动态第189页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

2018年05月24日

Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1¼-3' tall and usually unbranched, except toward the apex where the flowers occur. The central stem is light green, terete, and glabrous to slightly hairy. The alternate leaves are up to 4" long and 1¾" across, becoming gradually smaller as they ascend the stems. They are lanceolate to ovate, serrated along their margins, and pinnately veined. The upper leaf surface is medium green and glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, while the lower surface is light green and mostly glabrous, except for some hairs along the major veins. The bases of lower leaves taper into short winged petioles, while the bases of upper leaves are sessile. The tips of leaves are mostly acute (less often bluntly acute). The central stem terminates in a panicle of flowerheads up to 1' tall and 1' across. The major branches of this panicle are arching, widely spreading, and racemose (raceme-like in appearance). The flowerheads are borne on short lateral branchlets along the major branches, facing upward; they are nearly sessile. Both the branches and branchlets are light to medium green and pubescent. The panicle is rather open in structure and it often causes the entire plant to lean over because of the weight of the flowerheads. Each flowerhead is about 3 mm. (1/8") across, consisting of several ray florets (3-8) that surround a similar number of disk florets. Both the petaloid rays and corollas of the florets are yellow; the petaloid rays are linear-oblong, while the corollas are short-tubular and minutely lobed above. Surrounding the base of each flowerhead, there are several overlapping series of phyllaries (scaly floral bracts); these phyllaries are light green to yellowish green, appressed together, and linear-lanceolate in shape. In addition to the flowerheads, small leafy bracts (up to 1" long) occur along the branches and branchlets of the panicle. On robust plants, smaller secondary panicles or racemes of flowerheads often develop from the axils of upper leaves. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 3-4 weeks. Afterwards, fertile florets are replaced by small achenes with tufts of hair at their apices. These achenes are oblongoid in shape and 2-3 mm. long; they are dispersed by the wind. The root system consists of a branching caudex with secondary fibrous roots; rhizomes are also produced, enabling this plant to form clonal colonies. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to slightly dry conditions, and soil containing loam, sandy loam, glacial till, or some rocky material. This goldenrod readily adapts to cultivation and it should be planted in gardens more often. Range & Habitat: The native Elm-Leaved Goldenrod is a common plant that has been observed in nearly all counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Among woodland goldenrods (Solidago spp.), it is the most common species in the state. Habitats include mesic to upland woodlands, woodland edges, thinly wooded bluffs, edges of limestone glades, partially shaded banks of rivers, and thickets. This goldenrod can spread to edges of lawns in semi-shaded areas from adjacent woodlands. It is found in both higher quality and degraded habitats. Wildfires and other kinds of disturbance are beneficial if they reduce excessive shade from overhead canopy trees and competing shrubs. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers attract various kinds of bees, wasps, and flies. These insects seek nectar; bees also collect pollen. Among the bees, are such floral visitors as miner bees (Melissodes spp.), Halictid bees, masked bees (Hylaeus spp.), plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), Andrenid bees, dagger bees (Panurginae), and leaf-Cutting bees (Megachile spp.). Many insects feed destructively on Elm-Leaved Goldenrod and other goldenrods (Solidago spp.); this includes Sumitrosis inaequalis and other leaf beetles, the Goldenrod Plant Bug (Lopidea media) and other plant bugs, the Green Stink Bug (Acrosternum hilaris) and other stink bugs, the Goldenrod Lace Bug (Corythucha marmorata), Acuticauda solidaginifoliae and other aphids, various leafhoppers and treehoppers, and caterpillars of the Goldenrod Flower Moth (Schinia nundina) and many other moths (see the Moth Table). Some vertebrate animals also feed on goldenrods. For example, the Ruffed Grouse, Cottontail Rabbit, and White-Tailed Deer browse on the foliage occasionally, while such granivorous songbirds as the Eastern Goldfinch, Slate-Colored Junco, and Tree Sparrow eat the seeds during the autumn and winter. [图片]Photographic Location: At the edge of a wooded area in Crystal Lake Park, Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This woodland goldenrod has a terminal inflorescence that is rather lanky and spreading, while its lower leaves are lanceolate-ovate and coarsely serrated (superficially resembling the leaves of American Elm, but more narrow and thin-textured). Elm-Leaved Goldenrod is similar in appearance to Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), but the latter has lower leaves with 3 parallel veins (a central vein and two lateral veins). Canada Goldenrod also has more hairy leaves and stems, and the major branches of its panicles are usually less divergent than those of Elm-Leaved Goldenrod. Other goldenrods (Solidago spp.) can be distinguished by some combination of characteristics involving the appearance of their leaves, stems, or inflorescences. Because there are many goldenrod species in Illinois, they can be difficult to distinguish.

