woods, slopes, base of bluffs, thickets, wooded valleys.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found throughout Missouri but is apparently absent from the plains region at the southwestern edge of the state. The plant can be locally abundant in the habitats mentioned above.
Steyermark mentions two forms based on flower color. Form appendiculatum has a lilac or purplish flower. Form album Steyermark has a white flower and is rare.
This species would do well in a shaded garden setting and is worthy of cultivation. It is a biennial plant.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Family - Brassicaceae
Stems - To 1m tall, somewhat branching above, pubescent, herbaceous.
Leaves - Alternate, lanceolate, typically sessile, toothed(dentate) or rarely entire, pubescent above and below, to +/-12cm long, +4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Terminal racemes to +30cm tall.
Flowers - Corolla purple to blue purple,(other colors seen in cultivation), to 2cm broad. Petals 4, clawed, glabrous. Claw to -1cm long. Limb to +/-1cm long, 8mm broad, emarginate. Stamens 6, 4 closest to ovary longer than outer opposing 2, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Sepals 4, purple, erect and forming mock tube around petal claws, to 6mm long, 1.5mm broad.
Fruit - Cylindrical siliques to +10cm long.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, thickets, open woods, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is one of the most showy members of the Brassicaceae. The flowers are typically much more blue-purple than appear in the top picture. The plant is quite common.
Stems - To 1m tall, somewhat branching above, pubescent, herbaceous.
Leaves - Alternate, lanceolate, typically sessile, toothed(dentate) or rarely entire, pubescent above and below, to +/-12cm long, +4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Terminal racemes to +30cm tall.
Flowers - Corolla purple to blue purple,(other colors seen in cultivation), to 2cm broad. Petals 4, clawed, glabrous. Claw to -1cm long. Limb to +/-1cm long, 8mm broad, emarginate. Stamens 6, 4 closest to ovary longer than outer opposing 2, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Sepals 4, purple, erect and forming mock tube around petal claws, to 6mm long, 1.5mm broad.
Fruit - Cylindrical siliques to +10cm long.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, thickets, open woods, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is one of the most showy members of the Brassicaceae. The flowers are typically much more blue-purple than appear in the top picture. The plant is quite common.
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