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权问薇
2018年05月23日
权问薇
[图片]1、养殖环境 （1）土壤：要求疏松、肥沃、排水性好、且呈酸性的土壤。可将腐叶土、糠灰、粗砂混合，比例为五比二比二。还可在里面加入一些厩肥。 （2）浇水：可观察到土壤表面干了之后浇。植株是肉质根，不可积水。 （3）施肥：植株喜磷、钾肥。成长期大概每隔三到五天一次。不过它怕浓肥，需注意浓度。 （4）光照：它属于阳性花卉，因此必须提供充足光照。特别是成长期和开花期，每天不少于六个小时。夏季避免正午的阳光。 [图片]2、摘心摘叶 春分或清明时节是将植株从室内移到室外的好时机。到室外后，大概两到三天的适应期过后，可将老叶摘掉，留下嫩叶，促进新梢发出。另外，开过一批花之后，也要将老叶摘掉，促进新枝和花朵的成长。另外，在成长期，要摘心，以促进侧枝萌发。 [图片]3、病虫害防治 病害主要有“根腐病”等。发现之后，要及时将病叶剪掉，然后向叶子喷洒一些百分之五十浓度的多菌灵水溶液，或用百分之七十的托布津溶液。虫害主要有蚜虫，危害植株的嫩芽、花蕾。发现后，可用五百倍洗衣液喷洒，再用清水冲洗。对于蚧壳虫，可用醋溶液。 [图片]
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权问薇
2018年05月23日
权问薇
[图片]一、养殖环境 1、土壤：它对土壤并没有太高的要求，即使在贫瘠的土壤也能生长，不过它最喜欢疏松、保水性好的土壤。 2、施肥：在它生长旺期间隔15-20天追肥一次，如果是盆栽或者容器养殖，那就要适量减少施肥。 3、浇水：它喜欢在湿润的环境中生长，夏季要及时浇水，提高空气中的湿度，冬季盆土要保持微微干燥，不要有积水以免导致烂根。 4、温度：铜钱草在10-25℃的温度中会更好的生长，它喜欢温暖且潮湿的生长环境，但是不耐寒，冬季最低温度不能低于5℃，夏季最高温度不能高于32℃，若温度较高它就会进入到休眠状态，停止生长。 [图片]二、繁殖方法 分株繁殖：将带有2个节的根放在清水浸泡2天，有节的地方就会长出根须，将根放到培养土上，盖上一层土再放些碎石子，浇水要没过碎石子，大概4-5天就会长出小株。要经常给它补水，一般以水能浸湿碎石子最佳。 [图片]三、常见病虫害 铜钱草病虫害一般发生较少，它生长及适应能力很强，不用做特别护理，若是生长密集就要修剪并加强通风透气，以免植株黄化。 [图片]
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权问薇
2018年05月23日
权问薇
[图片]一、养殖环境 1、土壤：橡皮树喜欢疏松肥沃的沙质土壤，可以用腐叶土、园土和沙土混合调制的培养土。 2、浇水：春秋季节要让土壤保持湿润状态，夏季对于水分的需求量很大，要每天进行浇水，适量增加浇水量，要经常向叶子或四周喷洒水，提高空气中的湿度，冬季要让土壤保持微干的状态。 3、施肥：适量施肥，但氮肥要少用，如果氮肥太多的话就会导致茎叶徒长。在生长期间间隔20天施腐熟的液肥。为了控制成形株的高度，在生长期间要间隔2个月施一次混合液肥。 4、光照：想要橡皮树更好的生长需要给它充足的阳光，在室内养殖要将它放在阳光充足的地方，还要注意让空气适当流通。 [图片]二、繁殖方法 扦插繁殖：一般要在春秋季节扦插，在夏季若是浇水不合理，插条就很容易变腐烂。将枝条中段留下，留1片叶片，扦插时要将枝条上下切口封住，以免流出汁液影响成活率，将其插进土壤中，保持20℃的生长温度，大概一个月多就会生根了。 [图片]三、常见病害 1、灰斑病：多雨的季节是发病的旺盛期，生病后会出现灰斑，还会不但扩大，叶子还会变得干裂并出现黑色粒状物，在发病期间可以用多菌灵喷洒。 2、炭疽病：会危害叶片，导致叶片出现褐色或白色的斑点，严重时整个叶片会变成枯黑的状态，要及时清理掉病叶，平时也要加强通风透光。 [图片]
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权问薇
2018年05月23日
权问薇
静夜：夏必死！ 说起夏必死的多肉，花花第一个肯定要说静夜了！不少花友都感慨，买了死死了买，完全进入了一个无限循环中！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、换盆换土 在夏季到来之前，最好给静夜换一次盆，换成透水透气的陶盆，盆土的话，用椰糠、珍珠岩按照1： 1的比例混合，然后再加入几粒复合肥，度夏完全无压力。 2、勤通风少浇水 最好将静夜放在北阳台的阴凉通风处，下雨前必须赶紧拿回屋子；连续晴天的话，可以7-10天浇1次水，如果连续有阴雨天，立刻停止浇水。 白牡丹：黑腐妹 养肉肉的花友，都流传着一句话，白牡丹被称为黑腐妹，足可以看出它是多么难以度夏的品种了！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、勤通风少浇水 白牡丹黑腐，基本都是病菌造成的，特别是浇过水后，通风条件又差，那就是妥妥的黑腐啊！将白牡丹放在阴凉通风的北阳台或室内，一定得管住自己的手，少浇水！ 2、砍头扦插： 一旦发现黑腐，那就赶紧将黑腐的植株挖出来，砍头后保留上部健康部分，剩下的直接丢掉，因为已经不可能恢复了。等晾干伤口后重新上盆发根。 山地玫瑰：一浇水就挂！ 山地玫瑰虽然夏季休眠，但是花花觉得这应该是它最好看的时候了，可是万一管不住自己的手，一浇水指定就挂了！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、注意通风 度夏必须通风。白天可以放在打开的北阳台或窗台上，晚上放在室内空调房里，或是直接给它吹个风扇。 2、遮阴断水 山地玫瑰夏季不要直射太阳，从春末开始逐渐减少浇水量，可采用快速浸盆法，将花盆在水中浸一下直接拿出来，保证盆土土壤有潮气即可。温度持续在25℃以上，直接断水。 玉蝶：黑腐王！ 每次一提起玉蝶，花花这心里都要咯噔一下！听说在南方地区，玉蝶也被称为夏必死！不少花友可是怨念非常深：秋天入手养的美美哒，夏天死了，第二年秋天继续买… [图片]度夏攻略： 1、田园土长得旺 养玉蝶千万不能娇贵，越是不管越是长得好，养玉蝶的土壤，最好使用田园土，不需要配置专门土壤，才能越长越旺，安温度夏！ 2、加强通风 玉蝶容易群生，如果不通风，浇水后很容易导致底部不通风，潮湿闷热是最容易造成黑腐的。所以夏季必须要将玉蝶放在窗台边通风的地方，不然就拿个小风扇吹一吹也行。摸到叶片发软了再浇水就行。 小红衣：度夏就死！ 若是说起夏必死的排行榜，花花觉得小红衣绝对能排的上前三名了！感觉小红衣完全就是莫名其妙，明明前一天还是好好的，结果第二天立马就死翘翘了，说都了都是泪啊！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、必须通风 闷热的环境很容易导致小红衣黑腐死掉，所以夏天一定要注意通风！不管是开着窗户，还是给小红衣吹风扇，都必须要保证通风！ 2、少浇水 夏季如果盆内积水，再加上闷热，那小红衣就像是蒸桑拿一样，肯定死翘翘了！可以选择每天傍晚朝着植株喷水，保证盆土略微湿润即可。 瑞典魔男：化水王！ 每次一提起魔男，花花就想起了每年夏天被它支配的恐惧！这魔男简直是太容易化水了，稍微不注意，完全就化水死了！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、注意降温 魔男超级怕热，特别是现在夏天温度能达到35-40℃，稍不注意魔男整个注意就化水了。夏天必须要注意降温，将魔男放在窗边通风的地方，或是搬到空调房，甚至是吹风扇降温，都是可以的。 