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

Description: This perennial wildflower is 2-3' tall and usually unbranched. The central stem is light green, terete or angular, and glabrous to hairy; it has a tendency to zigzag between the alternate leaves. The leaf blades are 2-5" long and 1-4" across, becoming shorter and more narrow where the flowers occur; they areFlowering Plant widely spreading. The lower to middle leaves are ovate to broadly ovate, while the upper leaves are more lanceolate. The leaf margins are coarsely serrated. The upper surfaces of the leaves are medium to dark green and glabrous, while their lowers surfaces are more pale and glabrous to slightly hairy. The petioles are ¼–1½" long and somewhat winged near the bases of the leaf blades. At the apex of the central stem, there is a terminal inflorescence about 1½–5" long and about one-third as much across. This inflorescence is either a raceme or narrow panicle of flowerheads. There are also smaller axillary racemes about ½–1½" long that develop from the middle to upper leaves; they are shorter than the leaves. The branches of each inflorescence are light green and glabrous. Each flowerhead is about ¼" across or a little less, consisting of 3-4 yellow ray florets, 4-8 yellow disk florets, and several series of floral bracts at its base. The floral bracts are light green and appressed. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 1 month. Both ray and disk florets are fertile. During the fall, the florets are replaced by achenes with small tufts of hair; they are distributed by the wind. The small achenes are bullet-shaped and pubescent. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Vegetative colonies of plants are sometimes formed from the spreading rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is light to medium shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions in sheltered situations, and fertile loamy soil with decaying organic matter. This is one of the most shade-tolerant goldenrods. Range & Habitat: The native Zigzag Goldenrod is occasional in central and northern Illinois, becoming uncommon or absent in the southern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, protected wooded slopes facing north or east, calcareous seeps in wooded areas, low areas along woodland streams, shaded limestone cliffs, and edges of limestone glades. This wildflower is usually found in higher quality natural areas. Faunal Associations: The flowerheads are pollinated by many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, small-tongued bees, wasps, flies, and butterflies. Several bees are oligoleges of Solidago spp. (Goldenrods). These species include: Andrena hirticincta, Andrena nubecula, Andrena placata, Andrena simplex, Andrena solidaginis, and Colletes simulans armata. Many insects feed on the leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots of goldenrods. These insect feeders include plant bugs, stink bugs, aphids, leaf beetles, and the caterpillars of many moths (see the Moth Table and the Insect Table for a listing of these species). These insects are a source of food to many woodland songbirds and some upland gamebirds. White-tailed Deer readily browse on the foliage of Zigzag Goldenrod. [图片]Photographic Location: A wooded slope at Turkey Run State Park in west-central Indiana. Comments: Zigzag Goldenrod is a member of a small group of woodland goldenrods (Solidago spp.); other species in this group include Solidago caesia (Bluestem Goldenrod) and Solidago ulmifolia (Elm-Leaved Goldenrod). Zigzag Goldenrod often occurs more moist habitats than the latter two goldenrods, but it also occurs in drier areas of woodlands that are sheltered from the prevailing winds and afternoon sunlight. Because of its broad coarsely toothed leaves and axillary racemes of flowerheads, it is one of the easiest goldenrods to identify. Another common name of this species is Broad-Leaved Goldenrod.

