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丫头
2018年05月28日
丫头
压蔓在瓜类种植中比较常见，比如西瓜等，那什么是什么是压蔓?压蔓就是通过人为干预，让植物增加不定根，从而达到保障植物生长期的水分和养分的供给，说的白话一点就是用土或者其他东西将瓜蔓的节点压住，让瓜茎生根。 [图片]压蔓并不是必须操作，而是锦上添花的操作，如果是露台盆栽的瓜，要想充分利用有限的地方种瓜，特别是在楼顶上种各种瓜类，最好是搭瓜架让它向上爬。如果是大田里，或者其他地栽的瓜有充分的于土壤接触面，多坐两个瓜最好压蔓生成一个不定根系，这样一条主瓜藤就有了两个根，可保生长期水份与养料的供给。 压蔓的时间应掌握在中午以后进行。因为上午水分多，瓜蔓脆，此时压蔓容易折断。压蔓时主、侧蔓均易折断。压蔓时主、侧蔓均需压，并将瓜蔓拉紧， 以利养分输送畅通。要特别注意瓜前重压，瓜后轻压。 如植株生长势较旺， 为防止徒长，可重压并压深些;而对生长瘦弱的植株可轻压并压浅些。 [图片]根据压蔓是否埋进土中，可将压蔓分为明压和暗压两种。增压又分重压和轻压。所谓明压就是不把瓜蔓埋进土中。压蔓的时候要把叶柄叶子露出。 其方法有两种：一种是用田间的土块将瓜蔓每隔一段压一下即可。另一种是用树枝压蔓，方法是将细树枝剪成长10厘米左右的小段，然后从中间轻轻对折(注意不要折断)成“Λ”型。再用“Λ”形树枝将瓜蔓夹住插入土中即可。前一种方法适合于刮风不太大的地区，后一种方法不仅适合于少风地区，也适合于多风地区。一般弱势蔓一般用明压。 所谓暗压是将瓜蔓埋进土中。压蔓时在需要压的茎段处的地面上先挖深4～5厘米、长按需要而定的小沟，然将瓜蔓放进沟内覆土压平即可。重压不仅压得深，而且瓜蔓入土部分也较长，有时将坐瓜节到根部的蔓都压入土中，只留叶柄和叶片露在外面。为防止瓜蔓爬得太远，或在爬蔓行上套种其它蔬菜或作物，在压蔓时可先将瓜蔓在根部固定好后绕根盘1圈(俗称“盘条”)再向前压蔓。
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风韵
2018年05月27日
风韵
《红楼梦》描绘了一个美女争艳、才女云集的女儿国，花卉与女性又有着不解之缘。闲适时光赏花吟诗成为红楼女儿大雅事、乐事、趣事、美事。《红楼梦》中有很多吟花诗作，这些诗词或写景抒情或情景交融或托物言志，既是小说的有机构成之一，又恰到好处地展现了人物性情。 花谢花飞花满天，红消香断有谁怜？ 游丝软系飘春榭，落絮轻沾扑绣帘。 闰中女儿惜春暮，愁绪满怀无释处， 手把花锄出绣闺，忍踏落花来复去。 柳丝榆荚自芳菲，不管桃飘与李飞。 桃李明年能再发，明年闰中知有谁？ 三月香巢已垒成，梁间燕子太无情! 明年花发虽可啄，却不道人去梁空巢也倾。 一年三百六十日，风刀霜剑严相逼， 明媚鲜妍能几时，一朝飘泊难寻觅。 花开易见落难寻，阶前闷杀葬花人， 独倚花锄泪暗洒，洒上空枝见血痕。 杜鹃无语正黄昏，荷锄归去掩重门。 青灯照壁人初睡，冷雨敲窗被未温。 怪奴底事倍伤神，半为怜春半恼春： 怜春忽至恼忽去，至又无言去不闻。 昨宵庭外悲歌发，知是花魂与乌魂? 花魂乌魂总难留，乌自无言花自羞。 愿奴胁下生双翼，随花飞到天尽头。 天尽头，何处有香丘？ 未若锦囊收艳骨，一杯净土掩风流。 质本洁未还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。 尔今死去侬收葬，未卜依身何日丧? 侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬依知是谁? 试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时。 一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知! 这就是让人动容的《葬花吟》，诗中以花比人，借花自喻，哀婉凄恻，如泣如诉。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial wildflower is ¾–1½' tall and unbranched. It consists of a central stem with 3 terminal leaves; a mature plant will produce a single stalked flower. The central stem is terete, glabrous, and pale green or pale reddish-green. The terminal leaves are arranged in a whorl at the apex of this stem. Each leaf is up to 6" long and 5" across; it is oval-ovate or oval in shape, medium green, and glabrous. Each leaf has smooth margins and parallel primary veins. The single flower spans about 3-4" across on a stalk about 1-3" long. This stalk is ascending or erect; the flower is held above the leaves and usually leans to the side (but doesn't droop downward). Each flower consists of 3 white petals, 3 green sepals, a central white ovary, 6 stamens, and 3 stigmas. The petals are ovate-obovate, widely spreading, and usually longer than the sepals; they often become light pink with age. The sepals are lanceolate and widely spreading. The dull yellow stigmas are slender and either straight or slightly recurved. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about 3 weeks. Each flower is replaced by a 6-angled seed capsule that becomes dark with age; it eventually splits open to release the seeds. The root system consists of a vertical rootstock with fibrous roots; spreading rhizomes are also produced. Occasionally, thisDistribution Map wildflower forms loose colonies of variable size. Cultivation: Dappled sunlight or light shade is preferred during the spring; later in the year, more shade is tolerated. The soil should be rich, loamy, rather loose, and evenly moist; a surface layer of leaves and other decaying organic material is desirable. This wildflower develops very slowly from seed (several years to maturity). It is also possible to propagate this species from vegetative offsets of the rhizomes, but this takes time to develop as well. Range & Habitat: The native Large-Flowered Trillium is occasional in NE Illinois, while in other areas of the state it is uncommon or absent. Populations of this species are stagnant or declining in Illinois; it is somewhat more common further to the east and northeast of the state. Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, swamps, and shaded riverbanks. Occasionally, Large-Flowered Trillium is cultivated in shade gardens, but it is expensive and difficult to obtain; wild-collected plants should be avoided. Faunal Associations: As showy as they are, the flowers are rarely visited by insects; Graenicher observed a single species, Ceratina dupla (Little Carpenter Bee), sucking nectar and collecting pollen from them. Another small bee, Andrena geranii, was observed to seek shelter in a flower from the rain. The caterpillars of two moths, Euplexia benesimilis (American Angle Shades) and Clepsis melaleucana (Black-Patched Clepsis), occasionally feed on Trillium spp. (trilliums); the latter species is polyphagous. The seeds of this and other trilliums are distributed by ants because of their elaisomes (food appendages). White-Tailed Deer readily browse on the foliage and flowers of trilliums, and they appear to be attracted to Large-Flowered Trillium in particular (possibly because they can easily see the flowers). Where this trillium is abundant, its large leaves can provide significant cover for small mammals. Photographic Location: A deciduous woodland in Piatt County, Illinois. [图片]Comments: Among the various species of trilliums, this one is probably the most attractive and charismatic. The flowers are very showy and the leaves have a nice glossy surface. The only other species that is similar, Trillium flexipes (White Trillium), has flowers that are a little smaller and more nodding; usually its flowers hang a little above or a little below the leaves. Large-Flowered Trillium has slender stigmas that are straight or slightly recurved, while White Trillium has stout stigmas that are strongly recurved. While there are other white-petaled trilliums in Illinois, their flowers are much smaller in size (2" across or less).
