动态第977页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

2017年08月10日

Roses have a long history of human cultivation. Evidence suggests the ancient Chinese grew roses as far back as 3,000 B.C. People in the Roman Empire used the rose as a medical herb. During the 1600s, roses were even used as legal currency and in bartering, according to the University of Illinois Extension. [图片]Roses Roses, the plants of the genus rosa, reproduce by generating seeds contained in a bowl-shaped fruit called a rose hip. The rose hip actually holds a small shell called an anchene. The anchene, commonly mistaken for the seed itself, envelops a single rose seed. Roses therefore fall under the angiosperm classification, since they protect their seeds within a fruit, or in this case, two fruits. Angiosperms One of the primary ways scientists by which classify plants is how the plant reproduces itself. Plants that reproduce themselves by creating seeds that grow inside of an ovule are called angiosperms. The ovule typically develops into a fruit that protects the seed from harm. The majority of the world's plant life, an estimated 80 percent of all the known species, reproduce from seeds using this method. Angiosperms come in an enormous variety of shapes and sizes, from flowering plants less than 1 inch long to trees that grow to 100 feet high. [图片]Gymnosperms Gymnosperms, in contrast to angiosperms, produce seeds that are not enclosed inside a fruit. These are called "naked seeds" because they have little protection from the elements. Instead of a fruit, gymnosperms typically produce cones. A cone carries a seed between its scales, and as it matures, the scales expand, releasing the seed. Gymnosperms are not as diverse as angiosperms, and trees account for the majority of the group. Other Methods Although roses belong to the angiosperm group and reproduce naturally by means of seeds, human beings have cultivated the plants for many years and reproduce them using other methods. Most modern garden roses are hybrids created by grafting cuttings onto rootstock. You can also plant cuttings of some types of roses without grafting them. The best chance for success comes when taking a cutting of a stem's tip just as the hip begins to form, advises Texas A&M University.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Knockout roses are a favorite rose variety for many gardeners because they are available in a wide range of colors and are relatively easy to grow. Although bred for disease resistance, knockout roses are susceptible to several rose-specific diseases and fungi. They also require proper watering habits and fertilizer to thrive. When knockout roses turn brown, they require intervention to correct the problem. [图片]Drought Roses need plenty of water, sometimes up to twice a day on the hottest days of the summer. Without enough water, the rose blooms will die prematurely and turn brown. The tips of the blooms turn brown first before the entire bloom loses its color, withers and falls. In severe drought conditions, the leaves will turn brown. If you do not rehydrate the plant, the entire plant will die. Remove the brown leaves, blooms and buds, and saturate the ground with water daily until the rose recovers. Pest Infestations Japanese beetles, aphids and thrips, as well as other insects, enjoy nesting and feeding on roses. To remove pest insects, use a commercially available insecticide labeled as safe for roses. You can pluck beetles and large insects from the bush to remove them, but they often come back. Thrips are small, so they often go unnoticed until the plant suffers. The best defense against insect infestations is a healthy plant that can withstand the attack on its own. Fungi Several types of fungi attack roses. The most common that cause the bush to turn brown are botrytis and black spot. Knockout roses are extremely resistant to black spot, but they can become infected. Botrytis causes the tips of blooms to turn brown. Black spot manifests as brown to black fuzzy spots on the leaves that eventually turns the leaf yellow. [图片]Fertilizer Proper fertilizing increases the overall health of the roses and helps them naturally fight infections and infestations. Always use fertilizer specifically formulated and labeled for use on roses and follow the manufacturer's instructions explicitly. Brown-tipped leaves on the bush with new leaves developing that are red may signal a potassium deficiency in the soil. Add rose fertilizer to the soil that contains potassium to correct the problem.