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

Description: This herbaceous perennial wildflower is about 1½–3' tall and either unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem usually leans over to one side; it is terete, glabrous, and light green while young, however sometimes it becomes blue-gray or burgundy-gray and glaucous with age. Along the central stem and any lateral stems there are alternate leaves up to 5" long and ¾" across; these leaves become gradually smaller as they ascend the stem(s). The leaves are medium to dark green, elliptic-oblong to elliptic in shape, smooth to serrated along their margins (usually the latter), hairless or nearly so, and sessile. The upper surface of each leaf has a prominent central vein and faint lateral veins. At the axils of the middle to upper leaves, there develops small clusters of 1-12 flowerheads. In addition, the central stem may terminate in a small panicle of flowerheads up to 3" long and 1½" across. Each flowerhead is about 3 mm. (1/8") across or a little wider, consisting of 4-5 ray florets that surround a similar number of disk florets. The short-tubular corollas of the disk florets are golden yellow and 5-lobed. The petaloid rays are yellow and elliptic-oblong in shape. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are light to medium green bracts (phyllaries) in about 3 overlapping series; these bracts are glabrous and oblong in shape. The short pedicels of the flowers and the branches of any terminal inflorescence are light to medium green, terete, and hairless or nearly so. The blooming period occurs from late summer into the fall, lasting about 1 month. Fertile florets are replaced by small bullet-shaped achenes that are finely pubescent; each achene has a small tuft of hairs. The achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Occasionally, small loose colonies of plants will develop at favorable sites. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is medium shade to partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and soil that contains loam, clay-loam, or some rocky material. During dry weather, some of the lower leaves may wither away, otherwise they usually remain in good condition. Range & Habitat: The native Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is occasional in the far eastern, southern, and west-central areas of Illinois, but it is rare or absent elsewhere in the state (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the western range-limit of this species; it is more common in Indiana and other eastern states. Habitats include upland woodlands, woodland openings, bluffs, upper slopes of ravines, and rocky cliffs in shaded or partially shaded areas. This species is usually found in higher quality habitats consisting of upland woodland areas where deciduous trees (especially oaks) are dominant. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers can attract a wide variety of insects, especially short-tongued bees, wasps, and flies. The caterpillars of Gnorimoschema gallaeastrella and other species of moths feed on goldenrods (see Moth Table). Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is one of the host plants of the leaf beetle Microrhopala xerene, the leafhopper Prescottia lobata, and the larvae of such polyphagous leaf-miner flies as Calycomyza jucunda, Nemorimyza posticata, and Ophiomyia texana. Other insects that feed on goldenrods (Solidago spp.) include aphids, treehoppers, spittlebugs, plant bugs, stink bugs, the larvae of fruit flies, and grasshoppers. The seeds of goldenrods are eaten sparingly by the Indigo Bunting, Slate-Colored Junco, Tree Sparrow, Eastern Goldfinch, and other songbirds. White-Tailed Deer are especially likely to feed on the foliage of goldenrods in woodlands. [图片]Photographic Location: A rocky upland woodlands in west-central Indiana. Comments: This distinctive goldenrod is both elegant and shade-tolerant. Of the many goldenrod species that occur in Illinois, only two species produce primarily axillary clusters of flowers: Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod (Solidago caesia) and Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis). Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is typically found in upland woodlands, while Zigzag Goldenrod is more often found in lowland woodlands. Zigzag Goldenrod has much wider leaves (exceeding 1¼" across) that are ovate and coarsely serrated; the leaves of this latter species have petioles, while the leaves of Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod are sessile. Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod sometimes develops glaucous stems that are blue-gray or burgundy-gray, while the stems of Zigzag Goldenrod are consistently green.

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

