动态第179页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

2018年06月08日

Description: This perennial plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves about 1' tall. The basal leaves are up to 7" long and 4" across (excluding the long petioles), and they are oval to ovate in shape. Their margins are smooth, while both the upper and lower surfaces are devoid of hairs. The leaf venation is parallel primarily, although there are secondary veins that radiate laterally to provide a slightly wrinkly appearance to the upper surface. The texture of these leaves is rather thick and fleshy. From the center of the rosette, a large whorled panicle of flowers develops during the summer that is up to 3' tall. This inflorescence is heavily branched and more or less erect. The green flowering stalks are hairless, and sometimes angular or finely ribbed along their length. At the base of each group of whorled branchlets, there are 3 deciduous green bracts that are lanceolate with elongated pointed tips. The small flowers are individually about ¼" across. Each flower consists of 3 white petals, 3 green sepals, and 6 stamens. There is a small patch of yellow at the base of each petal, while the center of the flower is green. For this species of water plantain, the petals are about 50% longer than the sepals. The blooming period usually occurs during mid-summer and lasts about a month. Each flower is replaced by a flat whorl of seeds (technically, they are achenes). Each flat-sided seed is longer than broad, with a tiny beak at the top. The seeds are probably distributed by the movement of water. The root system consists of a cluster of shallow fibrous roots and rhizomes. This plant often forms colonies. [图片]Cultivation: This emergent-aquatic plant prefers shallow water or wet mucky soil. The surrounding water should be slow-moving or stagnant. It can withstand droughty conditions better than most emergent-aquatic plants, although the foliage may become yellowish green in response. Full or partial sun is required, otherwise this plant may not bloom. Range & Habitat: Large-Flowered Water Plantain is an uncommon plant that is found primarily in northern Illinois and scattered counties in central Illinois (see Distribution Map). This native plant occurs primarily in seasonal wetlands that are prone to drying out during summer droughts, including shallow marshes, edges of shallow ponds and lakes, sloughs and temporary pools in wet meadows or prairies, and shallow slow-moving streams. Like Alisma subcordatum (Small-Flowered Water Plantain), this species can tolerate considerable disturbance. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers are visited by flower flies, small bees (usually Halictid bees), and small beetles (such as ladybird beetles) for their nectar or pollen. Two aphids, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Waterlily Aphid) and Rhopalosiphum nigrum, suck plant juices from Alisma spp. during the summer. The latter aphid has been found only in Canada so far. Deer occasionally chomp off the panicles of flowers and the tops of the foliage. Apparently, waterfowl and other kinds of birds rarely eat the seeds. Photographic Location: A seasonal wetland consisting of small pools of water at Judge Webber Park in Urbana, Illinois. The photographs were taken during a major drought when the pools of water had dried up – the plants produced large healthy panicles of flowers, nonetheless. [图片]Comments: The large inflorescence of Alisma triviale has a rather ungainly appearance because the flowers are so small. The more common Alisma subcordatum (Small-Flowered Water Plantain) has even smaller flowers (only about 1/8" across), with the petals about the same length as the sepals. Otherwise, these two species are similar in appearance. In the past, they have been considered different varieties of the same species, Alisma plantago-aquatica americanum and Alisma plantago-aquatica parviflorum. The scientific name Alisma plantago-aquatica is commonly used for the water plantain of Eurasia. The common name refers to the similarity of the leaves to those of the common yard weed, Plantago major (Common Plantain).