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1½–2' tall; it consists of a central stalk with 3 spreading terminal leaves. The stalk is light green and hairless. The leaves are up to 6½" long and across; they are broadly obovate or broadly rhombic-oval, smooth along the margins, and hairless. The base of each leaf is wedge-shaped, while the terminal end tapers to a blunt tip. The major veins of each leaf are parallel; there are also branching side veins. A mature plant produces a single flower on a nodding peduncle about 1–2½" long. This flower is about 2" across, consisting of 3 white spreading petals, 3 green sepals, 6 stamens (anthers & filaments), and a creamy central ovary. The pale yellow anthers are twice as long as their filaments. At the tip of the ovary, there are 3 recurved stigmas. Only rarely are the petals of the flowers brownish purple. The flower hangs from its peduncle a little above or a little below the leaves. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring. The seed capsule that replaces the flower is 6-angled; it splits open at maturity to release the seeds. The foliage withers away during the summer. The vertical central root is slightly swollen near the base of the plant; it branches into secondary fibrous roots. Small vegetative colonies are occasionally produced from spreading rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight during the spring, followed by light to medium shade. The soil should be evenly moist, fertile, and loamy, with a layer of decaying leaves on its surface to protect the plant from drying out. Trilliums are slow to develop from seed and take many years to reach maturity. Most growth and development occurs during the spring before the canopy trees fully leaf out. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native White Trillium is occasional in the northern half of Illinois, and uncommon or absent in the southern half of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, wooded slopes, large shady ravines, and rocky bluffs. This species is found in high quality woodlands where the original ground flora is still intact. Faunal Associations: Few insects visit the flowers of Trillium spp. (trilliums), even though their flowers are rather showy; records for this particular species have not been found. The caterpillars of the moths Clepsis melaleucana (Black-Patched Clepsis) and Euplexia benesimilis (American Angle Shades) occasionally feed on the foliage of Trilliums. The seeds are distributed by ants because of their food appendages. White-Tailed Deer readily graze on the foliage of trilliums; they seem to prefer it. Photographic Location: Deciduous woodlands at Shades State Park, Pine Hills State Nature Preserve, and the Potholes in west-central Indiana. [图片]Comments: Other common names for this species are the Declined Trillium and Drooping Trillium. This is one of the white-flowered trilliums (Trillium spp.) in Illinois. It is much larger and blooms later than Trillium nivale (Snow Trillium), and its flowers are less erect and somewhat smaller than those of Trillium grandiflorum (Large-Flowered Trillium). This latter species has straight stigmas, while the stigmas of White Trillium are recurved and spreading. It is easy to confuse this species with Trillium cernuum (Nodding Trillium), which also has white nodding flowers. This latter species has somewhat smaller leaves and flowers, and the peduncles of its flowers are usually shorter (less than 1¼" long). This latter species has anthers that are about the same length as their filaments, while White Trillium has anthers that are about twice as long as their filaments.