动态第497页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

2017年09月30日

The earliest mention of Poet’s Daffodil is likely in the botanical writings of Theophrastus (371 – c. 287 BCE), who wrote about a spring-blooming Narcissus that the Loeb Classical Library editors identify as Narcissus poeticus. The poet Virgil, in his fifth Eclogue, also wrote about a Narcissus whose description corresponds with that of Narcissus poeticus.[图片]In one version of the myth about the Greek hero Narcissus, he was punished by the Goddess of vengeance, Nemesis, who turned him into a Narcissus flower that historians associate with Narcissus poeticus. The fragrant Narcissus poeticus has also been recognized as the flower that Persephone and her companions were gathering when Hades abducted her into the Underworld, according to Hellmut Baumann in The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art, and Literature. This myth accounts for the custom, which has lasted into modern times, of decorating graves with these flowers. Linnaeus, who gave the flower its name, quite possibly did so because he believed it was the one that inspired the tale of Narcissus, handed down by poets since ancient times. In medicine, it was described by Dioscorides in his Materia Medica as “Being laid on with Loliacean meal, & honey it draws out splinters”. James Sutherland also mentioned it in his Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis.[图片]Poet’s Daffodi has long been cultivated in Europe. According to one legend, it was brought back to England from the crusades by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne. It was still abundant in 1860 when historian Bernard Burke visited the village of Findern—where it still grows in certain gardens and has become an emblem of the village. It was introduced to America by the late 18th century, when Bernard McMahon of Philadelphia offered it among his narcissus. It may be the “Sweet White Narcissus” that Peter Collinson sent John Bartram in Philadelphia, only to be told that it was already common in Pennsylvania, having spread from its introduction by early settlers. The plant has naturalized throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada, along with some western states and provinces.[图片]

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2017年09月30日

In Europe during the late 1800s, the idea that flowers represented feelings grew into a system of communicating through flower arrangements. Code books guided those who wanted to compose or read floral messages. According to one book, the apple blossom meant “Will the glow of love finally redden your delicate cheeks?” Field clover signified “Let me know when I can see you again.” A red rose petal meant “Yes!”, a white one “No!” Spurge, a green flower, carried the message: “Your nature is so cold that one might think your heart made of stone.” Users of this elaborate language needed not only a code book but also the ability to recognize blooms.[图片]When Christians adopted the rose as a symbol, it still carried connections with ancient mother goddesses. The flower became associated with Mary, the mother of Christ, who was sometimes addressed as the Mystic or Holy Rose. In time, the rose took on additional meanings in Christian symbolism. Red roses came to represent the blood shed by the martyrs who died for their faith; white ones stood for innocence and purity. One Christian legend says that roses originally had no thorns. But after the sin of Adam and Eve—for which they were driven out of the Garden of Eden—the rose grew thorns to remind people that they no longer lived ill a state of perfection.[图片]Sunflower Some flowers turn their heads during the day, revolving slowly on their stalks to face the sun as it travels across the sky. The Greek myth of Clytie and Apollo, which exists in several versions, explains this movement as the legacy of a lovesick girl. Clytie, who was either a water nymph or a princess of the ancient city of Babylon, fell in love with Apollo, god of the sun. For a time the god returned her love, but then he tired of her. The forlorn Clytie sat, day after day, slowly turning her head to watch Apollo move across the sky in his sun chariot. Eventually, the gods took pity on her and turned her into a flower. In some versions of the myth, she became a heliotrope or a marigold, but most accounts say that Clytie became a sunflower.[图片]Violet The violet, which grows low to the ground and has small purple or white flowers, appeared in an ancient Near Eastern myth that probably inspired the Greek and Roman myth of Venus and Adonis. According to this story, the great mother goddess Cybele loved Attis, who was killed while hunting a wild boar. Where his blood fell on the ground, violets grew.[图片]The Greeks believed that violets were sacred to the god Ares and to Io, one of the many human loves of Zeus. Later, in Christian symbolism, the violet stood for the virtue of humility, or hum ble modesty, and several legends tell of violets springing up on the graves of virgins and saints. European folktales associate violets with death and mourning.