Description: This perennial herbaceous plant is 2–3½' long and more or less erect. The central stem is light green, hairless, terete, and unbranched. Alternate leaves occur along the entire length of the central stem. However, toward the base of the stem, these leaves are reduced to membranous bracts without petioles. For fully developed leaves, their blades are 2½–5" long and 1½–3" across; they are ovate in shape and toothless along their margins. Sometimes the leaf margins bend downward and inward. The leaf bases are rounded to truncate, while their tips are acute. The upper leaf surface is medium green, hairless, and shiny, while the lower leaf surface is whitish green, finely pubescent, and dull. Leaf venation is parallel. The petioles are usually as long as the leaf blades to which they are attached, or even longer. These petioles are light green or light reddish green, narrowly concave above, convex below, and hairless; they are ascending. Sometimes pairs of slender twining tendrils are produced from the axils of the upper leaves; such tendrils are few in number. Solitary umbels of flowers about 1½–3" across are produced from the lower bracts and above the petiole-bases of the lower to middle leaves on long ascending peduncles (floral stalks). These peduncles are up to 6" long, light green or light reddish green, terete, and hairless. Each umbel has 15-45 flowers on slender pedicels (floral stalklets). Because this plant is dioecious, some plants produce only male (staminate) flowers, while other plants produce only female (pistillate) flowers. Each male flower has 6 yellowish green or green spreading tepals and 6 stamens with whitish or yellowish anthers. Each female flower has 6 yellowish green or green spreading tepals and a green central ovary with 3 prominent stigmas. The tepals of both male and female flowers are elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate in shape. Both male and female flowers are 6-8 mm. (1/4"–1/3") across. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 3 weeks. The flowers have a mild carrion-like odor. Afterwards, the female flowers are replaced by berries. At maturity, these berries are 6-8 mm. (1/4"–1/3") across, blue-violet, and globoid in shape. The interior of each berry is juicy and contains 1-5 seeds. The root stock is tuberous. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and loamy soil with ample amounts of organic matter. Growth and development are very rapid during the spring, but once the flowers and immature fruits are produced, there is little new growth. [图片]Range & Habitat: Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis) is widely scattered throughout Illinois, where it is native and uncommon (see Distribution Map). Habitats include woodlands in river valleys, wooded areas along roads, and thickets. Southern Illinois lies along the southern range-limit for this species, which occurs primarily in the Upper Midwest in the Great Lakes region (eastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and northern Illinois). Illinois Carrion Flower is found in both higher quality natural areas and more degraded habitats with a history of light to moderate disturbance. It probably benefits from occasional wildfires. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract many kinds of flies, including blow flies (Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp.), Muscid flies, and flesh flies (Helicobia spp., Sarcophaga spp.). Halictid bees and miscellaneous beetles also visit the flowers to a lesser extent. Various insects feeds on the foliage or suck plant juices from Smilax spp. (Greenbrier, Carrion Flower). These insect species include Neoprociphilus aceris (Woolly Maple Aphid), the larvae of gall flies (Cecidomyiidae), the larvae of several moths, and others (see the Insect Table for more information). White-tailed Deer like to browse on the foliage of Smilax spp., especially non-thorny Carrion Flower species. Mammals that eat the berries include the Virginia Opossum, Raccoon, Fox Squirrel, and American Black Bear. In addition, the berries are often eaten by such upland gamebirds and fructivorous songbirds as the Cedar Waxwing, Northern Cardinal, Gray Catbird, Veery, Hermit Thrush, American Robin, Ruffed Grouse, and Wild Turkey. The Ruffed Grouse and Wild Turkey also feed on the young leaves (see Bird Table). [图片]Photographic Location: A wooded area near a river and a roadside in rural Champaign County, Illinois. Comments: Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis) was not recognized as a distinct species until 1968. It has characteristics that are intermediate between the Common Carrion Flower (Smilax lasioneuron) and Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata). It is possible that Illinois Carrion Flower is a naturally occurring and well-established hybrid between these two species. Common Carrion Flower is a sprawling vine up to 8' long that produces abundant tendrils. It has petioles that are shorter than the leaf blades and its umbels tend to have more flowers or fruits than those of Illinois Carrion Flower. Upright Carrion Flower can be distinguished by its slightly wider leaves that have blunt tips and slightly cordate bases. The petioles of its leaves are shorter than the blades. This latter species never produces tendrils, it tends to be a little shorter in height, and its umbels tend to have fewer flowers (usually less than 20). In contrast, Illinois Carrion Flower has leaves with more tapered acute tips and rounded to truncate bases; its petioles are usually as long or longer than its leaves, and its umbels usually have 20 or more flowers.