2、避免暴晒 魔男怕热，夏天绝对不能晒太阳，可以放在室内通风的地方，接受散射光，等到度夏结束后，再拿到太阳底下晒一晒即可。 霜之朝：黑腐病！ 之前花花完全不觉得霜之朝难度夏，不过后来很多花友都跟花花反映，花花决定来写一写它了！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、通风遮阳 夏季太阳毒，一定要保证遮阳，在南阳台养护的可以拉个双层遮阳网，有条件的放在北阳台养护最好！ 2、少浇水 如果你家的霜之朝一碰就掉叶子，那肯定是因为水较多了。进入夏季后，霜之朝会进入休眠期，此时一定要减少浇水，每个月2-3次即可，浇水沿着盆边慢慢来，保证植株不干枯即可。 初恋：掉叶子！ 最后一个夏必死的名额，花花给了初恋！它实在是太容易黑腐了，搞得花花直接丢在院子里，完全不想管了！ [图片]度夏攻略： 1、遮阴通风 想要初恋安稳度夏，夏季必须要遮阴。可以给多肉打个遮阳伞，或是拉上遮阳网，一定要放在南北通风的地方，避免黑腐。 2、管住手少浇水！ 夏季如果气温特别高，初恋会进入短暂休眠期，此时必须管住自己的手，让盆土处在略微偏干的状态，千万别浇水多，否则你的初恋肯定分分钟死翘翘了！
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我说肉肉你说萌！
2018年05月23日
我说肉肉你说萌！
在一些花卉种植中有些会提到松土的好处，譬如说防止土壤板结，使土质疏松，增加透气性，利于根际有益微生物生长，利于根系生长等等等。好处看上去不少，但其实核心作用就一个防止土壤板结，增加透气性。 而正常多肉的配土，很难会板结。种久了会降低透气性，但也不是土壤导致，而是长满的各种缠绕的根系导致的。 因此，松土，对多肉生长其实没有什么意义。相反，只要松土基本就意味着会伤到多肉的根系，现在种多肉多用小盆，正常生长季，两三个月，根系足够遍布整个花盆，随便松土，随便伤根。 对多肉，来说，松土是不适用也没必要的，换盆才是最好的办法。 也有需要松土的情况，譬如像下面的泥巴土，但正常人会选择的还是换土吧。如果要松土，那就表面松一松，不要让土壤板结，也可以考虑拿筷子戳一戳，增加透气性。松土时间，不要选择在酷热的夏天，毕竟夏天是容易出事的时候，伤到根系，发生什么事情也不好说。 [图片][图片]一些长期地栽的，如果土壤表层板结了，也应该表层松松土，时间最好在春秋，小花盆种植的，松土，确实没太大必要，还是直接换盆吧。 [图片]
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巴黎铁塔
2018年05月23日
巴黎铁塔
[图片]1.及时修剪 若因其自然的原因而造成的干枯变黄。在秋天和冬天，老的叶子会因自然原因变黄干枯，这时只要将枯黄的叶子剪掉，并控制温度，晒晒太阳，喷些药剂杀菌就可以了。 [图片]2.增加光照 它是一种喜欢生长在半阴凉地方里的植物，但充分的阳光照射也是必不可少的，缺少阳光照射会导致叶子发黄干枯。春天和秋天不要直接放在太阳下，夏天阳光特别强烈时需遮光。 [图片]3.合理浇水 它害怕水多，如果栽种的泥土一直很湿，就极易造成根部的腐烂，根部一旦腐烂，叶子就会变黄。此时要将其从泥土中拿出来，把腐烂的地方洗干净，在阳光下晒一天，再换上新的泥土，重新栽上，盆里的泥土湿润即可。 4.防治病害 它叶子有变黄、干枯的现象，还有可能是因为炭疽病造成的，发病时叶片上会出现淡绿色斑点，后期渐渐变成黑褐色，最后导致整个叶子都枯黄腐烂。出现这种问题，要及时的使用药物治疗炭疽病，将其放在阴凉有风的地方，增加富含磷、钾元素的营养物质，来提高其抵抗病害的能力，对于已经腐坏的叶子要及时摘掉，防治病原影响其他健康枝叶。 [图片]
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Miss Chen
2018年05月22日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is ¾–2½' tall and unbranched, except toward the apex where the flowers occur. The central stem is green to purple, 4-angled, and hairy to glandular-hairy. Often, the margins of the stem along its angles are shaded purple. The hairs of the stem are widely spreading. Pairs of opposite leaves occur along the entire length of the stem. These leaves are 1½–3" long and ¾–1¾" across; they are lanceolate-oblong to oval-ovate in shape, while their margins are crenate to crenate-serrate and ciliate. Generally, upper leaves are more narrow in shape than the leaves below. Leaf bases are truncate, rounded, or broadly wedge-shaped, while leaf tips are blunt. The upper leaf surface is medium to dark green and mostly glabrous, while the lower leaf surface is pale green and pubescent or hairy (especially along the major veins). The petioles are up to ¾" long with grooved upper surfaces; they are more or less hairy. The central stem terminates in a spike-like raceme of flowers up to 4" long. In addition to this raceme, secondary racemes are sometimes produced from the axils of the upper leaves. The central stalk of each raceme is 4-angled, green to purplish green, and glandular-hairy; the hairs are widely spreading. Individual flowers along the raceme are ½-¾" long; their 2-lipped corollas are strongly ascending, but their mouths open laterally. Each flower consists of a pale to dark blue-violet corolla, a short green calyx, 4 inserted stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with a single style. The corolla has a hood-like upper lip and