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2017年09月30日

What comes to mind when one first thinks about “the Lily of the Valley” is a delicate flower that is symbolic of Easter and Weddings. It grows 15 to 30 cm tall, with only one or two leafs, and flowering stems, which have two leaves and 5 to 15 bell-shaped white flowers. The Lily of the Valley grows in the spring of the year and comes in three varieties from China and Japan, Eurasia, and the USA. Sadly, it is a poisonous woodland flowering plant that grows predominately in cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere of Asia and Europe.[图片]The Lily of the Valley is also known as Our Lady’s Tears or Mary’s Tears from Christian legends, which came about from Mary’s weeping when Jesus was being crucified. Another legend of the flower comes from the tears that Eve shed when she was expelled from the Garden of Eden with Adam. Lastly, the last legend was that of Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon.[图片]It should be of no surprise that “the Lily of the Valley” is referred to in the Bible because it is very much a part of Christ and is reflected upon as a rose. As a symbol of humility “the Lily of the Valley” is a sign of Christ’s second coming, along with being a power for men to envision a better world. Although, “the Lily of the Valley” and “the Easter Lily” are often confused, they are both white and stand for humility and purity within the Christian religion. The Lily of the Valley is mentioned in the Bible 15 times and 8 of those times are in the book of the Song of Solomon in the Old Testament.[图片]According to the Bible, the Lily grows in valleys, fields, gardens, and even among thorns. It is a sweet, fragrant flower that relates to the sweetness of Jesus’ ministry especially when He gave Himself for our transgressions. The Lily is also connected to motherhood, poetry, historical traditions and mythology. Then when one thinks about the white petals of the flower, they are reminded of Mary’s virgin body and her glowing soul.[图片]In German mythology the flower is linked to the virgin goddess of spring Ostara and symbolizes life to Pagans. Additionally, the blooming of the lily refers to the feast of Ostara. Once again, the sweet smell and whiteness of the flower remind one of humility and purity of its patron goddess.[图片]The Lily of the Valley is also known as May Lily, May Bells, Lily Constancy, Ladder-to-Heaven, Male Lily, and Muguet. Its scientific name Majalis or Maialis means “belonging to May” and is under the dominion of Mercury astrologically. Lastly, the Lily of the Valley signifies the return of happiness and perhaps this is something that should be considered a lot more in today’s society as it is more and more difficult to find peace.

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2017年09月30日

Do you look forward to spring each year? In addition to warmer temperatures, spring usually brings an explosion of color and beauty in the form of blooming flowers. If you’re like many fans of nature, you can’t wait until tulips and other spring flowers burst forth in all their glory.[图片]Many of our friends already know that there’s a difference between annuals and perennials. Some plants, called annuals, grow from seed, produce flowers, and die all in one year. Perennials, on the other hand, can live for many years and flower many times. These are the plants that “come back” to bloom at about the same time year after year.[图片]There are some plants, though, that don’t flower at all. In fact, they’re some of the oldest plants in the world. Some of the earliest species of non-flowering plants first appeared nearly 400 million years ago. Scientists who study plants — called botanists — believe that the wide variety of flowering plants we see today evolved from these older forms of non-flowering plants.[图片]Are these ancient species of non-flowering plants still in existence today? You bet they are! And you’re probably familiar with many of them. Botanists have identified 11 main types of non-flowering plants. They include the following: liverworts, mosses, hornworts, whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns, conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The first seven of these types of non-flowering plants reproduce by spores rather than seeds. The last four of these types — known as gymnosperms — produce “naked seeds” that are not enclosed by flowers like the seeds of flowering plants.[图片]Unlike seeds, spores are tiny pieces of living plant material that can usually only be seen with a microscope. Non-flowering plants that reproduce via spores create large numbers of spores that they release into the air. They count on the wind to carry their spores to other areas where they can sprout (what scientists call germinating) to form new plants. Just because a plant doesn’t flower doesn’t mean that it can’t be beautiful, though. You’re probably familiar with various species of gymnosperms, especially the conifers. Conifers produce their “naked seeds” in special cones. Conifers include the woody trees you know by names such as pines, firs, and cedars.[图片]If you’ve ever seen a stand of pine trees on a snow-covered hillside, you can appreciate their evergreen beauty. They might not produce flowers, but they certainly provide a gorgeous backdrop of natural beauty that can help to highlight the many flowering plants that often exist around them.