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

Description: This plant is an unbranched herbaceous perennial that becomes 1-3' tall at maturity. The central stem is light green, light gray, or purplish green; it is terete and glabrous. The lower leaves are reduced to scale-like bracts, while the middle to upper leaves are 3-5" long and 2½–4" across. The latter are either alternate, opposite, or arranged in whorls of 3 along the central stem, differing little in size; they are broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular in shape and smooth (entire) along their margins. The primary veins are parallel. The upper surface of these leaves is medium green and glabrous, while the lower surface is light green and sparsely hairy; hairs are more common along the lower sides of larger veins than elsewhere. The petioles are light green, light gray, or purplish green; they are 2–3½" long, glabrous, slightly concave above, and convex below. The petioles are always shorter than the corresponding leaves to which they are attached. Sometimes a few tendrils are produced near the upper leaves, although they are often absent. Umbels of 6-25 flowers are produced from ascending peduncles (floral stalks) up to 6" long; these umbels are about ¾–1½" across. The peduncles are light green, slender, and glabrous. These pedunculate umbels of flowers are produced from the bract-like lower leaves and sometimes from the larger middle leaves. These inflorescences usually do not occur every year. Because Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata) is dioecious, male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers are produced on separate plants. Male flowers are about ¼" across, consisting of 6 green tepals and 6 stamens with white anthers. Female flowers are about ¼" across, consisting 6 green tepals and a superior ovary with 3 recurved stigmas. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 2 weeks. The flowers have an unpleasant odor that resembles decaying carrion. Afterwards, fertile female flowers are replaced by berries that become mature during late summer or autumn. Mature berries are about 8 mm. (1/3") across, dark blue-violet to black, and globoid in shape; the fleshy interiors of these berries contain 1-6 seeds. This plant reproduces by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a relatively loose soil containing loam and decaying organic matter. Plants that are grown in moderate to dense shade often fail to produce flowers and berries. Most growth and development occur during the spring and early summer. Range & Habitat: The native Upright Carrion Flower is occasional in the northern half of Illinois, while in the southern half of the state it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, bottoms of wooded bluffs, shady ravines, banks of woodland streams, open woodlands, and thickets. Populations of this plant are threatened by the overpopulation of White-tailed Deer, invasion of non-native shrubs and Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), and habitat destruction from development. It is a fairly conservative species that is found in high quality natural areas. [图片]Faunal Associations: The stinky flowers of Upright Carrion Flower are cross-pollinated by various kinds of flies, including Anthomyiid flies, Calliphorid flies, Muscid flies, and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae). They are also visited by Halictid bees (including green metallic bees) and miscellaneous beetles. Both nectar and pollen are available as floral rewards (the latter is found only on plants with male flowers); see Graenicher (1902) for more information. Various insects are known to feed destructively on the foliage and other parts of Smilax spp. (Greenbrier, Carrion Flower). Examples include the leaf beetle Pachyonychus paradoxus, larvae of Dasineura smilacifolia (Smilax Leaf Midge) and Camptoneuromyia rubifolia (Smilax Blister Midge), and larvae of such moths as Proleucoptera smilaciella, Phosphila miselioides (Spotted Phosphila), Phosphila turbulenta (Turbulent Phosphila), Phyprosopus callitrichoides (Curve-lined Owlet), Pseudogalleria inimicella (Inimical Borer Moth), and Papaipema unimoda (Meadow Rue Borer Moth); see Clark et al. (2004), Felt (1917), Needham et al. (1928), Wagner (2005), and Miller (1987). Another insect feeder, Neoprociphilus aceris (Woolly Maple Aphid), uses Smilax spp. as summer hosts, sucking juices from their stems and leaves (Blackman & Eastop, 2013). Upland gamebirds, songbirds, and other birds feed on the berries, spreading their seeds to new locations. These species include the Wood Duck, Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, Cardinal, American Crow, Catbird, Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Fox Sparrow, and several thrushes (see the Bird Table for a more complete list of these species). The Black Bear, Opossum, Raccoon, Fox Squirrel, and Gray Squirrel also feed on the fruit, while White-tailed Deer browse on the leaves and stems (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Augustine, 1997). [图片]Photographic Location: The Spitler Woods State Natural Area near Decatur, Illinois. Comments: Among the various Smilax spp. that occur in Illinois, Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata) is one of the shortest and most erect. The only other species with this characteristic within the state, Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis), differs by having leaves that become smaller as they ascend upward, leaves that are more narrowly shaped and more rounded at their bases (rather than cordate), petioles that are as long or longer than the corresponding leaves to which they are attached, and umbels with more flowers. This latter species is less common than Upright Carrion Flower. Two other species, Common Carrion Flower (Smilax lasioneuron) and Smooth Carrion Flower (Smilax herbacea) are climbing vines up to 6-8' long that have abundant tendrils. Other Smilax spp. in Illinois are woody vines that are even longer; they are commonly referred to as Catbriers or Greenbriers. Another spelling of the scientific name for Upright Carrion Flower is Smilax ecirrata.