a descending lower lip; the back and apex of the hood are more or less finely pubescent. The lower lip has irregular blotches of white (usually in pairs along the sides of a central blue-violet vein). In addition to these lips, there are also a pair of small lateral lobes. The lateral lobes are attached to the upper lip; they are often whitish and recurved. The calyx is glandular-hairy and shallowly divided into two lobes; there is a conspicuous protuberance on the back of the calyx. [图片]The pedicels of the flowers are short (about 4 mm. in length), relatively stout, and pubescent. At the pedicel bases, there are pubescent leafy bracts up to 1¼" long and ½" across; they are lanceolate-oblong or elliptic-oblong in shape. The margins of these leafy bracts are ciliate and either toothless (entire) or sparingly crenate-serrate. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer, lasting about 3-4 weeks. Afterwards, the corollas become detached and wither away, while the persistent calyces become swollen and enclose the developing nutlets. There are 1-4 nutlets per calyx (often only 1 or 2). The small nutlets are minutely tuberculate. The calyces eventually split open to eject the nutlets; this may be caused in part by raindrop logistics. The root system is fibrous and short-rhizomatous. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and an acidic soil containing some organic material. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Hairy Skullcap is occasional in southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is largely absent (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the northern range-limit of this species. However, a northern outlier population occurs in SE Michigan and NW Indiana. Habitats include rocky woodlands, bluffs, wooded slopes, rocky areas along streams, and well-drained bottoms of sandstone canyons. Hairy Skullcap is found in higher quality natural areas. In some areas of southern Illinois, it is currently threatened by the spread of an invasive species, Japanese Stilt Grass (Microstegium vimineum). Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract various bees. Butterflies and skippers may also visit the flowers, but they are less effective at cross-pollination. The leaves of Hairy Skullcap and other Scutellaria spp. (Skullcaps) are attacked by several skeletonizing leaf beetles (Phyllobrotica spp.) and the Shining Flea Beetle (Asphaera lustrans). In particular, Phyllobrotica circumdata has been observed on Hairy Skullcap. The larvae of two micro-moths also feed on the foliage of Scutellaria spp. (Skullcaps): Caloptilia scutellariella and Prochoreutis inflatella. Larvae of the former moth are blotch leaf-miners, while larvae of the latter moth skeletonize the leaves. The bitter foliage is not eaten by mammalian herbivores. [图片]Photographic Location: A wooded sandstone canyon in southern Illinois. Comments: This is another native species of Scutellaria (Skullcap) that could be cultivated in shaded gardens. Both the foliage and flowers are reasonably attractive. The bitter foliage does not have a mint fragrance. It is possible to confuse Hairy Skullcap (Scutellaria elliptica) with some of the other woodland Scutellaria spp. in Illinois. It differs from Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) by having less wide leaves that lack cordate bases (with the possible exception of the lowermost leaves). It also differs from Downy Skullcap (Scutellaria incana) by having spreading glandular hairs on its stems, flowering stalks, and calyces. The foliage and calyces of Downy Skullcap are more short-pubescent or canescent and they lack glandular hairs. Another woodland species, Showy Skullcap (Scutellaria serrata), has glabrous foliage and larger flowers (1" in length or more). Across its range, Hairy Skullcap varies somewhat in the extent of its hairiness: the typical variety is less hairy than var. hirsuta.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月22日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 3½-8' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are often 4-angled and furrowed; they are slightly hairy or glabrous. The opposite leaves are up to 7" long and 3½" across (excluding the petioles), becoming somewhat smaller as they ascend the stems. These leaves are medium to dark green, cordate-ovate to ovate in shape, serrated along their margins, thin-textured, and largely hairless, except for some short pubescence along the undersides of their veins. The slender petioles are up to 2½" long; they are light green to red and glabrous to slightly hairy. The upper stems terminate in elongated panicles of flowers up to 1' long. Each panicle is somewhat cylindrical in shape, consisting of an erect central stalk (rachis) with short lateral branches that are widely spreading to ascending. Both the central stalk and lateral branches are light green; the latter also have short glandular pubescence, and they are slender and wiry. There are individual bracts (green, linear in shape, and up to 1" in length) that become progressively smaller as the panicle branches. Individual flowers are about 8 mm. (1/3") long and short-cylindrical in shape; each flower has a short-tubular green calyx with 5 blunt teeth and a corolla with 5 rounded lobes. The exterior of the corolla is dull green, while its interior is predominantly reddish brown. Each corolla has a pair of upper lobes that function as a hood, 2 short lateral lobes, and a lower lobe that curves downward. All of these lobes are reddish brown on the inside, except the lower lobe, which is greenish yellow. Appressed against the upper interior of this corolla, there is an infertile stamen that is reddish brown or purple. The 4 fertile stamens have yellow anthers; they are located toward the bottom of the corolla. The slender pedicels are a little longer than the flowers. The blooming period occurs from mid-summer to early fall, lasting about a month; only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time. Each flower is replaced by a 2-celled capsule that contains numerous tiny seeds. The root system is rhizomatous and knotty-tuberous. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is medium shade to partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and soil that is loose and loamy. The size of this plant can be highly variable, depending on its age, location, and environmental conditions. Range & Habitat: Late Figwort (Scrophularia marilandica) is a fairly common plant that has been observed in most counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands, sandy woodlands, savannas, edges of shaded hillside seeps, woodland borders, thickets, and fence rows that are overgrown with trees. This species tolerates minor to moderate levels of disturbance. [图片]Faunal Associations: The small flowers contain abundant nectar, which attracts the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, honeybees, bumblebees, leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), a long-horned bee (Melissodes bimaculata), Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., etc.), Vespid wasps (Polites spp., Vespula spp.), and various Eumenine wasps (Robertson, 1929). Halictid bees also collect pollen from the flowers. Insects that feed destructively on the leaves, plant juices, and other parts of Late Figwort and other figworts (Scrophularia spp.) include larvae of the gall fly Lestodiplosis scrophulariae, the stink bug Cosmopepla lintneriana, the aphid Myzus scrophulariae, the flea beetle Capraita thyamoides, and caterpillars of the moth Elaphria chalcedonia (Chalcedony Midget). Because the foliage is bitter and acrid, it is rarely browsed by mammalian herbivores. [图片]Photographic Location: Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. A small colony of Late Figwort (Scrophularia marilandica) was growing in a mesic area of this deciduous woodlands. Comments: The figworts (Scrophularia spp.) have weird little flowers that attract many wasps and bees. They are not grown in gardens very often because their flowers are not very showy (by human standards). The only other figwort that occurs in Illinois is Early Figwort (Scrophularia lanceolata). This species is less common than Late Figwort (Scrophularia marilandica); in Illinois, it is found only in the northern section of the state. Early Figwort blooms a little earlier than Late Figwort (hence their common names), although their respective blooming periods overlap to some extent. The flowers of Early Figwort have sterile stamens that are yellow, rather than reddish brown or purple (the sterile stamens of both species are located along the upper interior of their corollas).
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Miss Chen
2018年05月22日
Miss Chen
Description: This wildflower consists of a rosette of basal leaves and a flowering stalk about 1-3' tall. Individual basal leaves are up to 9" long and 3" across; they are oblong to ovate-oblong, crenate or smooth along their margins, and medium green. Basal leaves are glabrous to sparsely hairy on their upper surfaces, while their lower surfaces are sparsely to moderately hairy. Generally, young leaves are more hairy than older leaves. The inflorescence consists of a panicle of flowers, which develops from an erect central stalk. This stalk is fairly stout, terete, and densely covered with spreading hairs. The panicle is ellipsoid in shape, ½–1½' long, and about 1/3 as much across when it is fully extended. The branches of the panicle are ascending to spreading and usually pubescent. There is a single linear-lanceolate bract at each major fork of the branches. Depending on the size of the inflorescence, the flowers vary in abundance; they usually bloom at about the same time. Each