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2017年09月30日

Abominable Mystery The search for the first flower has been a prime driving force for botanists interested in the evolution of seed plants. The question as to how the first flowers appeared has been famously referred to as the “abominable mystery” by Charles Darwin. Flowering plants are believed to have evolved around 140 million years ago. This is a time so deep in prehistory that it is difficult for the human mind to conceive.[图片]Remarkably, a lineage of plants that has existed since then still exists. And when the age of molecular sciences came about, a relatively unknown plant was about to make headlines in the scientific world, and earn a prominent place in the evolutionary history of plants. This plant is none other than Amborella trichopoda.[图片]Primitiveness of Amborella Amborella is a rare understory shrub or small tree found only on the island of New Caledonia. Amborella trichopoda is the only species in the genus, and is the only member of the family Amborellaceae. It was known for some time already, that Amborella wood has a peculiar character – it lacks the vessels characteristic of most flowering plants. This lack of vessels is a trait that is more typically associated with conifers, and is therefore thought to be a primitive trait in the evolution of plants in general.[图片]There are a few lineages of flowering plants which also lack vessels and these lineages are also considered to be very old plant lineages. However, it was only at the advent of the molecular age that Amborella was finally assigned it’s rightful place at or near the base of all flowering plant lineages. Amborella thus represents a line of flowering plants that diverged very early (about 130 million years ago) from all the other known species of flowering plants.[图片]Imaginarium Knowing the history of Amborella and standing beside a live specimen is a strange experience. One gets the sense of how a prehistorical landscape with Amborella might have looked like. In a time before flowering plants dominated the earth, humble Amborella-like shrubs must have eked out a meagre existence in the understoreys of a conifer-dominated forest.[图片]And the descendants within the Amborella lineage have persisted long after the demise of the dinosaurs, to witness now the dominion of the most advanced of flowers. Such is the drama of a very-likely-to-be spurious imagined botanical ancestry of Amborella. But the real story that has led to Amborella’s presence in our world, in our time, is lost in a long broken line of ancestors, with no fossils yet to link any dots.[图片]Charles Darwin’s “abominable mystery” is still just as abominable now, as it was a century ago. Standing before Amborella, I ask of her ancestry. She smiles and remains silent.