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Miss Chen

2018年06月08日

Description: This perennial wildflower is 2½–5' tall. The stout central stem is unbranched, terete, and light green, reddish green, or brownish green; it is covered with long hairs that are white or light brown. Along each stem, there are widely spreading alternate leaves. These leaves are odd-pinnate and up to 2' long and ½' across; each leaf has 9-17 primary leaflets and smaller secondary leaflets. The secondary leaflets are located between pairs of primary leaflets. Individual primary leaflets are 2-3" long and about one-third as much across; they are narrowly lanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate, or elliptic with wedge-shaped bottoms and acute tips. Leaflet margins are coarsely dentate. The upper surface of each leaflet is yellowish green and hairless, while the lower surface is short-pubescent. Secondary leaflets are similar to the primary leaflets, but they are much smaller in size (less than 1" long). Both the petiole and rachis of each compound leaf are pubescent; quite often, they have sparse long hairs. At the base of each leaf, there is a pair of large stipules that are fan-shaped and either coarsely dentate or cleft with pointed lobes. The central stem terminates in a long spike-like raceme about ¾–2½' long. Robust plants also produce secondary racemes from the axils of the upper leaves that are shorter than the terminal raceme. These racemes are usually more or less erect, although longer racemes sometimes bend sideways to become nearly horizontal with the ground. The central stalk of the raceme is light green, terete, and short-pubescent. Numerous small flowers about ¼" across occur along the length of the raceme on short stalks about 1/8" long. Individual flowers consist of a tubular green calyx, 5 yellow petals, about 10 stamens, and a central pistil. The tubular calyx is turbinate in shape and 10-ribbed. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late summer and lasts about 1-2 months. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by 1-2 seeded fruits about ¼" across. These small fruits have numerous hooked prickles along the upper rims of their persistent calyxes. Immature fruits are green, while mature fruits are brown. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Clonal colonies of plants are often produced. [图片]Cultivation: Swamp Agrimony prefers full sun to light shade, moist conditions, and loamy, silty, gravelly, or sandy soil. It tolerates temporary flooding during the spring. Range & Habitat: Swamp Agrimony is occasional throughout Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include openings in floodplain woodlands, swamps, soggy thickets, gravelly seeps, riverbottom prairies and prairie swales, and roadside ditches. The preceding habitats can be either sandy or non-sandy. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract small bees and flower flies (Syrphidae). Larvae of the midge, Contarinia agrimoniae, feed on the flower buds, flowers, & developing seeds of Agrimonia spp. and other species in the Rose family, while an aphid, Macrosiphum agrimoniellum, sucks juices from the flowering stems. Insects that feed on the foliage of Agrimonia spp. include larvae of a sawfly (Fenella nigrita), larvae of a Gelechiid moth (Anacampsis agrimoniella), and larvae of a Tischeriid moth (Coptotriche agrimoniella). Because the foliage is bitter-tasting and high in tannins, it is usually avoided by mammalian herbivores. The bur-like fruits can cling to the fur of mammals, the feathers of birds, and the clothing of humans, which spreads the seeds to new locations. [图片]Photographic Location: Near Cowle's Bog at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana, where it was moist, partially shaded, and sandy. Comments: Compared to other Agrimonia spp. in Illinois, Swamp Agrimony is easy to identify because its compound leaves have more primary leaflets (9-17) and its primary leaflets are more narrow in shape. To a greater extent than other species in this genus, Swamp Agrimony prefers habitats that are sunny and wet. Only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time; they are short-lived and not very showy because of their small size.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月08日

Description: This perennial plant is 1–3½' tall, consisting of tufts of basal leaves that emerge directly from a spreading rootstock. These basal leaves are erect and sword-shaped, resembling the basal leaves of Iris spp. (Irises), but more green. They are flattened (on one side more than the other), smooth along the margins, and have parallel veins. There is often an off-center ridge/indentation along the length of each leaf. Sometimes the base of the leaves or their margins are slightly red. Some leaves develop a cylindrical spadix that is about 2–4" in length and semi-erect. This spadix is covered with tiny greenish yellow flowers in a diamond-shaped pattern. Each flower has 6 tepals and 6 stamens. The spathe is regarded as absent by some authorities, while others consider the spathe to be a bract-like extension of the basal leaf. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about a month. Both the crushed foliage and rootstocks have a pleasant aromatic fragrance. Because Sweet Flag is a sterile polyploid species, it doesn't produce any fruit with fertile seeds. The root system consists of shallow branching rhizomes that are stout and knobby; they have a brown exterior and white interior. Tufts of basal leaves occur at intervals along these rhizomes, while coarse fibrous roots develop below. This plant spreads vegetatively by its rhizomes and often forms colonies. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun and wet mucky ground or shallow water along shores. This species is semi-aquatic. It is fairly easy to establish from pieces of the rhizome. Range & Habitat: The non-native Sweet Flag occurs occasionally throughout Illinois, although it is less common or absent in the NW and southern areas of the state (see Distribution Map). It was introduced into North America for medicinal, ornamental, and other purposes. Sweet Flag is native to India, central Asia, and probably Eastern Europe. Habitats include sedge meadows that are prone to flooding, edges of small lakes and ponds, marshes, swamps, seeps and springs, and wetland restorations. Even though this is an introduced plant, it has been found in both high quality and degraded wetlands. Faunal Associations: Muskrats are fond of the rootstocks and readily consume them. Otherwise, little information is available about floral-faunal relationships. Photographic Location: Along the shore of a small lake at a city park in Champaign, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The rootstocks of this aromatic plant are used as a natural insecticide and an ingredient of perfumes. They were used by Amerindians for various medicinal purposes, and reportedly induce hallucinations if eaten in sufficiently large quantities. These properties are primarily the result of Alpha-asarone and Beta-asarone; the latter has been found to be carcinogenic. As a consequence, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has banned the use of the rootstocks as a food additive. A similar species, Acorus americanus (American Sweet Flag), is restricted to the northern half of North America. It is virtually identical to Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag), except that it has several prominent veins along the length of each leaf. Sweet Flag has a single prominent vein on each leaf that is marked by an off-center ridge/indentation along its length. Another difference is that American Sweet Flag is a fertile diploid that produces fruit with viable seeds. In the past, this species was regarded as a variety of Sweet Flag, and it was referred to as Acorus calamus americanus. American Sweet Flag contains Alpha-asarone, but it lacks significant amounts of the carcinogenic Beta-asarone – therefore, it may be safer to use in the preparations that are described above. The Acorus spp. (Sweet Flags) were classified in the Araceae (Arum family) in the past, but they have been reclassified to their own family, the Acoraceae, as a result of recent chromosomal studies.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月07日

