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Miss Chen
2018年06月05日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 4-8" in length (or longer), consisting of leafy stems with axillary flowers and seed capsules. The stems are light green and glabrous. The blades of alternate leaves are about 1-2½" long and ¾-1½" across; they are oval-cordate in shape and serrate-crenate along their margins. The base of each leaf blade is indented, while its tip is well-rounded to somewhat pointed. The upper blade surface is medium to dark green and glabrous, while the lower surface to light to medium green and glabrous. The slender petioles are about the same length as the leaf blades or shorter; they are light green and glabrous. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of stipules up to ½" long. These stipules are linear-lanceolate in shape and coarsely toothed along their margins. Individual flowers develop from the axils of the leaves on slender pedicels about 1½-3" long; the flowers are usually held above the leaves. The pedicels are light green and glabrous; there is a pair of small linear bracts toward the middle of each pedicel. Individual flowers are ½-¾" across, consisting of 5 pale blue-violet petals, 5 green sepals, and the reproductive organs. The style of each flower is bent downward at its tip, where it is not swollen. Dark blue-violet veins radiate away from the throat of each flower across the petals; the two lateral petals have tufts of white hair (or beards) toward their bases. The lower petal has a relatively long nectar spur about ¼" long; this spur is sometimes visible when the flower is viewed from the front (behind the upper 2 petals). The nectar spur is relatively stout and either straight or slightly hooked. The sepals are linear-lanceolate, sometimes toothed toward their bases, and hairless. The blooming period occurs during the middle of spring for about 1 month. Fertilized flowers produce an ovoid-oblongoid seed capsule about 1/3" long. This capsule splits open into 3 parts to fling the seeds from the mother plant. This wildflower also produces inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers during the summer, which are self-fertile; their seed capsules are similar to the earlier fertilized flowers. The small seeds are globoid in shape and light brown at maturity. The root system consists of a vertical crown with fibrous roots and horizontal rhizomes; clonal offsets are produced occasionally from the rhizomes. [图片]Cultivation: During the spring, the preference is dappled sunlight to light shade, moist conditions, and a rich loamy soil with abundant organic material. Later in the year, more shade is tolerated. Range & Habitat: The native Dog Violet is found primarily in NE Illinois (see Distribution Map). This wildflower is considered rare and it is state-listed as 'threatened.' Habitats include moist rich woodlands, swampy woodlands, and moist meadows in wooded areas. Sometimes this violet is found in slightly sandy habitats that are similar to the preceding ones. Dominant canopy trees in these habitats are typically ash, maple, or elm. Dog Violet is found in higher quality habitats where the original ground flora is still intact. [图片]Faunal Associations: In this section, information about floral-faunal relationships applies to Viola spp. (Violets) in general. The flowers of violets are cross-pollinated primarily by various bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, Mason bees (Osmia spp.), Little Carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), digger bees (Synhalonia spp.), Halictid bees, and Andrenid bees. One bee species, Andrena violae (Violet Andrenid Bee), is a specialist pollinator of violets. Other floral visitors include bee flies (Bombylius spp.), small butterflies, skippers, and ants. Most of these insects suck nectar from the flowers, although some of the bees also collect pollen. Other insects feed on the foliage and other parts of violets. These insect feeders include the caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies (Euptoieta claudia, Boloria spp., Speyeria spp.) and the caterpillars of several moths, including Elaphria grata (Grateful Midget), Eubaphe mendica (The Beggar), and Apantesis nais (Nais Tiger Moth). Other insect feeders include the thrips Odontothrips pictipennis, the aphid Neotoxoptera violae, and the larvae of Ametastegia pallipes (Violet Sawfly). Vertebrate animals feed on violets only to a limited extent. The White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta) sometimes browse on the foliage, while the White-Footed Mouse eats the seeds. Birds that feed on violets include the Mourning Dove (seeds), Ruffed Grouse (seed capsules, foliage), and Wild Turkey (seed capsules, rhizomes). [图片]Photographic Location: A damp area of Goll Woods in NW Ohio, and a swampy woodland at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana. Comments: This interesting species belongs to a small group of violets with blue-violet flowers, nectar spurs of above average length, and flowering leafy stems (as opposed to violets with basal leaves and flowers on separate non-leafy stalks). Aside from the Dog Violet, other species in this group include Viola labradorica (Alpine Violet), Viola adunca (Hook-Spurred Violet), and Viola walteri (Walter's Violet). While the Dog Violet has pale blue-violet flowers, these other violets often have medium to dark blue-violet flowers (among other minor differences). The Alpine Violet and Hook-Spurred Violet have a more northern boreal distribution, while Walter's Violet is more southern and Appalachian. None of these three species have been found in Illinois. Some authorities have proposed reducing the status of the Dog Violet to a variety of either the Alpine Violet or the Hook-Spurred Violet.