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Perennials are plants that live for more than three years, returning each spring as the weather warms up to once again brighten the landscape. With more than 150 species, roses have been in existence for more than 35 million years. While roses in the home garden may not last quite that long, proper site selection, planting, care and pruning will ensure that perennial roses do continue to bloom every year. [图片]Roses are perennials that need the right care to bloom from year to year. Site Selection When purchasing roses for the garden, select varieties that are hardy to the U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zone for the area. Roses need full sun, well-drained soil and good air circulation. Morning sun is beneficial as it helps to dry the leaves and prevent possible disease, and some afternoon shade will prolong the quality of the blooms. Roses will adapt to most soil types but prefer a fertile spot. When planting, enhance the area with organic material like compost or manure to increase the soil quality. The ideal soil pH for roses is 6.0 to 7.0; ensure the bed is properly prepared before planting. Planting Roses Dig the hole deep and wide enough to accommodate plant roots, keeping the bud union level with the soil. Place the plant in the hole, fill two-thirds with soil, and add water, creating a muddy mix that gets through the roots. After the water has drained, add more soil and repeat the mud process until reaching the original soil level. Fertilization Roses need 1 inch of water per week and sandy soil, and dry spells will require an increased watering frequency. Soaker hoses are ideal for roses because they deliver consistent moisture while keeping the leaves dry. Use a 10-10-10 fertilizer early in the season and again in mid-June, surrounding the plant 6 inches out. For roses that bloom repeatedly, apply another light fertilization in the middle of July, but do not apply any more after mid-August as it may promote growth that will not survive the winter. [图片]Winter Care Keeping roses consistently cold and frozen rather than experiencing freezing and thawing numerous times is key to winter survival. As winter approaches, mound roses with 12 inches of a soil/compost mix, pruning any tall plants to prevent stem damage. Once the mound freezes, cover with evergreen cuttings or straw to help insulate the plant. A rose that goes into winter healthy has a good chance of coming out of the winter healthy so good summer care is essential. Pruning Pruning requirements vary depending on the type of rose, but all roses share the same pruning basics. Use clean, sharp pruners and cut at a 45-degree angle. Remove all dead wood or any canes that are thin, not growing well or weak, and deadhead any spent flowers at an outward-facing bud above a group of five or seven leaflets.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Knock out roses are prized for being tough. They're named Earth Kind roses because they are disease-resistant, drought-tolerant, hardy and relatively hassle free. Their plentiful blooms, mounding shape and self-cleaning habit -- they drop their spent blooms -- make them an ideal landscape plant. A few things cause damage to these roses, including holes in the leaves. [图片]Insects Rose slugs are actually not slugs, but the larvae of sawflies. Still, they're aptly named, and will chew holes in rose leaves. Get rid of them by treating the roses with insecticidal soap. Leaf cutter bees also plague knock out rose leaves when they're cutting away holes in the leaves to use in building their nests. They rarely take much from the plants, however, and their season is short. Knock out roses usually spring back well from this damage. Diseases While knock out roses are highly prized for their disease resistance, it is not impossible for them to become infected. If black spots on the leaves precede the holes, the problem is likely black spot disease, a plague of many rose varieties. The fungus Diplocarpon rosae causes the disease, and you can usually treat it with anti-fungal sprays. Chemical Damage Granular fertilizers are concentrated mixes of necessary plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. But these fertilizers also tend to have a high salt concentration, and coupled with the nitrogen content it will cause burns the shape of the granular pellets on knock out rose leaves if it is left there. After time, the damaged areas might crumble away, leaving only holes. [图片]Considerations Other random sources of holes in knock out rose bush leaves are harder to pin. It might be a combination of high winds and a neighboring thorny plant, or perhaps cats are chewing on the lower leaves -- they often like to rub and taste leaves as they pass. Search first for the other three problems because insect, disease and chemical damage are potentially life threatening for knock out roses.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Often referred to as "Queen of the Garden," the rose is a perennial plant of the genus Rosa. There are more than 15,000 different species and hybrids cultivated around the world. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed legislation honoring the rose as the official flower of the United States. [图片]Roses are valued for their beauty and delicate fragrance. Dried rose petals are used in aromatherapy. The scent of a rose is distinctive and unique. No other flower has that same smell. Rose oil is one of the most widely used scent ingredients in the perfume industry. The scent of roses is used in soaps, shampoos, perfumes, body lotions, bath gels and air fresheners. Rosehips provide food for birds and other wildlife. Roses bloom early and have a long blooming season. Flowering starts in late March and continues through September. When the flowers wither and fade, a small, round globe forms at the bloom's base. The rose hip, as it's called, matures into a marble- or plum-shaped sphere that ripens to a deep orange, red, purple or black. The rose hip's color depends on the type of rose. The berry-like hip is the rose plant's fruit. Rose hips have a delicate, sweet, apple-like flavor. Harvest the hips after the first frost. Frost brings out the deep, vibrant color and full flavor. Parts of the rose are used in perfumes, soaps and bath salts. Symbolic of love and beauty, roses are given as gifts of affection and attraction. The Society of American Florists reports that in 2010 more than 198-million roses were cultivated for Valentine's Day gift giving in the United States. Roses are durable, long-lasting and highly fragrant. Roses are available in white, pink, red, orange, yellow. Some varieties are variegated, presenting several colors in a single flower. The different types of roses include tree roses, miniature roses, climbers, shrub and landscape, floribunda, grandiflora and hybrid. Hybrid and floribunda are the two types grown primarily for the floral industry. Rose petals are also edible and provide a tasteful and colorful addition to salads. The different types of roses include tree roses, miniature roses, climbers, shrub and landscape, floribuna, grandiflora and hybrid. Hybrid and floribuna are the two types grown primarily for the floral industry. [图片]Rose petals are also edible and provide a tasteful and colorful addition to salads. Culinary Use For centuries, wild rose hips were used as a food staple around the world. High in fiber and nutritionally rich, rose hips are a good source of vitamin C. Eat rose hips fresh, preserved or dried. Rose hips are used to prepare jellies, jams, marmalade, syrup, tea, soup and wine. Rose hips are available for purchase online, from local health food shops or gather your own. Select certified organic cultivated rose hips or gather them in the wild. Select rose bushes for harvest that have not been sprayed with pesticides, insecticides or chemical fertilizers. Rose hips are available for purchase online, from local health food shops or gather your own. Select certified organic cultivated rose hips or gather them in the wild. Select rose bushes to harvest that have not been sprayed with pesticides, insecticides or chemical fertilizers. Growing Requirements Roses love sunshine and require at least six hours per day to attain their full potential. Roses survive in partial shade but are more susceptible to mold, mildew and fungus when deprived of adequate sunlight. Roses grow best in nutrient rich, well-drained soil. Roses are adaptable to most soils and grow in United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zones 2 through 11.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Most plants are divided into two major categories, monocots and dicots. Both types of plants are leafy and flowering, with stems, root systems and reproduction via pollen. However, there are some major differences between the two types of plant families. Rose plants are in the dicot family. [图片]Monocot If you were to take a cross section of the stem of the plant and look at it, you would see the vascular bundles. These vascular bundles are like the arteries of the plant, carrying nutrients throughout. In a monocot, the vascular bundles are scattered through the stem. Only 10 percent of monocots are woody. An easy way to recognize a monocot is to look at how it grows. Monocots grow up, rather than out. Examples of monocots include bamboo, orchids, bulb plants, grass and palm trees. Dicot A dicot's vascular bundles are in a perfect ring close to the outside of the stem. About half of dicot species are woody. The petals are another way to distinguish a dicot from monocot. A dicot has clusters of four or five flowers, while monocots only have three. [图片]Roses Roses are dicots, and they belong to the same family as other important dicots -- including plums, raspberries, apples and cherries. This family is called Rosacea. These flowers all have a similar look, usually white with five petals, with the exception of the rose, which has many petals. The rose, like its close relatives, is also a fruiting plant and produces rose hips used in tea. There are more than a hundred species of roses in the world. Other Dicots Dicots grow out rather than up, another indication that rose bushes are included in the dicot family. Other dicot examples include grapevines, daisies, cacti and most fruit trees. Most dicots are compatible with one another in the wild, often growing near each other. Herbs like mint are included in the dicot family, as are large trees like the oak and maple trees.