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

红叶石楠做行道树，其杆立如火把；做绿篱，其状卧如火龙；修剪造景，形状可千姿百态，景观效果美丽。红叶石楠因其新梢和嫩叶鲜红而得名。常见的有红罗宾和红唇两个品种，其中红罗宾的叶色鲜艳夺目，观赏性更佳。春秋两季，红叶石楠的新梢和嫩叶火红，色彩艳丽持久，极具生机。在夏季高温时节，叶片转为亮绿色，给人清新凉爽之感觉。红叶石楠因其鲜红色的新梢和嫩叶而得名。在浙江的敖女士告诉笔者，连日来，国光玫瑰发枝剂和防治炭疽病的药如英纳花卉苗木专用杀菌剂、百菌清销得还好。是什么原因造成这一情况？这些东西主要用在哪些地方，据了解，主要还是用在今年扦插的苗木上，尤其是新扦插的红叶石楠品种用得多。 [图片]红叶石楠到底怎么了？笔者身处中国花木之乡??萧山，听到苗农最多的感叹是：“今年扦插的红叶石楠到底怎么了？是碰到‘鬼’了吗”？带着这个问题，笔者近日来到了某镇一大型苗圃基地，了解了该基地的负责人吴先生。据吴先生反映：“他们今年扦插的红叶石楠已经有70多天了，生根情况很好，但发芽状况很不理想。按常规，红叶石楠扦插后40-50天是应该发芽好了的，但今年碰到“鬼”了，我们请红叶石楠方面的专家亲自来现场把脉诊断，专家说，红叶石楠先生根后发芽这种现象是好的，但扦插了70多天还不发芽，就不太正常了，建议我们喷发枝剂，催一下芽。” “如果不发芽了，那可怎么办啊，我今年扦插了好几百万株红叶石楠，指望靠它赚一笔呢，看看，现在还是这个样子！”吴先生一脸的愁容。甩打着双手，望着整床整床还没有发芽的红叶石楠枝条发愣，笔者的心情和吴先生一样，沉重、忧虑、着急，毕竟扦插下去已经有70多天时间了。红叶石楠只生根不发芽是这个苗圃的一个现象，另一个更为严重的现象是红叶石楠感染了炭疽病。炭疽病是红叶石楠在扦插期间发生的一种主要病害，他们根据专家的建议已经采用了药物防治，如喷雾代森锰锌、百菌清、英纳花卉苗木专用杀菌剂，并采取加强光照、通风透光等预防此病发生的一系列措施。谈到这个问题时，吴先生说：“前段时间，他的苗圃里来了四批苗农，这些苗农都是为同一个目的来的。他们是来看我的红叶石楠是否也感上了炭疽病，原因是他们扦插的红叶石楠也都得上了炭疽病，并且比我的还严重。” 针对上述这两个现象，笔者下乡来到了萧山花木主产镇新街的好几个红叶石楠繁殖基地，了解到的情况和吴先生说的接近。其中还了解到该镇沿江村的一个姓包的苗农，今年，他扦插了20多万株红叶石楠，生根发芽很好，但就是揭膜这个环节不当，结果只剩了3万多株好苗，其他全死光了。包先生一脸的愁闷：“以前都没出现这种情况的，今年真的不知怎么了，是碰到‘鬼’了吗？” [图片]“杀手”是谁？ “红叶石楠扦插繁殖技术我摸索了多年，以前扦插都很顺利，从没有象今年这么费劲，今年怕是碰到‘鬼’了”。这还是上述被采访的那位吴先生说的话。吴先生请专家进行了把脉，诊断的结果是：其一，光照不足是造成红叶石楠不发芽的主要原因。在笔者看来，确实如此。笔者现场看到，吴先生的基地所用的遮荫膜是遮荫率为70%的，而正好扦插的时候（4-5月份），浙江阴雨天较多，光照不足，影响叶片光合作用，芽子抽不出来也就在所难免了。好在吴先生发现的及时，及早请来了专家，并根据专家意见，采用了增强透光率的办法，如今，用顶芽作为插穗的，芽子已经萌动了。而用单芽作为插穗的，仍未见动静。可能还需要一些时间。他根据专家的建议，还喷上了国光玫瑰发枝剂；其二、高温高湿，通风不良，消毒不彻底，导致红叶石楠在扦插期间炭疽病发生并蔓延。笔者发现，吴先生的扦插基地，排水系统不是很健全，再加上又是粘性土壤，苗床底，开沟浅，排水不畅，高温高湿，通风不理想。至于新街镇沿江村苗农出现的那种情况，凭笔者多年积累的红叶石楠扦插的经验可以解释：那是包先生揭膜方法不正确所致。红叶石楠插穗生根发芽后，需要炼苗，必须要逐步的揭膜，不能一下子掀开，就象一个人从空调房一下子钻到风吹日晒的太阳下一样，感觉不适应，何况是生命力十分脆弱的小苗呢？那不死才怪；另外，包先生在掀膜的那几天，天气可能不是很稳定，可能是忽冷忽热的，太阳也许是魔鬼般，时而出来作怪，时而躲到云彩里去，由于太阳布下了迷魂阵，包先生掉以轻心了，导致了恶果的发生。后来，包先生的女儿包女士（我的同事）对我说：“我分析得很准，那几天揭膜后忽视了太阳，忘记了盖遮荫膜，一下子掀开薄膜，小苗承受不起，结果，得到手的鸭子飞了，估计可以挣好几万块钱的，如今打了水漂”。亡羊补牢红叶石楠出了点问题不要紧，关键是调整好心态。俗话说，“吃一堑，长一智”，这一次规模搞的小，吃点小亏，算是买个教训，等下一次搞大后，就不会失误了。再说，红叶石楠将来的市场到底会怎么样，谁也说不准。不过，根据目前的发展态势，红叶石楠未来仍将保持2元/株左右这种居高不下的价格，其可能性怕是小了。笔者在前些日子，就已经撰文，明确指出，目前，红叶石楠扦插成风，尤其是江浙一带，苗农跟风严重。在浙江（中国）花木城附近的乡村，新搭建的10个大棚，至少有少半大棚扦插的是红叶石楠品种。如今，在浙江（中国）花木城小苗交易市场，单株红叶石楠工程苗，已经下调了3-4毛钱，1.5-1.8元/株都可以成交。尽管是现在的天气炎热，绿化工程不好施工，苗木需求量小所致。但有一点是必须明了的，即使是秋季绿化工程施工的旺季到来，但红叶石楠到那时的量会成批成批的跟上来，价格再次下调，也将成为可能。现在，红叶石楠出了点问题，在笔者看来，趁早改换其他品种，还来得及，凭笔者多年在长三角地区工作的经验，在10月份之前扦插各种苗木，都是较理想的。“塞翁失马”，未免不是一件好事。当然，能挽救的还是挽救为好，有了“病”，不要紧，请医生把脉，对症下药，该治虫时，还得治虫，该治病时，还得治病。重要的是，千万别干有病乱投医的蠢事。