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2017年09月30日

There are currently 235,000 known species of flowering plants in the world, and more are discovered every year. More than 60 percent of these grow in the warm, wet climate of tropical rainforests. Some tropical flowers go to extremes in size, odor and survival strategies. Most of these couldn’t survive in a suburban garden, and you probably wouldn’t want them to. [图片]There are, however, some uncommon flowers that you can safely harbor in your garden or on your window sill. In this article, we’ll examine 10 very unusual flowers. 1. Snake’s Head (Fritillaria meleagris) A species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. Its other common names include Chess Flower, Frog Cup, Guinea Hen Flower, Leper Lily (because its shape resembled the bell once carried by lepers), Lazarus Bell, Checkered Lily or, in northern Europe, simply Fritillary. [图片]2. Flame Lily (Gloriosa superba) This unusual flowering plant is native of tropical regions of Asia and Africa and belongs to the family Colchicaceae. Flame Lily usually grows as tuberous climbing plant and produces unusual red or yellow flowers with wavy edges. It is the national flower of Zimbabwe. [图片]3. Corpse Lily (Rafflesia arnoldii) This remarkable flower is the largest flower in the world. It is rare and hard to find in its habitat which are the rain forests of Bengkulu, Sumatra Island and Indonesia. Flowers emit bad smell and can be as wide as 3.3 feet (1 m) wide and weigh up to 24 lbs (11 kg). [图片]4. Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae) Bird of Paradise also known as Crane Flower is another unusual flower from South Africa. The plant belongs to the family Strelitziaceae and produced unusually colorful and beautiful flowers that resemble a bird. [图片]5. Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera) Bee Orchid comes from the Mediterranean regions and belongs to the Orchid family. This perennial plant produces between one and ten flowers on each spike every summer. [图片]6. Bleeding Heart (Lamprocapnos spectabilis) A species of flowering plant in the Poppy family, native to Siberia, northern China, Korea and Japan. It is valued in gardens and in floristry for its heart-shaped pink flowers (that are poisonous). It is also known as Lady-in-a-Bath. [图片]7. Maypop Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) A fast growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems with large, intricate flowers with prominent styles and stamens. A member of the passionflower genus Passiflora. it is a common wildflower in the southern United States. Also known as Purple Passionflower, True Passionflower, Wild Apricot, and Wild Passion Vine. [图片]8. Sea Poison Tree (Barringtonia asiatica) A species of Barringtonia, common along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. They have a sickly sweet smell that attracts bats and moths at night. It is grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India. [图片]9. Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) A species of herbaceous perennial plant. It is an exceptionally red, waxy flower found throughout gardens in Costa Rica. The showy flowers are used in decorative arrangements while the flower buds are an important ingredient in the Nyonya dish Laksa. In North Sumatra, the flower buds are used for a dish called Arsik Ikan. mas. [图片]10. Huernia oculata This flowering plant belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The plant produces small succulent stems that can be used to propagate the plant. The plant is fairly easy to grow in well drained soil and dry climate. [图片]

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2017年09月30日

Flowering plants, or Angiosperms (described taxonomically as the division Magnoliophyta) are the largest grouping within the plant kingdom (Kingdom Plantae or Viridiplantae) in terms of the numbers of described species. Approximately 260,000 species of flowering plant have been named so far, constituting nearly 90% of all known species of plants. Even so, taxonomists describe many new species annually, and estimates of total angiosperm diversity reach as high as 400,000 species. There are about 450 families of flowering plants, displaying extremely diverse life histories and ecological adaptations. In addition to dominating plant biodiversity, angiosperms are the dominant photosynthetic organisms (primary producers) in most terrestrial ecosystems (an important exception to this rule are the boreal forests, which are often dominated by conifers). All important food plants are angiosperms.[图片]Natural History Angiosperms are also the youngest of the plant divisions, having arisen relatively late in the history of terrestrial plant life. The first land plants are about 450 million years old, but the earliest definitive angiosperm fossils are only about 130 million years old, placing their known origins within the Early Cretaceous period. However, indirect evidence leads some scientists to estimate that angiosperms may have originated as early as 250 million years ago, that is, at the end of the Permian period.[图片]By about 100 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous period, angiosperms experienced a rapid diversification in form. The factors driving this diversification have long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. Many scientists hypothesize that specialized mutualistic relationships with animal pollinators played an important role in the development of angiosperm diversity (and perhaps insect diversity as well).[图片]Physiological Characteristics and Behavior Angiosperms are anatomically distinguished from other plant groups by several developmental and anatomical features. They produce flowers, which are very short branches bearing a series of closely spaced leaves modified to facilitate pollination (sepals and petals) or to bear the organs involved in sexual reproduction (stamens and pistils). Developing seeds are completely enclosed in an ovary derived from a portion of the pistil (the word angiosperm is of Greek derivation, meaning covered seed). Ovary tissues mature to form a fruit that is generally involved in protecting the seed and facilitating its dispersal (only angiosperms bear true fruits). Seeds at some point in their development contain a distinctive tissue, the triploid endosperm, which serves as a nutritional reserve for the developing embryo.[图片]Angiosperms That May Interest You Angiosperms comprise such a large group, it is difficult to single out a mere few of the most intriguing, but here are some of the most important and diverse (and delicious!) flowering plant families.[图片]The composite or daisy family (Asteraceae) has about 24,000 named species, and may be the largest plant family. The orchid family (Orchidaceae) rivals the Daisy family in diversity, with about 17,000 species named. The Grass family (Poaceae), with over 10,000 species, includes three of the four most productive human-food plants: Rice (Oryza), Eheat (Triticum) and Maize (Zea). The fourth, the Potato (Solanum tuberosum), is a member of the Nightshade family (Solanaceae). The bean (or legume) family (Fabaceae, also known as Papilionaceae) includes about 19,000 species, many of which are important in human food because their symbiotic association with certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria leads to unusually high protein content.