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Rose varieties and the problems that plague each one are more numerous than can be counted, but there are a handful of common rose problems that will cause rose branches, also called canes, to turn brown. Unfortunately, by the time the cane is brown, that usually indicates that it is dead and should be removed. The exception to this is winter dormancy, after which brown canes usually flush out in spring with new life. [图片]Disease Brown canker is a fungus that enters the rose stems through damaged areas. Canes usually do not brown and die the first year of infection, but by the second year the damage girds the cane and kills it. Verticillium wilt starts on the lower branches and moves up the plant, giving the canes purplish-black streaks before they wilt and brown from the tips down to the base. This fungus persists in the soil for many years, infecting other plants. Winter Kills Rose stems naturally die when temperatures drop low enough to kill the branch. Actual death usually occurs in spring when the plant starts to come out of dormancy only to have a late frost kill the tender branch. If the bush produces new branches with new growth from the base or only from certain canes, those that are still evenly brown and do not flush out are dead. Scratching a small area of the cane will expose either green stem underneath if it is still alive but late to flush, or you will see tan/brown flesh if it is dead. Physical Damage Canes that are broken are usually obvious -- they are bent at an awkward angle or fall off entirely. Sometimes they don't break entirely or are broken in inconspicuous places. The length of the stem must be examined for damage, though the area where the stem changes from green to brown is the best place to start. Signs of gnawing or areas where the bark has been removed indicate gnawing rodents such as mice or voles. [图片]Solutions Canker must be removed with sharp, disinfected pruners well below the canker spot and then burned or hot-composted. Verticillium wilt can be introduced to the garden from seemingly healthy plants. Purchase only from reputable growers and destroy infected plants. Covering roses during winter in areas where the canes are only exposed to brief bouts of killing frosts may ensure more canes survive the winter. Placing physical barriers around roses where dogs, people or equipment damage the roses helps, while spraying the base of the rose bush with rodent repellent discourages gnawing.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Black spot, or diplocarpon rosae, is one of the most dreaded diseases of roses. Black spots form on leaves and stems causing them to yellow and drop. A serious infection can cause complete defoliation of the plant. Adopting a regular schedule of applying fungicidal sprays can greatly reduce the scope and damage the fungus can do to your roses. You do not have to buy expensive potions from the garden center. Just mix up one of these proven recipes from ingredients you may have on hand at home. [图片]Black Spot Spray Using Baking Soda [图片]1 heaping tsp. baking soda 1 tbsp. horticultural dormant oil or vegetable oil 1 tsp. insecticidal soap or dish soap 1 gallon water 1 gallon-sized jug with cap for mixing and storage 1 quart spray bottle Cornell University led the research years ago for using common baking soda as an anti-fungal agent. They found that the addition of oil is essential to the effectiveness of the recipe. Many other versions of the original recipe add a little dish soap, or insecticidal soap, to help the solution cling to the leaves, and to help control insect pests. If you want to keep the recipe organic, use dish soap instead of insecticidal soap. Black Spot Spray Using Milk 1 cup of milk, any type 2 cups of water 1 quart spray bottle Milk is a folk home-remedy for black spot on roses, but modern testing has proved it is an effective deterrent for fungus. The downside to using it is that it can get smelly, when applied too thickly, from decomposition of the milk fats. Black Spot Spray with Mouthwash 1 tsp. vegetable oil 1 gallon water 1 tbsp. apple cider vinegar 1 tsp. unflavored antiseptic mouthwash, such as Listerine 1 tsp. liquid dish soap 1 ½ tsp .baking soda 1 quart spray bottle Mouthwash is formulated to retard the growth of bacteria and fungus in the mouth. When combined with the other known fungicides like baking soda and vinegar, it becomes a powerful weapon in your arsenal against black spot. Instructions for Making the Recipes and Applying Fungicidal Sprays for Black Spot Combine all ingredients in the gallon-sized jug and secure the cap. Shake vigorously until ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Pour enough of the mixture from the gallon jug into the spray bottle to fill it up. Spray the roses weekly, in the morning, wetting them completely with the spray. Tips for Battling Black Spot on Roses Water roses well a day or two in advance of spray treatment. Start spraying in spring, when the leaves first emerge, and continue until frost. Reapply after rain. Avoid spraying in the heat of the day or at night. Remove and destroy any leaves or stems that show signs of black spot. Buy disease resistant varieties of roses. Do not allow plants to become crowded. Decreased air circulation will encourage the formation of black spot. Keep them pruned and trimmed for optimal air circulation.