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月05日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 6-14" tall, producing both basal and cauline leaves. The blades of both basal and cauline leaves are up to 4" long and 2½" across; they are medium to dark green, cordate or oval-cordate, palmately veined, and slightly crenate along their margins. The upper surfaces of the blades are hairless. For the typical variety of Canada Violet, the lower surfaces of the blades are largely hairless, except for fine hairs along the major veins. For var. rugulosa, these lower surfaces are more hairy. Basal leaves have longer petioles than cauline leaves. The flowering plants produce stems with alternate leaves. These stems are light green, somewhat angular, and sometimes finely pubescent. At the base of the petioles of each alternate leaf, there is a pair of linear-lanceolate stipules up to 1/3" (8 mm.) long; these stipules lack teeth. Individual flowers are produced from the axils of the alternate leaves. The slender pedicels raise the flowers only a little above the foliage. Each flower is ½–¾" across, consisting of 5 white petals, 5 light green sepals, and a short nectar spur; the petals are much larger than the sepals. The reproductive organs are largely hidden within the throat of the flower. The lower petal has dark purple veins, while the two lateral petals have such veins to a lesser extent. The two lateral petals also have small tufts of hairs near the throat of the flower, where there is a conspicuous yellow patch. The back sides of the petals are light purple. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer and sometimes during the fall. Usually, only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time. Later in the summer, inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers are produced, which are self-fertile. Each fertile flower is replaced by an ovoid seed capsule up to ½" long. This capsule is initially green, but it later turns brown and divides into 3 segments, flinging the seeds. The root system is fibrous and either rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Colonies of plants are often produced. [图片]Cultivation: This violet prefers dappled sunlight to light shade during the spring, but tolerates greater shade during the summer. Other cultural requirements include more or less mesic conditions, a rich soil containing loam and decaying organic matter, and cool summer temperatures. Range & Habitat: Canada Violet is a rare wildflower that is restricted to the northern two tiers of counties in Illinois (see Distribution Map). It is state-listed as "endangered." It is native to the driftless area of NW Illinois, while populations in NE Illinois may be descendants of plants that have escaped cultivation. Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands and bluffs. Canada Violet is normally found in high quality woodlands, although escaped cultivated plants are likely to appear in more disturbed areas. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract primarily bees, including bumblebees, Little Carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), digger bees (Synhalonia spp.), Mason bees (Osmia spp.), and Andrenid bees. The Andrenid bee, Andrena violae, is an oligolectic visitor of violet flowers. Other floral visitors include bee flies and occasional skippers and butterflies. These latter insects seek nectar. The larvae of many moths and butterflies feed on the foliage of violets (see Lepidoptera Table). These larvae often hide during the day, but come out at night to feed. Other insects that feed on violets include Neotoxoptera violae (Violet Aphid), the larvae of Ametastegia pallipes (Violet Sawfly), and Odontothrips pictipennis (Thrips sp.). Among vertebrate animals, the Ruffed Grouse and Wild Turkey eat the seeds and fleshy roots. Other animals that occasionally feed on violets in wooded areas include the White-Tailed Deer (foliage), Eastern Chipmunk (stems & leaves), White-Footed Mouse (seeds), and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta). However, the importance of violets as a food source to vertebrate animals is relatively low. Photographic Location: Bob Vaiden's wildflower garden in Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: Canada Violet is somewhat similar in appearance to Viola striata (Cream Violet). It differs from the latter by the yellow patch at the throat of its flowers, petals with pale purple backsides, and toothless stipules. Other white-flowered violets in the Midwest are stemless; they produce both flowers and leaves from the crown of the root system. The leaves of Canada Violet have tips that are more slender and elongated than those of most other violets, regardless of the color of their flowers. Both the flowers and foliage are attractive.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月05日
Miss Chen