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2017年09月30日

Quaking Grass (genus Briza) is one of our most attractive and easily recognised wild grasses on account of its delicate branched head of trembling or ‘quaking’ spikelets which are greenish yellow, often with a sheen and tinged purple. It is a perennial, its plants are tufted with smooth flat slightly greyish green leaves. Its foliage usually remains short at the bottom of a sward, particularly in a mixed or grazed sward. The flowering stems grow up to a height of up to 20 inches (50 cm) in June.[图片]Habitat Information Quaking Grass is most frequently found growing in unimproved, species-rich, well-managed grassland on infertile calcareous soils and favouring well-drained slopes. It also occurs in, and can be quite abundant in, old meadows and pastures on neutral and sometimes acidic soils, and in the drier parts of some wet grassland.[图片]It is a slow growing non-competitive grass that relies on soil nutrient stress combined with mowing and/or grazing to moderate competition from more vigorous grasses. In exceptional circumstances on banks where the soil is very poor, calcareous and free-draining, and possibly also where grazing and trampling have helped eliminate taller grasses, it can become the most abundant grass.[图片]Growing Conditions and General Care Quaking Grass has no special germination requirements and so can be sown at any time of the year to raise plants. As with most grass seed this means that seed can also be sown successfully in open ground in both autumn and spring, however our experience of sowing quaking grass in the field suggests that it is unusual in most often producing a better establishment from an autumn versus a spring sowing. It is a slow growing grass and so will take time to establish from seed. It is best sown in small quantities to add interest as a minor component of a mixture, with the main ground cover provided by other companion grass species.[图片]As Quaking Grass is not a very competitive grass it does require good grassland management (mowing and grazing) to maintain its presence in a mixed sward, particularly on better soils. Neglect, or even regular late hay cutting will allow taller grasses the opportunity to outgrow and to shade it out. Also whilst Quaking Grass does produce side shoots it does not spread laterally very much so is dependent self-seeding into gaps created by good management to maintain itself or increase in a mixed sward.[图片]On drier open impoverished substrates (such as shallow green roofs) its ability to cope with stress means it can survive and grow with little attention. Quaking Grass is slow growing so whilst its foliage is quite palatable to livestock, and easy to mow, it is not a productive grass and does not contribute much to grazing or hay yields.