Description: This perennial herbaceous plant has petioled basal leaves up to 6" (15 cm.) tall. The basal leaves are trifoliate and usually evergreen. The petioles of these leaves are 2-6" (5-15 cm.) long, more or less erect, light green, terete, and sparsely to moderately hairy. Individual leaflets of basal leaves are 1-3" long and a little less across; they are broadly obovate overall and wedge-shaped (cuneate) at the base. The margins of these leaflets are sharply divided (cleft) into shallow to moderately deep rounded lobes, and often slightly ciliate; the middle to outer margins are coarsely serrated or dentate. The upper leaf surface is medium to dark green (becoming dark purplish red during the winter), while the lower leaf surface is a slightly lighter shade of green. Both leaf surfaces are sparsely short-hairy. The leaflets are either sessile or they have short petiolules (basal stalklets). Occasionally, small cymes of 3-7 flowers are produced directly from the root system. These inflorescences are about as tall as the petioled basal leaves or a little taller. The peduncle, its branches, and pedicels of an inflorescence are light green, sparsely to moderately hairy, and rather slender. Narrow leafy bracts up to ½" in length occur where the branches of the peduncle and the pedicels diverge from each other. Pedicels of the flowers are up to ½" in length. Individual flowers are ½–¾" across, consisting of 5 yellow petals, 5 light green sepals that are joined together at the base, a dense ring of 40 or more stamens with yellow anthers, and a small central cluster of 2-6 carpels with slender styles. The petals are elliptic to broadly elliptic in shape and widely spreading; they are longer than the sepals. The sepals are sparsely to moderately hairy and deltate (triangular) in shape. The blooming period usually occurs intermittently from late spring to early summer, lasting about 1 month. The petals fall from the flowers after only 1 or 2 days. Afterwards, the carpels (pistils) mature into flattened achenes about 2 mm. in length. (one achene per carpel); these achenes are finelyDistribution Map short-hairy. Prior to the maturity of the achenes, the styles break off from their achenes at the base. These styles lack hooks. The root system has shallow reddish rhizomes and secondary fibrous roots. Clonal colonies of plants of varying size are produced from the rhizomes; this is the primary method of reproduction. Cultivation: The preference is partial sunlight to light shade, more or less mesic conditions, and soil containing rocky material, clay, loam, or humus. The soil pH should be moderately acidic to neutral (5.5–7.0). This plant dislikes hot summer weather and it requires some protection from the afternoon sun. In Illinois, areas with reduced competition from heavy leaf-fall and other ground vegetation are preferred. Habitats: Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia fragarioides) has been found only once in Illinois as a wild plant in Pope County, where it is regarded as a native wildflower. As a result, it has been listed as 'state-endangered.' Because this isolated population has not been relocated since its discovery, it is possible that Barren Strawberry has been extirpated from the state. The primary range of this wildflower occurs in the Appalachian Mountains and boreal areas of NE USA, the upper Midwest, and adjacent areas of southern Canada. In Illinois, this wildflower is most likely to occur in such habitats as sandstone or limestone ledges with thin layers of soil and humus, the rocky banks of woodland streams, and the rocky sides of wooded bluffs, especially if they face toward the north or east. So far, Barren Strawberry has occurred only in a high quality natural area of the state. Faunal Associations: Very little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this wildflower. Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.) have been observed to visit the flowers for nectar and/or pollen (Krombein et al., 1979); it is likely that other small bees and other small insects visit the flowers as well. It has been reported that White-tailed Deer avoid browsing on the foliage (Hill, 2003). Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The leaves of Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia fragarioides) superficially resemble those of Wild Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), but it produces dry achenes rather than colorful fruits and yellow flowers rather than white flowers. This native wildflower should not be confused with a very similar species that is often cultivated in ornamental gardens, namely the Siberian Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia ternata). Many mass-market nurseries that claim to be selling the native Barren Strawberry are actually selling this latter species instead. The native Barren Strawberry differs from the latter species in the following ways: 1) its flowers have more narrow petals than the latter species, 2) there are no bractlets on its sepals, unlike the latter species, and 3) its leaflets are less deeply divided into lobes than the latter species. The light green bractlets on the sepals of Siberian Barren Strawberry are about one-third to one-half of the length of its sepals, and they are either linear or narrowly lanceolate in shape. Solitary bractlets occur between each pair of sepals. The petals of Siberian Barren Strawberry are oval to nearly orbicular in shape; adjacent petals on its flowers frequently overlap each other. Recently, some botanists have reassigned the native Barren Strawberry to another genus on the basis of genetic evidence. As a result, it is sometimes referred to as Geum fragarioides. Unlike most native Geum spp., however, the styles of native Barren Strawberry are neither persistent nor hooked. This means that animals and birds are unlikely to be important agents in the dispersal of its seeds. Another common name for this native species is Appalachian Barren Strawberry.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月07日