Description: This woody shrub is 2-6' tall, branching occasionally. The bark of the trunk and larger branches is gray and slightly rough, while the bark of the small branches and twigs is gray or gray-brown and more smooth. Opposite pairs of leaves develop from new growth. These leaves are up to 5" long and 4" across; they are usually 3-lobed (less often unlobed), coarsely dentate, and approximately oval in shape. The lobes of the leaves have pointed tips, while the leaf bases are cordate or rounded. The upper leaf surface is medium green and hairless, while the lower surface is pale green and pubescent. The leaf petioles are pale green and pubescent. At the base of each petiole, there is usually a pair of small linear stipules, which may wither away with age. The flat-headed panicles (or compound cymes) of flowers develop from young branches. Individual panicles span about 1½–3" across. Individual flowers are about ¼" across, consisting of a white corolla with 5 petaloid lobes, a short green calyx with 5 small teeth, 5 strongly exerted stamens, and a central pistil. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer and lasts about 3 weeks. The flowers are replaced by ovoid-globoid berries about ¼" long that become blue-black at maturity. Each berry contains a single seed (or stone). The root system is woody and branching. During the fall, the leaves can assume different colors, including pink, magenta, red, or orange. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight to light shade, mesic to dry conditions, and a somewhat acidic soil that is rocky or sandy. This shrub will adapt to fertile loamy soil, but it is more likely to be displaced by taller shrubs. Range & Habitat: The native Maple-Leaved Viburnum is occasional in northeast Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include upland rocky woodlands, upland sandy woodlands, stabilized sand dunes with woody vegetation, and rocky wooded slopes. This is an understory plant in high quality wooded habitats where the shade is not too dense. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract Halictid bees, Andrenid bees, miscellaneous other bees, Syrphid flies, dance flies (Empididae), and miscellaneous other flies. To a lesser extent, the flowers are also visited by wasps, beetles, butterflies, and skippers. The caterpillars of several moths feed on Viburnums (primarily the foliage); see the Moth Table for a listing of these species. Other insect feeders include the caterpillars of the butterfly Celastrina argiolus (Spring/Summer Azure), the introduced Pyrrhalta viburni (Viburnum Leaf Beetle), the wood-boring larvae of Oberea deficiens (Long-Horned Beetle sp.) and Oberea tripunctata (Dogwood Twig Borer), and several aphid species. Viburnum berries are eaten by the Ruffed Grouse and many woodland songbirds (see Bird Table). To a lesser extent, these berries are also eaten by the White-Footed Mouse, Woodland Deer Mouse, Eastern Chipmunk, and various tree squirrels. White-Tailed Deer may browse on the twigs and leaves. Photographic Location: An upland rocky woodland at the Portland Arch in west-central Indiana, where sandstone lies at or near the ground surface. [图片]Comments: This is one of the smallest Viburnum spp., rarely exceeding 6' in height. The other small Viburnum sp. in Illinois, Viburnum rafinesquianum (Downy Arrow-Wood), has smaller leaves that lack pointed lobes. The only other native species in this genus that has pointed lobed leaves, Viburnum trilobum (American Cranberry Bush), has sterile white flowers that are much larger in size than the fertile flowers in the center of each inflorescence. There is also a very similar European species, Viburnum opulus (European Cranberry Bush), that also produces large sterile flowers; this latter species occasionally escapes from cultivation. The mature berries of these latter two species are shiny red. In contrast, Maple-Leaved Viburnum lacks such sterile flowers, and its mature berries are blue-black.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This wildflower is a winter or spring annual about 1-3' tall. Initially, a low rosette of basal leaves is formed, but later there develops an erect central stem that is unbranched below and dichotomously branched above. The central and upper stems are light green, terete or angular, and either glabrous or lined with short fine hairs. The basal leaves are up to 2½" long and ¾" across; they are medium green, glabrous, oblanceolate, and smooth along their margins. The cauline leaves (up to 3" long & 1"Clusters of Flowers across) occur in opposite pairs along the central and upper stems, where they are either sessile or clasp the stems slightly. The lower cauline leaves are oblong and smooth along the margins (see Lower Leaves), while the upper cauline leaves are lanceolate with lower teeth that are dentate. Like the basal leaves, the cauline leaves are medium green and glabrous; sometimes they are slightly ciliate along their margins. The upper stems terminate in flat-headed clusters (or dense cymes) of white flowers; each cluster spans about ½–1½" across. There is a pair of small leafy bracts where the stalks of the inflorescence dichotomously branch; these bracts are lanceolate in shape. Each flower has a small funnelform corolla with 5 spreading lobes; this corolla is white and spans about 1/6" (4 mm.) across. At the base of the flower, there is a small green calyx with 5 teeth; this calyx is much shorter than the corolla. Exerted from the corolla, there are 3 stamens and a single style. The blooming period occurs during late spring to early summer and lasts about 3 weeks. The flowers are very fragrant. Each flower is replaced by a 3-celled fruit spanning about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. across (size is variable); one cell contains a single seed, while the remaining cells are empty. An empty cell is about the same size as the fertile cell; the shape of a 3-celled fruit is globoid-angular, rather than sharply triangular. This wildflower occasionally forms loose colonies of plants. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or dappled sunlight, consistently moist conditions, and soil containing organic matter along with some sand or rocky material. Most growth and development occurs during the spring. The seed can remain viable in the ground for about 5 years. Range & Habitat: Northern Corn Salad is rare in Illinois, occurring in three NE counties and two counties in the southern half of the state (see Distribution Map). It is native and state-listed as 'endangered.' This species is slightly more common in Indiana. Habitats include bottomland meadows in sandstone canyons, springs at the base of cliffs, rocky banks along woodland streams, and sandy slopes in wooded areas. In Illinois, this species is found in high quality natural areas, although it has been found in fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats in other states. Faunal Associations: Little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. The nectar of the flowers probably attracts bees and occasional butterflies. The foliage of Valerianella spp. is readily eaten by cattle and probably other mammalian herbivores. The European species, Valerianella locusta (Mâche, Lamb's Lettuce), is cultivated as a source of salad greens for humans; it has blue flowers. [图片]Photographic Location: A bottomland meadow in a sandstone canyon at the Portland Arch in west-central Indiana. Comments: This is one of the more attractive Valerianella spp. because its flowers are larger than average in size and they are very fragrant. This is also one of the taller species in this genus. Another species with similar-sized flowers, Valerianella chenopodifolia (Great Lakes Corn Salad), differs by having fruits that are sharply triangular in cross-section; like Northern Corn Salad, it is quite rare in Illinois. Authorities differ on how the variations of Northern Corn Salad should be classified. Mohlenbrock (2002) divides Northern Corn Salad into three different species: Valerianella intermedia, Valerianella patellaria, and Valerianella umbilicata. This tripartite division is based on minute variations in the size and shape of the fruits. Other authors (Yatskievych, 2000; Kartez, 1994) consider such variations insignificant and recognize only Valerianella umbilicata as a valid species. Another common name of Valerianella umbilicata is Navel-Fruited Corn Salad.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. Basal leaves are usually cordate or oval-cordate with long petioles; sometimes they are odd-pinnate with 2 small lateral leaflets and a large terminal leaflet. The cauline leaves occur in opposite pairs along the stem and they are odd-pinnate with 3-7 leaflets. Each cauline leaf is up to 8" long and 4" across. The leaflets are more or less ovate in shape; the terminal leaflet is larger than than the lateral leaflets. The leaflets are medium green, hairless, and smooth to slightly dentate along their margins. Each cauline leaf is sessile at the base, or it has a short petiole. The central stem terminates in a short dense panicle of flowers that becomes more elongated with age. Much smaller panicles of flowers may develop from the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower has a slender funnelform corolla with 5 spreading lobes; this corolla is white to light pink and about ½–¾" long. Exerted from each corolla, there are 3 stamens and a slender style. At the base of the flower, there is a green calyx that is much shorter than the corolla. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about a month. Each flower has a single-celled ovary that produces a single achene. Each achene has a tuft of plume-like hairs; the achenes are distributed in part by the wind. The root system is fibrous and its produces occasional rhizomes or stolons. Sometimes small colonies of plants develop from the rhizomes or stolons. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, consistently moist conditions, and fertile soil with abundant organic matter. The foliage is rarely bothered by disease or insects. Range & Habitat: The native Large-Flowered Valerian is occasional in extreme east-central, southeast, and southern Illinois; elsewhere in the state, it is largely absent (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies at the western range-limit for this species. Habitats include floodplain woodlands along streams or rivers, shaded ravines, and bottoms of rocky canyons. This species is found in high quality habitats that are moist and shady. [图片]Faunal Associations: Information about floral-faunal relationships for this species is very limited. The long slender corollas suggests that the flowers are pollinated by bumblebees, butterflies, Sphinx moths, and possibly hummingbirds. The nectar of the flowers is inaccessible to most insects with short mouthparts. Photographic Location: The wooded bottom of a sandstone canyon at The Portland Arch in west-central Indiana. In the flowerhead close-up, most of the flowers are still in the bud stage. Comments: This is the showiest Valeriana sp. in Illinois. Its flowers exceed ½" in length, while the flowers of other native and naturalized Valeriana spp. are less than ½" in length. Large-Flowered Valerian should be cultivated more often. Sometimes, this species is called Pink-Flowered Valerian.