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-2' tall, consisting of a single central stem and 3 widely spreading leaves at its apex. This stem is light green to purplish green, terete, and glabrous. Individual leaves are 3-8" long and similarly across; they are oval-rhombic in shape, smooth along their margins, and sessile (or nearly so). The upper leaf surface is medium green and glabrous, while the lower surface is more pale; both surfaces are glabrous. Primary veins of the leaves are parallel, while secondary veins form an interlacing network. A flowering plant produces an erect to ascending peduncle about 1½-3" long, terminating in a single nodding flower that is held above the leaves. The peduncle is light green and glabrous. The flower is about 2" across, consisting of 3 maroon petals (reddish purple), 3 light green to greenish maroon sepals, 6 stamens, and a dark maroon ovary with 3 small recurved stigmata. When the flower is open, both petals and sepals are widely spreading; they are about the same length and similar shape, although the sepals are more narrow. The petals and sepals are lanceolate to ovate in shape and glabrous. The relatively small stamens have anthers and filaments that are about the same length; the anthers have light gray to yellowish pollen. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring for about 2-3 weeks. The flowers often have an unpleasant scent. Afterwards, the ovary matures into a dark maroon fruit that is broadly ovoid, 6-angled, and about ½" long. This fruit contains several seeds. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Clonal colonies of plants are often produced from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight or light shade during the spring, followed by shade during the summer. The soil should be more or less moist and contain loam with decaying organic matter. Some protection from prevailing winds is also desirable. It takes a long time for this trillium to mature from seed (typically 5-10 years). The foliage dies down later in the summer. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Red Trillium is a rare wildflower in Illinois, where it is state-listed as 'endangered.' It is restricted to a few counties in the northern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats consist of rich deciduous woodlands that are more or less mesic and wooded slopes. In such woodlands, Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), American Basswood (Tilia americana), or oaks (Quercus spp.) are often dominant canopy trees. Further to the east, where it is more common, Red Trillium is associated with woodlands that are dominated by Sugar Maple and American Beech (Fagus grandifolia). This wildflower is sometimes cultivated in shaded gardens. Faunal Associations: Because the petals of the flowers have the color of rotting flesh and often exude a similar odor, they probably attract flesh flies, carrion beetles, and similar insects. The polyphagous larvae of two moth species, Clepsis melaleucana (Black-Patched Clepsis) and Euplexia benesimilis (American Angle Shades), have been observed to feed on the leaves of Trillium spp. The foliage is also vulnerable to browsing by White-tailed Deer: This has caused the decline of trillium populations in some parts of Illinois. Food-appendages of the seeds are designed to attract ants and possibly other insects. As a result, the seeds of Trillium spp. can be carried several feet from the mother plant by these insects, thereby helping to spread these flowering plants into neighboring areas. [图片]Photographic Location: A flower garden in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This wildflower lacks a dominant common name: It has been referred to as Red Trillium, Purple Trillium, Ill-Scented Trillium, Stinking Benjamin, Stinking Willie, and Birthwort. In addition to maroon (reddish purple), the flowers of this species can be white, pink, yellow, or green. Some of these variations may be the result of hybridization with other Trillium spp. In Illinois, only plants with maroon-colored flowers have been encountered in the wild. Red Trillium is fairly easy to identify because it is the only maroon-flowered trillium within the state that holds its flower above the leaves on a more or less erect peduncle (flowering stalk). Two other species in Illinois, Trillium recurvatum (Prairie Trillium) and Trillium sessile (Sessile Trillium), also have maroon-colored flowers, but they are sessile. The white-flowered form of Red Trillium can be distinguished from other white-flowered Trillium spp. by its dark maroon ovary.