Description: This herbaceous perennial plant produces a stem about ½–1' long that often sprawls across the ground or leans against adjacent vegetation. This stem is light green and glabrous. The alternate leaves are up to 2½" long and 2" across; they are orbicular-cordate to cordate, medium green, mostly hairless, and crenate along their margins. While some young leaves are initially pubescent, they later become mostly hairless. The petioles of these leaves are light green and hairless; they are about as long as the leaves. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of large stipules up to 1" long. These stipules are light green, lanceolate to ovate in shape, and hairless; they have conspicuous narrow teeth along their margins. Individual flowers develop from the axils of the leaves on slender pedicels. These pedicels are up to 4" long; they are erect to ascending, light green, and hairless. The apices of these pedicels are abruptly curved downward so that the flowers are more or less horizontal. Each flower is about ¾" across, consisting of 5 white rounded petals, 5 light green sepals, a pistil, and inserted stamens. The two lower lateral petals have patches of fine white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, while the lowermost petal has purple veins that function as nectar guides. The nectar spur of the flower is rather short and blunt. The throat of the flower is white, rather than yellow. The sepals are linear-lanceolate in shape and hairless; they are shorter than the petals. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 1½ months for a colony of plants. There is no noticeable floral scent. If these flowers are cross-pollinated, they will produce ovoid seedpods that are about ¼" in length and glabrous. Later in the year, inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers are produced; they are self-fertile and lack showy petals. At maturity, each seedpod splits open into 3 parts to eject its seeds. These seeds are about 2 mm. across, globoid in shape, and brown. The root system produces rhizomes and fibrous secondary roots. This plant can form clonal offsets through its rhizomes. It sometimes forms colonies. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and a rich loamy soil. This species doesn't invade lawns because its stems are too long. It is relatively easy to cultivate in gardens. Range & Habitat: The native Striped White Violet is fairly common in the southern half of Illinois, but in the northern half of the state it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, banks of rivers and streams in shaded areas, open woodlands, woodland borders, moist meadows, shrubby hedges, and ditches. This violet is found in both high quality natural areas and more degraded sites that have a history of minor to moderate disturbance. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract bees, including bumblebees, long-horned bees (Synhalonia spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.). One of these species, Andrena violae (Violet Andrenid Bee), is a specialist pollinator (oligolege) of violets (Viola spp.). Sometimes the Giant Bee Fly (Bombylius major), butterflies, and skippers visit the flowers for nectar, but they are less effective at pollination. Other insects use the leaves and other parts of violets as sources of food. These insects include the larvae of gall flies, the larvae of sawflies, the caterpillars of various moths, the caterpillars of Fritillary butterflies, aphids, and others; see the Insect Table for a list of these species. The seeds of violets are distributed to some extent by ants because of their oily coatings. Some upland gamebirds and small rodents eat the seeds to a limited extent, including the Mourning Dove, Ruffed Grouse, Bobwhite Quail, Wild Turkey, and White-footed Mouse. In addition, the foliage of violets is eaten to a limited extent by the Cottontail Rabbit, while their rhizomes are eaten by the Eastern Chipmunk. Photographic Location: A wooded area of Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois; a flower garden in Urbana, Illinois; a deciduous woodlands at Goll's Woods Nature Preserve in NW Ohio; a deciduous woodlands at the Portland Arch in west-central, Indiana. [图片]Comments: Striped White Violet (Viola striata) is a rather tall and attractive species that blooms later than most violets (Viola spp.). It also has a longer than average period of bloom than most violets because its flowers are produced as the stems become longer. There are several species of violets in Illinois that produce white flowers. The Striped White Violet belongs to a group of violets in which the leaves and flowers are produced from stems – the other violets belong to a group in which their flowers and leaves are produced directly from their root systems. The Striped White Violet has unusually large stipules (up to 1" long) at the bases of its petioles; the margins of these stipules have abundant fringe-like teeth. These two characteristics separate this species from other white-flowered violets in Illinois. A similar species, the Canada Violet (Viola canadensis), produces white flowers from stems, but its stipules are quite small and they lack conspicuous teeth along their margins. A form of the Common Blue Violet (Viola pratincola alba) also produces white flowers, but this is a stemless violet. Other common names for Viola striata are Cream Violet and Pale Violet.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月07日