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2' tall. In mature plants, the central stem divides into 2 or 3 side stems, while immature plants usually remain undivided. The upper portion of each plant tends to nod downward because of the weight of the leaves and flowers. The terete stems are glabrous and glaucous; they are light green or pale reddish green. The alternate leaves are up to 6" long and 2" across. They are oblong-ovate to elliptic, smooth along their margins, and parallel-veined. The base of each leaf is perfoliate – it completely surrounds the stem. The upper surface of each leaf is pale green to green and glabrous, while the lower surface is white to greenish white and finely short-pubescent (canescent). In mature plants, each side stem terminates with a single flower that has an elongated bell-like shape. The flowers are about 1-2" long and they hang downward from slender pedicels about 1" long. The pedicels are similar to the stems, except they are more slender. Each flower consists of 6 pale yellow to yellow tepals, 6 stamens, and a pistil with a tripartite style. The slender tepals are slightly twisted and greenish toward the base of the flower, while their interior surface is smooth and hairless. The yellow anthers of the stamens are large and elongated, but they remain mostly hidden by the tepals. The blooming period occurs during the mid-spring and lasts about 2 weeks. The flowers are slightly fragrant. Each flower is replaced by a 3-celled seed capsule that is obovoid in shape with 3 rounded lobes and a rounded tip; each cell of this capsule contains several seeds. The root system is rhizomatous, from which vegetative offsets are often produced. This plant occasionally forms colonies. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight during the spring and light shade during the summer. The soil should be moderately moist and loamy with a layer of decaying leaves. It is best to locate this plant underneath a deciduous tree that does not cast heavy shade during the summer. It is easier to start new plants from divisions, rather than by seeds. Range & Habitat: The native Large-Flowered Bellwort occurs occasionally in most areas of Illinois, except for a few counties in southern part of the state (see Distribution Map). Populations of this wildflower have declined somewhat because of deer-browsing, habitat destruction, invasion of various non-native shrubs, and invasion of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands, wooded slopes, large river banks in wooded areas, and edges of shady seeps. The presence of this plant in a deciduous woodlands is an indication that much of the original ground flora is still intact. [图片]Faunal Associations: Bumblebees, mason bees (Osmia spp.), Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.) suck nectar or collect pollen from the flowers. The seeds are distributed by ants because of their attached elaiosomes (small food bodies). The foliage is heavily grazed by deer; this species declines in abundance when there is an overpopulation of deer in wooded areas. The foliage is probably vulnerable to other mammalian herbivores as well. Photographic Location: A deciduous woodland along a river bank at Allerton Park in Piatt County, Illinois. [图片]Comments: The flowers are rather shy and often hide behind the leaves. The foliage of Large-Flowered Bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora) is attractive and resembles the foliage of Polygonatum commutatum (Smooth Solomon's Seal). However, the leaves of the latter species are sessile or clasping, while the leaves of Large-Flowered Bellwort are perfoliate. The only other species in this genus that occurs in Illinois (the southern part only) is Uvularia sessilifolia (Sessile-Leaved Bellwort). As the name suggests, the leaves of this species are sessile, rather than perfoliate, and its flowers are a little smaller than those of Large-Flowered Bellwort. The 3-celled seed capsules of this species are sharply lobed (even winged), while the corresponding lobes of Large-Flowered Bellwort are well-rounded. Another species in this genus, Uvularia perfoliata (Perfoliate Bellwort), occurs in areas to the east of Illinois. This species has perfoliate leaves like Large-Flowered Bellwort. However, its seed capsules are truncated at their tips and its tepals have glandular hairs on the interior surface. Large-Flowered Bellwort has seed capsules with rounded tips and its tepals are smooth on the interior surface.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 2–3½' tall and unbranched. The central stem is light green, terete, and pubescent. Pairs of opposite leaves occur at intervals along this stem; each pair of leaves rotates 90º from the orientation of the preceding pair of leaves. The leaves are up to 8" long and 4" across, ovate or ovate-oblong in shape, and smooth to slightly undulate along their margins. All or most leaves have winged bases that surround the stem and merge with the bases of the leaves on the opposite side. The upper surfaces of the leaves are dull green and hairless to slightly pubescent, while their lower surfaces are whitish green and covered with short fine pubescence. Sessile clusters of 1-5 flowers occur in the axils of the leaves. Each flower has a narrow tubular corolla (about ½" long); usually this corolla is reddish brown (less often, it is more green or yellow). The corolla has 5 lobes that are short and well-rounded. The 5 sepals are about the same length as the corolla and linear in shape; they are light green to dark reddish brown. At the base of each flower, there is a 3-celled ovary that is green and hairy, and a pair of linear stipules that resemble the sepals. Within the corolla, there are 5 stamens and a single style with a knobby green stigma. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer and lasts about a month. Each flower is replaced by a dry drupe about 1/3" (8 mm.) across that is globoid in shape and becomes orange at maturity. Inside each drupe, there are 3 black nutlets; these nutlets are 3-angled and oblongoid in shape. The root system consists of a taproot. This wildflower spreads by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to dappled sunlight, mesic to slightly dry conditions, and a loamy or rocky soil with abundant organic matter. Range & Habitat: Late Horse Gentian is occasional in central and northern Illinois, becoming uncommon or absent in southern areas of the state (see Distribution Map). This is a native wildflower. Habitats include upland deciduous woodlands, rocky wooded slopes, thinly wooded bluffs, oak savannas, and limestone glades. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts long-tongued bees, especially bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp.). Smaller short-tongued bees may visit the flowers, but they are less effective at cross-pollination. The caterpillars of the moth Hemaris diffinis (Snowberry Clearwing) feed on Triosteum spp. (Horse Gentians) and other members of the Honeysuckle family. Sometimes White-Tailed Deer chomp off the upper half of the central stem and its leaves. Photographic Location: An upland oak woodland in McLean County, Illinois. Comments: Late Horse Gentian is easily distinguished from other species of Horse Gentian (Triosteum spp.) by its stem-surrounding opposite leaves (they are connate-perfoliate). Other species in this genus have opposite leaves that taper to narrow bases that are little wider than the central stem. Except for this difference in their leaves, Late Horse Gentian is very similar in appearance to Early Horse Gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum) and they prefer similar habitats. Another species, Triosteum angustifolium (Yellow-Flowered Horse Gentian), has yellow flowers and more narrow leaves; its state distribution is restricted to southern Illinois.
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Miss Chen
2018年06月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 2-4' tall and unbranched. The central stem is light green, terete, and covered with spreading white hairs that are non-glandular. Pairs of opposite leaves occur at intervals along this stem; each pair of leaves rotates 90º from the orientation of the preceding pair of leaves. Each leaf is up to 8" long and 3½" across, narrowly ovate to ovate in shape, and smooth along its margins, tapering to a narrow sessile base. The upper surface of each leaf is dull green to dull reddish green, while its lower surface is whitish green and covered with short fine pubescence. Flowers occur individually in the axils of the leaves. Each flower has a narrow tubular corolla that is reddish brown and about ½-¾" long. The corolla has 5 lobes that are short and well-rounded. The 5 sepals are about the same length as the corolla and linear in shape; they are green to dark reddish brown. At the base of the flower, there is a 3-celled ovary that is green and hairy; there is also a pair bracts that resemble the sepals, except they are smaller in size. The style is about the same length or slightly exerted from the corolla; it has a knobby green stigma. The 5 stamens are hidden with the corolla. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about 1-2 months. Each flower is replaced by a dry drupe about ½" long that is globoid-ovoid in shape and becomes orange or orange-red at maturity. Inside each drupe, there are 3 black nutlets that are 3-angled and oblongoid in shape. The root system consists of a taproot. This wildflower spreads by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to dappled sunlight, mesic to slightly dry conditions, and a loamy or rocky soil with abundant organic matter. Range & Habitat: Illinois Horse Gentian is occasional in most areas of the state (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include upland deciduous woodlands, rocky wooded slopes, and thinly wooded bluffs. Rarely is this species found in prairies. Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts long-tongued bees, especially bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp.). Smaller short-tongued bees may visit the flowers, but they are less effective at cross-pollination. The caterpillars of the moth Hemaris diffinis (Snowberry Clearwing) feed on Triosteum spp. (Horse Gentians) and other members of the Honeysuckle family. [图片]Photographic Location: A wooded slope near Charleston, Illinois. Comments: In spite of the common name, this wildflower is not a gentian (a member of the Gentianaceae); it is more closely related to the honeysuckles. Illinois Horse Gentian differs from the typical variety of Triosteum aurantiacum by the long non-glandular hairs along its stem; the typical variety has some glandular hairs along its stem that are often shorter. Some taxonomic botanists in Illinois consider Illinois Horse Gentian to be a separate species, Triosteum illinoense; however, this reclassification hasn't gained much acceptance from taxonomic botanists outside of the state. Another similar species, Triosteum perfoliatum (Perfoliate Horse Gentian), has opposite leaves that are joined together at the base and surround the stem; the opposite leaves of Illinois Horse Gentian are sessile and remain distinct.