flower is ¼" across, consisting of 5 narrow white petals, 5 green sepals that are joined together at the base, 10 stamens with white to orange-brown anthers, and 2 prominent pistils that are green and joined together. The sepals are triangular in shape and become recurved when the flowers bloom. The petals are longer than the sepals. The blooming period occurs during the late spring for 2-3 weeks. Each flower is replaced by a pair of beaked follicles; each follicle splits open along one side to release its seeds. The root system consists of a crown of fleshy fibrous roots and rhizomes. Clonal offsets from the rhizomes are often formed. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, consistently moist conditions, high humidity, and thin rocky soil containing sandstone. The site should be protected from prevailing winds. Range & Habitat: The native Forbe's Saxifrage is found in southern Illinois (where it is uncommon) and 3 counties in northern Illinois, where it is rare; it is absent from the remaining areas of the state (see Distribution Map). This map excludes the distribution of the more common typical variety, Saxifraga pensylvanica pensylvanica (Swamp Saxifrage). Habitats are largely restricted to the lower slopes of rocky bluffs (usually north-facing), moist ledges along sandstone ravines, and the lower slopes of sandstone canyons, particularly where some seepage of moisture occurs. These habitats are always found in wooded areas with varying amounts of shade. Forbe's Saxifrage is restricted to high quality natural areas. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by small bees, wasps, and various flies. Less common visitors include sawflies and beetles. These insects usually suck nectar, although some of the bees also collect pollen, while some flies and beetles prefer to feed on the pollen. These observations are from Graenicher. [图片]Photographic Location: Lower slope of a sandstone canyon at the Portland Arch in west-central Indiana. Comments: I have selected Vasey's taxonomic classification of Forbe's Saxifrage. This is something of a compromise. Some botanists in Illinois and Indiana (e.g., Mohlenbrock, 2002) classify Forbe's Saxifrage as a separate species, Saxifraga forbesii, rather than a variety of Saxifraga pensylvanica (Swamp Saxifrage). Other botanists don't recognize Forbe's Saxifrage at even the varietal level. Generally, Forbe's Saxifrage is supposed to have hairier basal leaves than Swamp Saxifrage, and the petals of its flowers are longer than the sepals. Swamp Saxifrage is supposed to have slightly smaller flowers, where the petals are about the same length as the sepals. Swamp Saxifrage is found primarily in the northern half of Illinois, where it is found in both sunny and shaded wetlands. The only other Saxifrage in Illinois is Saxifraga virginiensis (Early Saxifrage), which has been found only in Hardin County. This latter species is much smaller in size; it prefers drier upland areas and can bloom as early as mid-spring.