Description: This variety of Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens pubescens) forms 0-2 basal leaves from the rootstock during early to mid-spring. When they are present, the basal leaves are 1½-3" long and similarly across; they are oval-cordate or orbicular-cordate in shape and their margins are crenate-serrate. The upper surfaces of basal leaves are medium green and glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, while their lower surfaces are light green and pubescent (especially along the major veins). The erect to ascending petioles of the basal leaves are are 2-5" long, light green, and pubescent. For this variety of Yellow Violet, only 1-2 leafy stems are produced per rootstalk. These stems are 4-10" long, light green, terete, and conspicuously pubescent; they are erect, ascending, or sprawling. Alternate leaves occur along each stem. These leaves are 2-4" long and 2-3½" across; they are ovate-cordate to oval-cordate in shape, while their margins are crenate-serrate and ciliate. The upper surfaces of alternate leaves are medium green, glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, while their lower surfaces are light green and pubescent (especially along the major veins). The petioles of alternate leaves are ½-4" long, light green, and pubescent. At the petiole bases, there are pairs of leafy stipules about ¼-¾" long. The stipules are light green, lanceolate-oblong to lanceolate-ovate in shape, smooth (entire) or slightly toothed along their margins, and glabrous to pubescent. Individual flowers are produced from the axils of alternate leaves. Each flower spans about ¾" across, consisting of 5 yellow petals, 5 light green sepals, 5 inserted stamens, and a pistil with an inserted style. Branched brownish purple veins occur along the lowest petal and, to a much lesser extent, the 2 lower lateral petals. At the bases of the 2 lower lateral petals, there are small tufts of hair. The lowest petal has a nectar spur that is short and blunt. The sepals are shorter than the petals, linear-lanceolate in shape, and glabrous. The slender pedicels of the flowers are 2-8" long, light green, pubescent, and ascending. The tips of the pedicels are curved, causing the flowers to nod partially. Toward the middle of each pedicel, there is a pair of tiny bractlets that are about 2 mm. long, light green, and linear-lanceolate in shape. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring, lasting about 1-1½ months. The flowers are often slightly fragrant. After the flowers with showy petals have finished blooming, cleistogamous flowers without petals are produced. Fertile flowers of both types are replaced by seed capsules about ½" long that are ovoid, bluntly 3-angled, and either glabrous orDistribution Map pubescent. Immature capsules are light green, but they later turn brown and split open into 3 parts, ejecting their seeds. The seeds are about 2.0-2.5 mm. long, ovoid-globoid in shape, slightly flattened, and tan-colored to brown. Each seed has a small oily appendage. The root system is rhizomatous and fibrous. The clonal plants are occasionally produced from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and a relatively loose soil containing loam or sandy loam with some decaying organic matter (e.g., fallen leaves). This violet doesn't tolerate mowing. It is able to flourish in areas that have pine needles as ground litter to a greater extent than many other plants. Range & Habitat: The native Hairy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens pubescens) is occasional in northern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is apparently absent. It is less common within the state than another variety of this species, Smooth Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens eriocarpa). Habitats include mesic to upland woodlands, sandy woodlands, forested sand dunes, and areas along woodland paths. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by bees, including mason bees (Osmia spp.), little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), Anthophorid bees, Halictid bees, and Andrenid bees. Other insects that visit the flowers include bee flies (Bombylius major), small butterflies, and skippers. Bees suck nectar and collect pollen, while other floral visitors suck nectar. Some insects feed destructively on the foliage, plant juices, and other parts of violets (Viola spp.). These insect feeders include Neotoxoptera violae (Violet Aphid), Ametastegia pallipes (Violet Sawfly), Odontothrips pictipennis (a thrips), caterpillars of the moth Elaphria grata (Grateful Midget), and caterpillars of various Fritillary butterflies (Boloria spp., Speyeria spp.). Because of their oily appendages, the seeds are spread to new areas by ants. Among vertebrate animals, the seeds of violets are consumed by such birds as the Mourning Dove, Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, and Slate-Colored Junco; and by such small rodents as the Pine Mouse and White-Footed Mouse (Martin et al., 1951/1961). The leaves and stems of these plants are eaten by the Cottontail Rabbit, Eastern Chipmunk, and Wood Turtle (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Wrazen & Svendsen, 1978; Ernst et al., 1994). White-Tailed Deer browse on the foliage very sparingly. [图片]Photographic Location: A forested sand dune at the Indiana Dunes State Park in NW Indiana. Comments: Because Hairy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens pubescens) and Smooth Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens eriocarpa) intergrade, they are considered different varieties of the same species. Hairy Yellow Violet can be identified by the conspicuous pubescence on its stems, pedicels, and leaf undersides, while the stems, pedicels, and leaf undersides of Smooth Yellow Violet are slightly short-pubescent to nearly glabrous. Hairy Yellow Violet also differs from the latter variety by producing fewer basal leaves and leafy stems per rootstalk, and its stipules are usually larger in size and more rounded toward their tips. Plants with glabrous seed capsules have been classified as Viola pubescens peckii (Peck's Yellow Violet), but most botanists don't recognize this variety at the present time. Another common name of Viola pubescens pubescens is Downy Yellow Violet.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月07日