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2017年09月30日

Fuchsia are immensely popular outdoor plants throughout the English-speaking world. They were first imported from subtropical regions in South American and New Zealand into the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, and have subsequently been the focus of extensive hybridizing.[图片]Today, there are Fuchsia available in a wide range of colors, with the bell-like flowers blooming in white, pink, red, purple or various combinations. They’ve also been bred as single, double, or semi-double flowers. And finally, they can be used in any number of situations, as trained standards, trailing baskets, or pots of colorful blooms. Long thought of as outdoor plants, indoor Fuchsia are often thrown away after their bloom is finished. In reality, they can be overwintered, and a new set of leaves and blooms will emerge next spring for another display.[图片]Growing Conditions Light: Fuchsia appreciate bright light, but should not be subjected to full sun unless you can keep the roots adequately moist and cool. Many people use Fuchsia as shade plants, which is fine, but as long as they get enough water, they can handle more light than many people assume. Water: During the growing season, keep the soil continuously moist. Plants dislike hot, dry roots—this will kill them. So make sure the roots are cool and moist at all times. After the bloom is done, cut watering back in preparation for over-wintering the plant.[图片]Temperature: Fuchsia thrive at around 70˚F (21˚C) and dislike being hot for too long. During the overwintering period, reduce temperature to 50˚F (10˚C) or 60˚F (15˚C). Soil: A rich, fast-draining mix is ideal. Fertilizer: Fertilize abundantly during the growing season. They are heavy feeders, and many container growers feed their plants with a weak liquid fertilizer at every watering (weekly) during the growing season. Controlled-release pellets are also an excellent option.[图片]Repotting Repot your Fuchsia in the spring annually. These plants require a rich supply of organic material to flower and perform their best, so even if you’re not stepping the plant up to a larger pot, you should repot it into a fresh pot with new soil. Add some controlled-release fertilizer pellets at repotting time to increase vigor.[图片]Propagation Fuchsia will propagate readily from leaf-tip cuttings. For best results, use a rooting hormone. After taking cuttings, leave the plants in a bright place with high humidity and keep the soil continuously moist, but not soaked. New growth should emerge within a few weeks. Do not repot cuttings until they are established.[图片]Grower’s Tips Fuchsia make excellent houseplants, in part because they are well adapted to growing in shadier conditions. In general, the more heat and light a Fuchsia is subjected to, the more careful you’ll have to be about watering. In some cases, you might be watering every day. To prevent fungal problems and pests, be careful not to let your Fuchsia leaves touch the dirt. Even then, whiteflies can be a problem for Fuchsia and should be treated at the first sign of an infestation (look for white webs on the undersides of leaves). When treating for whitefly, make sure to spray the undersides of leaves thoroughly to disrupt their life cycle. To overwinter your Fuchsia, let the leaves drop off in spring, reduce watering, and move it to a cool and dark room. New growth should appear in the spring.

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2017年09月30日

The genus Saintpaulia, also known as African Violets are one of the world’s most popular houseplants, and for good reason. These compact, low-growing plants flower several times a year, and they are available in a multitude of leaf forms and colors. Don’t be put off by their reputation for difficulty: providing you follow a few simple rules, African Violets should thrive indoors. With a little experience, it’s possible to keep them in flower nearly all year round and grow them to the size of dinner plates.[图片]Growing Conditions Light: Bright, but not direct sunlight. They are commonly grown under fluorescent lights placed 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm) above the leaves. Water: Keep soil moist with warm water and strive for high humidity. Do not allow water to contact the leaves to prevent damage, other than light misting. Water from below, or push the water spout into the soil when watering. Don’t allow the plant to sit in water. Temperature: Do not allow to fall below about 60ºF (15ºC). They thrive at 70ºF (21ºC).[图片]Soil: A well-drained potting mix is essential. Poor drainage can cause root rot, in which the plant becomes waterlogged and its leaves begin to fall, so make sure that the plant is never allowed to be exposed to standing water for an extended period of time. Fertilizer: Feed with a African Violet fertilizer every other week.[图片]Repotting African Violets do better when they are slightly underpotted. Repot only when necessary into a pot that is one size up. To repot these plants, simply grab the plant as a whole, lift it, and replace it into a larger container, making sure not to damage their root systems in the process. Common signs that a plant is stressed out and needs to be repotted include falling leaves and overcrowding, as well as roots that protrude from the surface of the soil. Keep an eye out and repot if you think it’ll help.[图片]Propagation African Violets can be propagated from leaf cuttings or from offsets. Adult plants occasionally produce small plantlets or shoots from the side. Remove these and pot up independently. Removing them also encourages better blooms on the parent plant.[图片]Grower’s Tips African Violets will thrive in bright, warm and humid conditions. Keep water from touching their leaves or it will leave brown spots. Remove dead flowers and leaves as soon as you seen them to encourage a healthier plant. Regularly check the soil and plant to make sure there is no accumulation of dead leaves. This will encourage rot. Growing these houseplants is really a matter of balance; you have to make sure that the different factors that go into their cultivation all are weighted against each other. They should be kept in moist enough conditions that they don’t dry out, yet still exposed to a fresh breeze to avoid letting them get too stuffy, and exposed to sunlight without damaging their leaf tips. Don’t be discouraged if your African Violets suffer some damage — it’s all part of the process.

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