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月22日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. The leaves are alternate, opposite, or basal. The basal and lower leaves are palmately divided into 5 leaflets; these compound leaves span up to 5" long and across, and their petioles are up to 6" long. The middle to upper leaves are trifoliate with 3 leaflets; they are smaller in size and usually sessile. The leaflets are up to 2½" long and 1" across; they are oblanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or ovate in shape. Each leaflet is shallowly cleft and coarsely serrated along the margins; the bottom of each leaflet is wedge-shaped and sessile. Both the leaves and their petioles (if any) are glabrous. Each upper stem terminates in 1-5 umbels of flowers. Each umbel is globoid or semi-globoid and spans up to ½" across; it consists of 20-60 tiny flowers and their pedicels. The stalk (or ray) of each umbel is up to 1" long. Each umbel has 1-3 perfect flowers (male & female reproductive organs), while the remaining flowers are staminate (male only). Whether perfect or staminate, each flower has a short green calyx with 5 ovate teeth, 5 greenish yellow petals that are obcordate in shape, and 5 exerted stamens with conspicuous anthers. The anthers are initially yellow, but they later become brown. In addition, each perfect flower has a bristly globoid ovary and a pair of long recurved styles. These styles are longer than the bristles of the ovary. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer and lasts about 2-3 weeks. Each bur-like fruit contains a pair of seeds. The root system is fibrous. Colonies often develop in favorable habitats. Cultivation: This plant is typically found in partial sun to medium shade, moist to slightly dry conditions, and fertile loamy soil. While the flowers are not very showy, it can be used as a ground cover in shaded areas. Range & Habitat: Common Black Snakeroot is occasional to common in most areas of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include deciduous woodlands, areas along woodland paths, thickets, shaded seeps, and fence rows that are overgrown with woody vegetation. Sometimes this species invades shaded areas of gardens. Tolerance to degradation of woodland habitat is above average. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract small bees (Halictid & Andrenid) and various flies. White-Tailed Deer and other mammalian herbivores avoid consumption of the foliage because of its bitter taste. The small prickly fruits can cling to the fur of mammals, feathers of birds, and clothing of humans; this helps to distribute the seeds to new locations. Photographic Location: A mesic area of Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Common Black Snakeroot can be distinguished from other Sanicula spp. (Black Snakeroots) by its greenish yellow flowers. Other Black Snakeroots have greenish white flowers. The recurved styles of Common Black Snakeroot are longer than the prickles of the ovary, while other Black Snakeroots have more erect styles that are shorter or the same length as the prickles of their ovaries. The common name (Black Snakeroot) probably refers to the pioneer belief that the bitter roots were useful in treating snake bites, although this is highly doubtful. Another scientific name of Common Black Snakeroot is Sanicula gregaria, which resulted in the common name, 'Clustered Black Snakeroot.'
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