Description: This herbaceous perennial plant consists of a small rosette of basal leaves (usually 3 or more), from which one or more stems up to 1' long may develop. These stems are either hairless or pubescent in longitudinal lines. The blade of each basal leaf is up to 3" long and 2½" across; at its base, there is a stout petiole up to 3" long. The petioles can be hairless or sparingly pubescent. The basal leaves are orbicular-cordate or oval-cordate, crenate-dentate along the margins, and palmately veined. This variety of Viola pubescens has less hairy leaves than the typical variety; the upper surface of each leaf is hairless, while the lower surface is either hairless or sparsely pubescent along the major veins. The cauline leaves alternate along the stems; they are similar to the basal leaves, but smaller in size. There are fairly large stipules where the petioles join the stems; these stipules are lanceolate-ovate. The flowers develop from the axils of cauline leaves; they do not occur on separate stalks from the rootstock. Each flower is about ¾" across, consisting of 5 rounded yellow petals and 5 light green sepals. The beardless lower petal has prominent purple veins toward its base. Each of the 2 lateral petals has a beard at its base consisting of a small tuft of white hairs; sometimes there are a few purple veins outside of each beard. The 2 upper petals are beardless and they usually lack any darker veins. Each flower occurs at the apex of an individual stalk that is as long as the leaves and their petioles; this stalk nods downward at its apex, causing the flower to face outward from the stem. The floral stalk is either hairless or pubescent in lines along its length. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral scent. Later, cleistogamous flowers are produced that lack petals; they can produce fertile seeds without insect pollination. Fertile flowers are replaced by ovoid seed capsules about ½-¾" in length. These seed capsules eventually turn brown and divide into 3 segments; they can eject their seeds up to a few feet from the mother plant. The small seeds are globoid and brown. The root system consists of scaly rhizomes, from which vegetative offsets can develop. This plant occasionally forms colonies. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and a rich loamy soil with abundant organic matter. Medium shade is tolerated later in the year after the trees develop their leaves. The foliage is little bothered by disease. [图片]Range & Habitat: This native violet is common in nearly all areas of central and northern Illinois; it is slightly less common in southern Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, woodland borders, and thickets. Unlike Viola pratincola (Common Blue Violet), Common Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens eriocarpa) is not often observed in yards and other disturbed areas. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract primarily bees, including little carpenter bees, mason bees, cuckoo bees (Nomadine), long-horned bees (Eucerine), Anthophorine bees, Halictid bees, and Andrenid bees. Less common insect visitors include Bombylius major (Giant Bee Fly), small butterflies and skippers, and Syrphid flies. Syrphid flies feed on pollen and are non-pollinating. The caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies and moths feed on the foliage of Violet spp. (violets). See the Butterfly & Moth Table for a listing of individual species. The seeds are eaten in limited amounts by the Slate-Colored Junco and various upland gamebirds, including the Ruffed Grouse, Bobwhite, Wild Turkey, and Mourning Dove. Both the Cottontail Rabbit and White-tailed Deer have been known to feed on the foliage of violets, but this is rather uncommon. [图片]Photographic Location: A mesic deciduous woodlands at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: The Common Yellow Violet can be difficult to distinguish from the less common typical variety, Viola pubescens pubescens (Downy Yellow Violet). The Downy Yellow Violet is restricted largely to northern Illinois. It differs from Common Yellow Violet by its hairier leaves, petioles, and flowering stalks. In addition, Downy Yellow Violet usually produces only 1-2 basal leaves per plant, rather than 3 or more. However, in many areas of Illinois, there is a tendency for these two varieties to intergrade, producing plants with intermediate characteristics. For this reason, they are no longer considered separate species by most authorities. This is the only Viola sp. (violet) in Illinois with yellow flowers, although there are additional yellow-flowered species of violet occurring in areas outside of the state.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月07日

Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a rosette of low basal leaves about 4-7" across, from which several flowering stalks develop. The blades of the basal leaves are 1½-3" long and similarly across; in outline, they are oval, orbicular, or orbicular-reniform. Early leaf blades usually lack lobes, while later blades have 3-5 major lobes and sometimes smaller secondary lobes. These palmate lobes are irregular in shape and they usually extend up to one-half of the distance, and sometimes even more, into the interior of a blade. The margins of early leaf blades are finely crenate, while the margins of later blades are smooth, crenate, or dentate. Upper surfaces of the leaf blades are medium to dark green and hairless (or nearly so), while their lower surfaces are light green and usually hairy along the major veins. The petioles of the basal leaves are relatively stout and long (about 2-4" in length), light green to pale purplish green, and either smooth or hairy. Individual flowers develop from ascending pedicels; the flowers are usually held above or beyond the leaves. The pedicels are either smooth or hairy. Each flower is about ¾-1" across, consisting of 5 spreading blue-violet petals, 5 light green linear-lanceolate sepals, 5 inserted stamens, and a pistil with a single style. The two lateral petals have small tufts of white hairs at their bases, while the bottom petal has several violet veins on a white background that function as guides to the short nectar spur in the back of the flower. These flowers bloom during mid- to late spring for about 3 weeks. Later during the summer, inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers are produced on short pedicels; these flowers are self-fertile. The flowers are replaced by ovoid-oblong seed capsules that split open into 3 sections, ejecting their seeds. The small seeds are globoid and brown. The root system consists of a vertical crown with fibrous roots. This wildflower spreads by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun, mesic to dry conditions, and soil that is loamy or rocky. This violet is relatively intolerant of heavy leaf litter and competition from taller ground vegetation. [图片]Range & Habitat: Three-Lobed Violet is a native wildflower that is occasional in the southern half of Illinois, becoming uncommon or absent in the northern half of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats consist of upland woodlands, rocky open woodlands, wooded slopes, riverbanks, and thinly wooded bluffs. In these habitats, oaks are often dominant as canopy trees. Three-Lobed Violet is usually found in higher quality woodlands where the original ground flora is still intact. Faunal Associations: The flowers are usually pollinated by bees, including Mason bees (Osmia spp.) and Andrenid bees. One bee species, Andrena violae, is a specialist pollinator of violets. Occasionally, butterflies and ants visit the flowers for nectar; the latter are ineffective at cross-pollination. The foliage and flowers of violets are eaten by several kinds of insects. These insect feeders include the caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies (Boloria spp., Speyeria spp., & Euptoieta claudia), the caterpillars of the moths Elaphria grata (Grateful Midget) and Eubatha mendica (The Beggar), the thrips Odontothrips pictipennis, the larvae of Ametastegia pallipes (Violet Sawfly), and Neotoxoptera violate (Violet Aphid). The seeds are coated with a substance that is attractive to ants, which help to disperse the seeds into new areas. Violets are a minor source of food to some vertebrate animals. For example, the Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta), Eastern Chipmunk, and White-Tailed Deer sometimes eat the foliage, while the Mourning Dove and possibly other birds eat the seeds. Photographic Location: Along a path on a wooded hill in Lakeview Park near Charleston, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The most unusual characteristic of this violet is the highly variable shape of its leaf blades. Three-Lobed Violet has been considered a separate species in the past (known as Viola triloba), but it is now classified as the typical variety of Viola palmata. It differs from another variety, Viola palmata dilatata, by having leaf blades with either fewer lobes (3-5) or no lobes. The latter variety, referred to here as the Cleft Violet, has leaf blades with 5-9 lobes and it never produces leaves without lobes. Both varieties occupy similar habitats, although the Cleft Violet may prefer habitats that are more rocky and barren.

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Miss Chen

2018年06月05日

Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a low rosette of basal leaves spanning about 4-6" across, from which stalks of flowers develop directly from the crown. The blades of the basal leaves are up to 2½" long and across; for var. dilatata, they are usually divided into 5-7 palmate lobes. These lobes are finger-like in shape, somewhat variable in size, and extend up to half-way into the blade. Some of the larger lobes may be subdivided into smaller lobes, and the margins of the leaf blade may have a few dentate teeth. The upper surface of each leaf blade is medium to dark green and hairless, while the lower surface is light green and hairy along the veins. The petiole of each leaf is about as long as the blade and rather stout; it is conspicuously hairy on the lower side. Individual flowers about ¾–1" across are borne at the apex of ascending stalks that are as long or longer than the leaves. Each flower has 5 spreading petals that are deep blue-violet (2 upper, 2 lateral, and 1 lower), and 5 sepals that are light green to purple. The 2 lateral petals have dense white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, while the lower petal has a conspicuous patch of white with blue-violet veins. These petals converge into a short nectar spur that is surrounded by the sepals. The sepals are lanceolate-ovate and pubescent. The stalk of each flower is densely covered with spreading white hairs; it is light green to deep purple, and nods downward at the apex where the flower occurs. The blooming period occurs during mid-spring to late spring and lasts about 2-3 weeks. During the summer, inconspicuous flowers are produced that are self-fertile; they are not pollinated by insects, unlike the spring flowers. Each fertile flower is replaced by an oblongoid capsule containing many small brown seeds. When it is ripe, this capsule divides into 3 parts, mechanically ejecting the seeds several inches or feet from the mother plant. The rootstock consists of a short stout crown with fibrous roots underneath. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight during the spring, followed by partial sun or light shade during the summer. The basal leaves die down during the fall. The soil should contain some loam and be well-drained; some rocky or gritty material is also tolerated. This plant dislikes competition from taller ground vegetation. Range & Habitat: This variety of Cleft Violet is uncommon in the southern two-thirds of Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Local populations tend to be widely scattered from each other. Habitats include dry rocky woodlands, wooded upper slopes, and thinly wooded bluffs. Oak trees are often present at these habitats. The Cleft Violet is normally found in higher quality woodlands where the original ground flora is intact. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flower nectar of violets attracts various bees (Andrenid bees, Mason bees, etc.), bee flies (Bombylius spp.), butterflies, and skippers. The caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies and miscellaneous moths feed on the foliage of violets (see the Butterfly & Moth Table), as do the caterpillars of Ametastegia pallipes (Violet Sawfly), which skeletonize the leaves. The insect Odontothrips pictipennis (Thrips sp.) sucks juices from violets. The leaves and stems of violets are eaten to a limited extent by the Cottontail Rabbit, Eastern Chipmunk, Wild Turkey, and Ruffed Grouse; the seeds are eaten by the Slate-Colored Junco. Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: This variety of Cleft Violet is one of several violets with lobed leaves. In general, it is less deeply lobed than Viola pedata (Bird's Foot Violet) and Viola pedatifida (Prairie Violet), but more strongly lobed than Viola sagittata (Arrow-Leaved Violet) and Viola fimbriatula (Sand Violet). Even for a single plant of Cleft Violet, there can be significant variation on the number of lobes and their depth for each leaf. The flowers of this species are quite similar in appearance to those of other violets with blue-violet petals. Other common names of Viola palmata are Early Blue Violet and Blue Wood Violet. A scientific synonym for this species is Viola triloba dilatata. Where their ranges overlap, this variety of Cleft Violet may intergrade with the typical variety; the latter has fewer lobes on its leaves (usually 3 or none).