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Rose plants exhibiting stem discoloration or blackening may have contracted a fungal disease that causes stem cankers. Stem cankers are caused by several different fungi, according to Ohio State University. These fungal spores enter through the wounds made in stems by improper pruning or weather damage. It is important for rose gardeners to recognize the signs of stem cankers and employ proper disease management practices. [图片]Stem Cankers Disease-causing fungal spores overwinter in debris left underneath rose plants, according to the University of Georgia. In the spring when temperatures rise, these fungal spores germinate and spread through the wind. Often, rose plants are infected during hot humid weather. Improper pruning practices, rainwater, irrigation water, open wounds and infected pruning tools spread fungal spores to different areas of your plant. Gardeners must employ proper management practices and monitor their plant for symptoms during hot humid weather. Symptoms Infected stems display lesions that grow in size and become discolored. Lesions may start off turning yellow or purple, according to the University of Georgia. Over time, lesions sink into the stems, take on a wrinkly appearance and crack. Furthermore, infected areas turn black. You may see the black fruiting bodies of the fungal spores growing from these infected areas. The result is stem girdling, which prevents both water and nutrients from getting past the cankers. Treatment Spray your infected rose plant with the same type of fungicide that you would use to treat blackspot disease. Your fungicide may contain active ingredients such as chlorothalonil, maneb and benomyl, according to Mississippi State University. Avoid spraying a rose plant that is suffering from water stress with fungicide to prevent causing damage. Continue to spray during the growing season to treat stem cankers. [图片]Pruning Remove diseased portions of your rose plant. Dip your bypass shears in a mixture of 70 percent denatured alcohol and 30 percent water. Make 45-degree angled cuts 5 to 6 inches below the stem canker, as suggested by the University of Georgia. Apply a small amount of glue to the wound to keep fungal spores from entering the plant. Clean up all debris underneath your rose plants. Burn or throw away debris, but do not place the diseased portions of the plant in your compost.

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Miss Chen

2017年08月10日

Roses can experience two major types of flies: syrphid flies and rose midges. One of these is actually a beneficial insect and the other means big trouble for rose plants. Flies pass by rose plants because they're a naturally occurring outdoor insect, but if you notice flies hanging around your rose plants repeatedly, you may have a problem. [图片]Cause Plants that are neglected or are not receiving adequate care tend to experience more pests than those that receive better care, but there is no guarantee that your plant will have a fly-free season. Unfortunately, flies and other garden pests are natural. However, providing your rose with the right care and treating the flies can reduce any problems. Types The rose midge is a destructive fly that can greatly harm rose plants. Adult rose midges lay eggs in the flowers; hatched larvae munch on flower buds. The affected flowers can wither and turn black. Larvae pupate in the soil beneath the plant, leading to a new generation of flies near the roses. If you don't break the cycle, your plants will suffer. Syrphid flies also enjoy roses, but these insects are beneficial since they eat aphids, another rose pest. These flies look like wasps, not flies, and feed on rose nectar. If you see these flies, there's nothing to worry about. [图片]Treatment Control rose midges with insecticides. Look for an insecticide that is approved for use in your area and apply the insecticide per the manufacturer's instructions. If you prefer natural pest control, use beneficial insects to eat the flies. Purchase predatory wasps online or at your local nursery. Placing landscape cloth below your roses means the rose midge larvae will fall onto the cloth to pupate. You can scoop up the cloth and throw it out, reducing your midge population. Care Good care cuts down on pests. Prune off dead branches and deadhead spent blossoms to maintain a neat bush. Water roses when the soil feels dry to the touch, until the soil becomes saturated. Watch for signs of diseases or pests so you can take action quickly and reduce potential harm to your rose.

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