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower develops an erect stem about 2-8" tall that has a whorl of 5-9 leaves at its apex. The stem is light green (sometimes tinted yellow or red), terete, glabrous, and relatively slender. The stems are either naked, or they have a few scale-like leaves that are inconspicuous. The larger whorled leaves at the apex are 1-4" long and ¼-1½" across; they are more or less medium green, lanceolate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic in shape, relatively smooth along their margins, and glabrous. These latter leaves taper gradually to acute tips, while their bases are narrowly wedge-shaped; they are either short-petioled or sessile. In each whorl, these leaves can vary significantly in size. Leaf venation is pinnate. From the center of the whorled leaves, there develops 1-3 flowers on erect or ascending pedicels. The pedicels are ¾-2½" long, terete, light green (sometimes tinted yellow or red), glabrous, and slender. Each flower is about ½-¾" across, typically consisting of 7 white spreading petals, 7 light green sepals, 7 stamens with pale yellow anthers, and a light green ovary with a single white style. However, a flower can have as few as 5 petals, sepals, and stamens, or as many as 9. The petals are lanceolate-elliptic in shape, while the sepals are linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The petals are longer than the sepals. The blooming period is mid-spring to early summer (in Illinois & neighboring areas), lasting about 2-4 weeks. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by ovoid seed capsules that are 5-celled; they are shorter than the sepals. These capsules eventually split open to release their seeds. The root system is rhizomatous and fibrous; the rhizomes are slender and long. Cultivation: The preference is light shade or dappled sunlight, moist conditions, an acidic soil containing peat and/or sand, and cool summer temperatures. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Starflower is rare in Illinois and state-listed as 'threatened.' It is restricted to the northern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the southern range-limit of this species. Habitats include tamarack bogs, birch bogs, hummocks in sandy swamps, edges of sandy woodlands along swamps, and ravines leading out of bluffs. This wildflower is found in high-quality natural areas where either coniferous or deciduous trees are present. Faunal Associations: Records of floral-faunal relationships for Starflower (Trientalis borealis) are sparse. The flowers attract Halictid bees, Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), and Syrphid flies. All of these insects either collect or feed on pollen, as the flowers do not produce nectar. The Eastern Chipmunk sometimes eats the seeds/capsules of this wildflower. It is possible that other small rodents do this as well. [图片]Photographic Location: A moist woodland along the edge of a sandy swamp in NW Indiana. Comments: This delicate wildflower is unusual because it typically has 7-petaled flowers. The flowers of Starflower superficially resemble those of one of the showier chickweeds (e.g., Stellaria pubera), except their petals are usually more numerous and they are located above a conspicuous whorl of leaves. Two other species in the Trientalis genus have been described, but they don't occur in Illinois. One species from the Pacific northwest of North America, Trientalis latifolia, has pinkish flowers rather than white, while a European species, Trientalis europaea, has pedicels that are usually longer than the leaves. A more specific common name of Trientalis borealis is Northern Starflower.