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Miss Chen

2018年06月05日

Description: This herbaceous perennial plant consists of a rosette of leaves about 6" across, from which flowering stalks develop directly from the rootstock. Each blade of a basal leaf is up to 3½" long and 2½" across, while its petiole is about as long as the blade. The leaf blades are deltoid-cordate to oval-cordate, glabrous or nearly so, palmately veined, and crenate along their margins. The petioles are rather stout, pale green, hairless or nearly so, and widely spreading to ascending. The ascending flowering stalks are about as tall as the leaves; the stalks are pale green to pale reddish green and hairless. Each stalk nods downward at its apex and terminates in a single flower. Each flower is about ½–¾" across, consisting of 5 pale blue-violet petals and 5 pale green sepals. The lower lateral petals are bearded with white hairs near the throat of the flower; the lowest petal and upper lateral petals are beardless. The throat of the flower is white, and there are dark blue-violet veins on the lowest petal and lower lateral petals that function as nectar guides to flower-visiting insects. Sometimes the white throat of the flower is surrounded by a band of blue-violet that is slightly darker than the outer regions of the petals. At the back of each flower, there is a short blunt nectar spur. The blooming period occurs during mid- to late spring and lasts about 1½ months. Somewhat later, cleistogamous flowers are produced that are self-fertile; they lack showy petals. Each fertilized flower is replaced by a tripartite seed capsule. The small seeds in each capsule are dull light brown with oily elaisomes; they are ejected mechanically from the capsule. The root system consists of a short crown with thick rhizomes and fibrous roots. Reproduction occurs through the seeds and rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil with abundant organic material. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Missouri Violet occurs occasionally throughout Illinois; it is more common in the southern half of the state than the northern half (see Distribution Map). Habitats include deciduous woodlands (bottomland or floodplain), woodland openings, areas along woodland paths, and rocky bluffs. The Missouri Violet doesn't occur in sunny areas to the same extent as Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet) and its various color forms. Faunal Associations: The flowers occasionally attract bees and other insects, including the oligolectic Andrena viola (Violet Andrenid Bee). These insects suck nectar from the flowers, although some of the bees collect pollen. The caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies (Speyeria spp., Boloria spp., & Eupoieta claudia) eat the foliage of Viola spp. (Violets). Because of their oily elaisomes, the seeds are distributed in part by ants. The seeds of Violets are eaten to a limited extent by various birds and small rodents, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. The Wild Turkey also eats the foliage and fleshy rhizomes. Mammalian herbivores eat the foliage to a limited extent. Photographic Location: Along a woodland path at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: The Missouri Violet is very similar to Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet). It differs from the latter species in the following ways: 1) the Missouri Violet has leaf blades that are more deltoid (triangular-shaped) and less rounded than the blades of the Common Blue Violet, 2) the flowers of Missouri Violet are a lighter shade of blue-violet and slightly smaller in size than the flowers of the Common Blue Violet, and 3) the seeds of Missouri Violet are a lighter shade of brown. The Missouri Violet is even more similar to Viola sororia priceana (Confederate Violet) because their flowers are about the same shade of blue-violet. However, the Confederate Violet has more rounded leaf blades, seeds that are a darker shade of brown, and it is often found in close proximity to the Common Blue Violet, with which it freely interbreeds. The Missouri Violet is classified as a variety of Viola sororia by some authorities, in which case its scientific name is Viola sororia missouriensis.

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