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Sara Hayden
2018年05月30日
Sara Hayden
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Miss Chen
2018年05月29日
Miss Chen
Description: This wildflower is a herbaceous perennial about 2-3½' tall that is unbranched. The central stem is light green, rather stout, terete, and glandular-pubescent. Pairs of opposite leaves occur along the entire length of the stem. These leaves are 4-8" long and 1½-3½" across; they are narrowly ovate to ovate in shape and their margins are smooth to slightly undulate. The leaves taper to winged sessile bases; they are not connate-perfoliate (merged together at their bases and surrounding the stem). Upper leaf surfaces are yellowish green to reddish green and glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, while their lower surfaces are pale or whitish green and densely canescent. Some glandular hairs are usually present on the leaves. Leaf venation is pinnate; networks of secondary veins are prominent on the leaf undersides. Axillary flowers appear at the bases of lower-middle to upper leaves; they are sessile (or nearly so), occurring as either solitary flowers or in small clusters. Each flower is ½-¾" long, consisting of of tubular corolla that is dull red to purplish red, 5 reddish green to reddish purple sepals, an inferior ovary with a single style, and 5 inserted stamens. Along its upper rim, the corolla has 5 short lobes that are rounded and erect. The sepals are about the same length as the corolla; there are linear in shape, short pubescent, and persistent. The style is about the same length as the corolla or slightly longer; it has a swollen green stigma at its tip. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 1-2 months. Only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by 3-celled fruits that become about ½" long at maturity. Mature fruits are orange to orange-red, ovoid-globoid in shape, and glandular-pubescent; their flesh is dry and mealy. Each fruit contains 3 bony seeds that are bluntly 3-angled and oblongoid in shape. The root system consists of a taproot. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and soil containing loam, rocky loam, or glacial till with decaying organic matter. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Early Horse Gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum aurantiacum) is occasional in central and northern Illinois, while in the southern section of the state it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include mesic to upland woodlands, wooded slopes, open woodlands, partially shaded banks of rivers and lakes, thickets, and prairies (including the bases or edges of hill prairies). Occasional wildfires or other disturbance is beneficial when it reduces excessive shade from overhead canopy trees. This wildflower is found in average to high-quality natural areas. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by long-tongued bees, including bumblebees and Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp.). These insects mostly suck nectar from the flowers; smaller bees also collect pollen. The caterpillars of a moth, Phyllonorycter mariaeella, feed on Triosteum spp. (Horse Gentians); they are tentiform leaf-miners. Photographic Location: The Coneflower Hill Prairie near Lake Shelbyville in Illinois. [图片]Comments: This is the typical variety of Early Horse Gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum aurantiacum); it is also called Orange-Fruited Horse Gentian. Unlike the similar Illinois Horse Gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum illinoense), Early Horse Gentian has some glandular-pubescence on its stems (not to mention its leaves and fruits). Illinois Horse Gentian differs by having non-glandular hairs on its stems that are somewhat longer (exceeding 0.5 mm. in length). These two varieties are about equally common within the state and they prefer similar habitats. Another native species, Late Horse Gentian (Triosteum perfoliatum), differs by having pairs of opposite leaves that merge together and surround the stem (i.e., they are connate-perfoliate); it is found throughout the state. Yet another native species, Yellow Horse Gentian (Triosteum angustifolium), differs by having yellow flowers and its leaves are more narrow than those of either Early Horse Gentian or Illinois Horse Gentian. Yellow Horse Gentian occurs in southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is absent.
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