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

君子兰又名大花君子兰，为石蒜科君子兰属多年生常绿宿根草本花卉。原产南非。大花君子兰叶色浓绿光亮，花大而艳，植株端庄秀丽，足优良的花、叶兼赏盆花，亦可作切花。大花君子兰花鲜叶翠，果实累累，叶、花、果兼美。叶态优美，高洁端庄；开花时叶绿、花红相映，仪态雍容。尤其是开花时正值新春佳节，深受人们的喜爱，成为布置大厅、会场或装饰居室的佳品。下面给小伙伴们介绍一下危害君子兰最大三种害虫。 [图片]第一种：蛞蝓是杂食性软体动物，也称无壳虫蜒蚰虫或鼻涕虫，它专门啃食幼苗和新长出的嫩叶片，形成不规则的缺刻与孔洞，另外对所上箭杆及花杆都有损害。使新叶按它啃食的缺刻部位开始长歪，新上的花箭按它啃食的箭杆部位裂开，直至断下。给君子兰造成极为严重的危害。同时它所排出的粪便，爬行所留下的粘液，污染植株，使病菌侵入，使叶片腐烂易导致软腐病产生。第二种：蜗牛也是杂食性软体动物，蜗牛有壳，它也喜欢吃植物的幼嫩组织，如嫩叶新芽，根尖花蕊等。造成不规则的伤痕或洞穴，蜗牛最大的危害在于它吃完新发的中心嫩叶后使花芯无生长点，使整株，特别是成龄兰不能开花抽箭，不能再长出新叶，使整株报废。第三种：介壳虫也是君子兰最常见的害虫之一，特别是吹棉介壳虫对君子兰的危害最大，它呈白粉状，常附着在叶片或果实及杆上，吸食其汁液并分泌粘液，呈黑色使生长受阻，叶绿素破坏，产生微凹的淡黄色斑点，严重的导致落叶全株枯萎。 [图片]蛞蝓、蜗牛的防治方法是：一是掌握其喜欢潮湿昼伏夜出的特点，用人工捕杀，将白菜叶放在出没活动附近，上面撒少许麦麸或玉米粉，天亮前集中捕杀，或在麦麸或玉米粉中抹以砒霜或敌百虫等铒锈杀，二是石灰阻隔，在其活动的四周撒石灰，其粘上即可死亡。三是8%灭蜗灵或灭蛭灵或10%的聚乙醛剂每平方米1.5克撒施。采用上述方法即可达到彻底消灭的目的。吹棉介壳虫的防治方法是：一是介壳虫量少时可用抹布或毛刷刷除。二是刚发生疫情可用棉球沾酒精触杀虫体。三是可用乳化乐果按1:800倍比例加水后喷撒到病害部位即可杀死虫体。

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

现今空气污染严重，植物也日渐稀少。所以很多人喜欢在家里养一些盆景，这样既可以美化，也可以净化室内空气。但是一些盆景在比较温暖的室内容易产生小昆虫，也给生活带来了烦恼。西安市朱雀路花卉市场一位专业人士介绍简单方法，可以防止盆景虫害。 [图片]记者在西安市朱雀路花卉市场看到，红钻、开花君子兰、蝴蝶兰等好看、喜庆的绿色植物成了人们采购的新宠，很多盆景用红色小灯笼、丝带等装饰后被当作节日礼物送到人们家里，平添了喜庆的气氛。一些盆景更是“韵味十足”：一棵植物，几块石头组成的假山，一汪清水再装饰一个凉亭和垂钓的老翁，俨然构成了一派闲适的生活图景。 [图片]将寓意不俗的盆景摆放在书房的窗台或者书桌上，可以映衬主人的不凡个性。为了让盆景在给家庭增添意境的同时不带来蚊虫的烦恼，西安市朱雀路花卉市场李老板建议，将打开的风油精小瓶放在盆景旁边，这样可以达到驱赶蚊虫的目的。如果不愿意接受风油精的味道，可以用葱、姜、辣椒熬成水搅拌在泥土里。这样既不会影响植物生长，也可以达到驱虫的目的。

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

剑麻纤维质地坚韧，耐磨、耐盐碱、耐腐蚀，广泛运用在运输、渔业、石油、冶金等各种行业，具有重要的经济价值。世界剑麻进出口贸易在不断增长，而中国目前自产的剑麻纤维却不能满足国内的需要，并且随着剑麻纤维用途的不断增加，中国每年都在增加剑麻纤维的进口量。同时剑麻还有重要的药用价值。下面为大家介绍一下剑麻的病虫害及其防治方法。剑麻的病虫害,在我国华南地区计有十几种。六十年代前种植番麻、普通剑麻病虫害较少,随着良种剑麻引入我国,并大面积栽培成功,在高温多雨的季节,相继发生了斑马纹复合病,近几年又在我省粤西地区的主要植麻区发生了剑麻茎腐病,由于两病大面积流行,使剑麻生产受到很大的损失。此外,还有剑麻炭疽病、剑麻黑斑病、剑麻平行条纹病、剑麻生理叶斑病、剑麻带枯病、剑麻褪绿斑驳病、剑麻紫色尖端卷叶病等病害,只是这些病为害不重,故不专题报导。 [图片]剑麻斑马纹病在华南植麻区已有多年的发病历史。据调查,在我省雷州半岛部分剑麻农场发病早且普遍,造成的损失也较严重,如我省东方红农场,1973年由于降雨较多,年雨量达2313.8毫米,其中8-9月较集中占1496毫米。是该场剑麻发展史上雨量最多的一年。随着雨量增多,斑马纹病发生流行,在1300亩剑麻田中,发病麻田占51.2%,病株共达32.3万株,占总株数的7%,其中由于茎腐死亡的达7.16万株,死亡率占发病株数33%。在1973年?1986年13年间,该场斑马纹病流行就有8年,病情中等,局部重病或轻病的有2年,对生产威胁很大,严重影响剑麻的高产、稳产。剑麻茎腐病发病迅速,危害具有毁灭性,1987年?1988年两年病株25.3万株。我省东方红、金星、火炬三个农场病区面积达1.8万亩,占总面积13%,造成经济损失260多万元。通过剑麻茎腐病防冶措施的研究,有效地控制了病害流行,发病率由原来的7%降到1991年的0.2%左右。 [图片]为了夺取剑麻的高产、稳产,及时研究防冶病虫害,要认真贯彻“预防为主,综合防冶”的方针,才能做好剑麻病虫害的防冶工作。