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1½-3' tall and sparingly branched. The central stem is medium green, terete, and glabrous to slightly hairy, becoming somewhat broader where the bases of leaves wrap around it. On some plants, the central stem has a tendency to zigzag slightly between the alternate leaves. These leaves are up to 12" long, 2" across, and linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate in shape; they are smooth (entire) and sometimes slightly ciliate along their margins. Because of their length, the leaves have a tendency to arch downward from their bases. The upper leaf surface is dark green and glabrous to short-hairy, while the lower leaf surface is medium green and glabrous to short-pubescent (sometimes there are only minute hairs along the undersides of the veins). Leaf venation is parallel. Sometimes secondary stems and leaves develop from the axils of the primary leaves. The central stem terminates in a floppy umbel of flowers on slender pedicels. Sometimes umbels of flowers are produced from the axils of the upper leaves or on short secondary stalks. Each flower is about 1" across when it is fully open, consisting of 3 light violet petals (rarely white), 3 medium green sepals, 6 stamens with yellow anthers, and a pistil with a single style. The petals are oval or broadly ovate, while the smaller sepals are ovate and usually hairy. The filaments of the stamens are pale violet; they are densely covered with spidery hairs. The pedicels of the flowers are about ½" long, medium green or reddish purple, and glabrous to hairy. At the base of each umbel of flowers, there is a leafy bract that is opposite from the alternate leaf; this bract is somewhat smaller in size. [图片]The blooming period occurs during the summer, lasting about 1½ months. The flowers are diurnal, opening up during the morning and closing at about noon (although they may remain open longer on cloudy days). Each flower lasts only a single day. Because only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time, the blooming period is fairly long. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by 3-chambered seed capsules (up to ¼" long); each of these capsules contain several seeds. The seeds are 2-3 mm. long and flattened-ovoid in shape; they have slightly indented centers, from which several fine grooves radiate outward in all directions toward their outer margins. The root system consists of a mass of fleshy fibrous roots, from which clonal offsets are occasionally produced. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil with decaying organic matter. Like other spiderworts (Tradescantia spp.), this plant is little bothered by insect pests and foliar disease. It adapts well to flower gardens in areas where there is some shade. Range & Habitat: The native Zigzag Spiderwort occurs occasionally in the southern half of Illinois, while it is rare or absent in the northern half of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, woodland borders, bases of bluffs, bottoms of large ravines, and shaded areas along streams. Sometimes this plant can be found in more disturbed areas, such as shaded areas along railroads, roads, and corners of yards when they are adjacent to woodlands. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees primarily. Halictid bees, including green metallic bees, collect pollen from the flowers, while Syrphid flies feed on pollen. Insects that feed destructively on Zigzag Spiderwort include the leaf beetles Paratriarius dorsatus, Oulema collaris, and other Oulema spp.; the stink bugs Acrosternum hilaris, Mormidea lugens, Proxys punctulatus, and Euschistus spp.; and the thrips Frankliniella fusca. The mucilaginous foliage of spiderworts (Tradescantia spp.) is eaten occasionally by the Woodland Box Turtle, Cottontail Rabbit, and White-tailed Deer. Photographic Location: Underneath the shade of a tree in a flower garden at Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: Of the several spiderwort species (Tradescantia spp.) in Illinois, Zigzag Spiderwort has the broadest leaves (up to 2" across) and they are typically dark green. Other spiderworts within the state have leaves ¾" across or less. Zigzag Spiderwort is better adapted to shady woodland areas than these other species. Another woodland species, Commelina virginica (Virginia Dayflower), has similar leaves, but the petals of its flowers are blue, rather than light violet, and its lower petal is noticeably smaller in size than the upper two. In contrast, the petals of Spiderworts are the same size. Like plant species in the Lily (Liliaceae) and Iris (Iridaceae) families, both spiderworts and dayflowers (Commelina spp.) are monocots, rather than dicots.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
由4,00 0种以上真菌引致的几千种重要经济植物和杂草的病害。锈病分布广且危害性大，多见于禾谷类作物、豆科植物和梨等。不典型的锈菌生活史内缺少一二种类型的孢子，但也有同宗寄主与转主寄主之别，如梨锈病菌无夏孢子，冬孢子发生在桧柏上，性孢子及锈孢子发生在梨上。在有些地区，转主寄主在病害循环中不起作用，如中国东北的阿穆耳小檗展叶期的气候不适宜小麦秆锈病菌冬孢子的萌发，而夏孢子虽在当地不能越冬，都可由东南沿海地区借气流长距离从南向北吹来成为初次侵染源。 [图片]锈病是花卉和景观绿化树木较常见的一类病害，分布广、种类多。危害玫瑰、菊花、月季、百合、桧柏等近百种花木。受害植株光合作用减弱，叶片提早发黄脱落，或引起枝干肿瘤、果实畸形，严重损害园林植物的观赏价值。 该病以菌丝体及冬孢子在病芽、病枝、病叶上越冬。夏孢子可反复侵染，借助风雨传播，由气孔侵入寄主植物。该病以6、7月及秋末多雨天气发病较重。四季温暖、多雨、多雾的年份利于发病，偏施氮肥则加重病害发生。 首先要控制菌源，防治转主寄生植物锈病。在景观植物配景时，应把观赏植物与转主寄生植物严格隔离。如杜鹃与云杉、铁杉，紫菀等与二针松、三针松都不能混植。结合修剪清除病枝、病芽、病叶，烧毁或深埋土中。休眠期喷波美3度的石硫合剂，以消灭侵染来源。 通过改良土壤条件，改善排水条件，促进植物生长，提高抗病性。选用健壮无病虫枝条作插条、接穗等无性繁殖材料，控制种植密度，及时排除积水，在用肥上多施磷、钾、镁肥，控制氮肥，防止徒长。定期修剪整枝，去除病虫弱枝，使园内通风透光良好。设施栽培的应加强通风换气，降低棚内湿度。 [图片]在清扫园林病枝后及时喷药预防，可喷2至5度石硫合剂或五氯酚钠200至300倍液。防治转主寄生植物上的锈病，应在3月上中旬喷药1至2次，以杀死越冬菌源孢子。 在花木生长季节，当新叶展开后，可选用25％粉锈宁1500至2000倍液，50％代森锰锌500倍液，或25％甲霜铜可湿性粉剂800倍液喷雾，每隔7至10天一次，连续防治2至3次。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
煤污病又称煤烟病，在花木上发生普遍，影响光合、降低观赏价值和经济价值，甚至引起死亡。其症状是在叶面、枝梢上形成黑色小霉斑，后扩大连片，使整个叶面、嫩梢上布满黑霉层。由于煤污病菌种类很多，同一植物上可染上多种病菌，其症状上也略有差异。呈黑色霉层或黑色煤粉层是该病的重要特征。可以危害紫薇、牡丹、柑橘以及山茶、米兰、桂花、菊花等多种植物。 [图片]症状表现 由于煤污病菌种类很多，同一植物上可感染多种病菌，其症状上也略有差异。但总的来说，呈黑色霉层或黑色煤粉层是该病的重要特征。 该病主要危害叶片，也可危害枝和果实。初期在叶正面及枝条表面形成圆形黑色霉点，有的沿主脉扩展，以后逐渐增多，连接成片，使整个叶面、嫩梢上布满黑霉层。严重时导致植株提早落叶。 该病发生时常伴有蚜虫、介壳虫、粉虱等危害。病原属于真菌中知菌亚门的煤炱菌。病菌以菌丝体、分生孢子、子囊孢子形式在病叶、病枝等上越冬，成为次年的初侵染源。翌年孢子通过气流、风雨及蚜虫、粉虱、介壳虫等传播，并以这些害虫的分泌物及排泄物或植物自身分泌物为营养继续发育繁殖。 高温高湿、通风不良、隐蔽闷热及虫害严重的地方，煤污病害严重。每年3月至6月和9月至11月为发病盛期，湿度大发病重。盛夏高温病害停止蔓延，但夏季雨水多，病菌也会时有发生。 [图片]防治方法 加强栽培管理，种植密度要适当，及时修除病虫枝和多余枝条，增强通风透光，降低温度，及时排水，防止湿气滞留。 在保护地栽培花卉时，注意通风透光，降低湿度，盆花摆放要保持一定株行距，合理修剪。切忌环境湿闷，病轻时可用清水擦拭、冲洗。 该病发生与分泌蜜露的昆虫关系密切，喷药防治介壳虫、蚜虫、粉虱危害，是减少发病的主要措施。若为蚜虫危害，可在植株上先撒一层烟灰或草木灰，数小时后用清水冲洗干净，或用10％的吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2500倍液喷杀。若为粉虱类危害，可用25％的扑虱灵可湿性粉剂1500倍液喷杀。可喷洒10至20倍的松脂合剂及50％三硫磷乳剂1500至2000倍液以杀死介壳虫（在幼虫初孵时喷施效果较好）。 植物休眠期喷洒波美3至5度的石硫合剂，杀死越冬的菌源，从而减轻煤污病的发生。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月27日
Miss Chen
夏天对于植物而言是一个马虎不得的季节，常常有朋友说家里的花花草草不是这个黄叶了就是那个打蔫儿了，下面为大家整理了一些夏季比较典型的植物病症，如果你家的植物出现了这样的症状，一定要及时对症下药。 今年7月-8月危害荷花、睡莲、千屈菜、荇菜、碗莲、红蓼、蕺菜等水生花卉植物的病虫害预报，6种病虫害“榜上有名”。 [图片]莲窄摇蚊 被列入头号危害的是莲窄摇蚊，今年的爆发期预计在7月中旬到9月中旬。该病虫害危害的对象多是浮水、挺水植物类的浮叶、小立叶。被危害植物将显现不规则紫褐色斑点、斑块，影响观瞻。专家建议使用敌百虫、氧化乐果加以防治，同时注意控制水位。 [图片]茶黄蓟马 主要危害挺水、沼生类的立叶。这种害虫吸食植物叶液，造成叶片枯黄和茶褐色斑块，影响观赏效果。专家建议喷杀苏力菌后人工摘除受危害叶片。 [图片]莲缢管蚜 危害水生植物的嫩叶、嫩柄、花柄、花蕾，造成叶片卷缩枯黄，花蕾萎蔫干瘪。专家建议采取药剂喷杀、生物防治法，少量可人工捏死。 [图片]斜纹夜蛾 危害叶、花蕾，今年8月初预计将会爆发，建议用化学药剂毒杀，成虫用黑光灯诱杀。 [图片]腐败病 危害莲、荷类。初期叶缘变黄，渐干枯，卷曲枯死。建议用多菌灵，人工清除病株。 [图片]斑枯病 主要危害荷花、碗莲。病叶呈不规则棕色或褐色斑点。建议用多菌灵、代森锌，人工清除病株。 夏季养护小结 1、夏季为病虫害高发期，小飞虫，介壳虫，病菌感染等，日常养护需要注意湿度控制，卫生管理，定期对叶子进行清洗。 2、通常情况下，喜水花卉应勤浇水，喜干旱花宜少浇水，草本花卉含水量大，蒸腾快，浇水量要比木本花卉要多，同种植物塑料盆的比瓷盆的浇水要勤。 3、夏季植物缺水，水多不通风的情况很常见，注意夏天最好在早晚浇水，浇水后要保持室内空气流动。叶子和根部腐烂一般是水多，叶子干枯一般是缺水。
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