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Miss Chen

2018年05月24日

苹果大家都吃过吧，这种水果算是最常见的了，相信很多朋友家也种植果树，现在果树已经开花了，今天要给大家普及的是苹果花前花后都会发生哪些病虫害呢，又该如何防治呢？苹果开花前后指从苹果树发芽开始至落花后10天～15天，时间大体上在4月初至5月上旬。此期大部分越冬病虫已开始活动危害，天敌益虫也相继出蛰活动。苹果树腐烂病继续扩展危害；山楂叶螨大量出蛰并上芽取食；苹果小卷叶蛾、梨星毛虫等幼虫也从剪锯口、翘皮下出蛰上芽危害；食花金龟甲在花期危害嫩芽和花蕾；苹果黄蚜、苹果瘤蚜越冬卵也开始陆续孵化，上芽危害。这个时期的综合防治工作，一方面要抓紧对主要的危害对象的防治，另一方面要注意保护天敌，尽量使用对天敌影响不大的选择性农药，或在施药方式上尽量减少对天敌的伤害。为全年的综合防治工作开创一个良好的局面。此期的主要防治对象为苹果树腐烂病、白粉病、山楂叶螨、食花金龟甲、蚜虫等，应视发生情况，进行普遍防治或挑治。 [图片]一、做好苹果腐烂病病斑的防治　在早春刮治的基础上，再次进行检查，继续坚持刮治和病斑的消毒防护。在涂药消毒时，对已刮治好的病斑，要进行再次的消毒杀菌，以防病疤的复发。　　对主干、主枝、骨干枝患有大病疤的苹果树，可进行桥接，沟通养分，恢复树势，保住结果大枝。　　二、防治叶螨与白粉病　在花前山楂叶螨出蛰盛期（4月上、中旬）和苹果全爪螨越冬卵孵化盛期、花后一代若螨盛期（4月底至5月初），当雌成螨平均每叶1头～2头时，立即进行全园防治，喷布螨死净3000倍或尼索朗1500倍，也可使用50％硫悬浮剂2000倍液，可兼治白粉病。若白粉病发生严重，顶梢芽被害率达5％时，可用15％粉锈宁1500倍～2000倍液或12％腈菌唑3000倍液喷雾，效果都很好。若两种病虫害同时发生，防治叶螨和白粉病的药可混合使用。三、捕杀金龟甲　花期危害的金龟甲主要是苹毛金龟、小青花金龟和黑绒金龟。可利用金龟甲的假死性，在清晨和傍晚振树捕杀，或地面撒施4％敌马粉，药杀落地成虫。也可在果园设置黑光灯群或悬挂诱虫净诱杀黑绒金龟甲。 [图片]四、施药治蚜　花期的主要防治对象是绣线菊蚜苹果黄蚜和苹果瘤蚜。可采用以下两种方法防治。①药剂涂干：可在4月中、下旬蚜虫的发生危害初期，用毛刷将配好的具有内吸作用的药剂稀释液直接涂在主干上部或主枝基部，涂成6厘米的药环。如果树粗糙，可先将粗皮刮去，但不要伤及嫩皮，稍露白即可，涂药后用塑料薄膜或废报纸包扎好。药剂可用10％吡虫啉100倍液，效果很好，且不伤害天敌，但药效较慢，涂后3天～5天才显药效，故应在发生初期使用。②树上喷药：大发生时，可在卷叶前或刚开始卷叶时喷选择性药剂0．6％虫螨光3000倍～4000倍液，注意瘤蚜宜在花前用药，花后用药效果不佳。五、防治天牛类害虫　危害苹果的天牛主要是桑天牛、梨眼天牛、枝天牛等。对于天牛的防治，可采用磷化铝片剂堵洞泥封或80％敌敌畏1500倍液注射的方法。

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