文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - Erect, typically simple until the inflorescence, terete, herbaceous, to +2m tall, typically 4-7mm broad at the base, glaucous, from elongate horizontal rhizomes and forming large colonies.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, dense in the middle of the stem, spread apart more in the apical 1/3 of the plant, typically dried and deciduous in the basal 1/3 of the plant at anthesis, thin, glabrous, typically conduplicate, to +10cm long, 1-3mm broad, falcate.
Inflorescence - Open, corymbose arrangement of flower heads on long peduncles. Peduncles glabrous, with a few reduced bracts, 5-20cm long.
Involucre - +1cm broad and tall, of imbricate phyllaries. Phyllaries long attenuate, 1-1.5cm long, 2-3mm broad at the base, mostly glabrous but with spreading hairs at the base and appressed hairs along the margins, viscid externally.
Ray flowers - +/-12 per head. Ligules yellow, +/-2.5cm long, 7-10mm broad, elliptic, glabrous. Corolla tube 2mm long, glabrous. Pappus of +/-5 translucent arista. Arista 1-3mm long.
Disk flowers - Disk +/-1cm broad. Corolla tube +/-5mm long, slightly glandular at the base externally, yellow, glabrous internally, +/-1mm in diameter, 5-lobed. Lobes purplish-brown, 1mm long, acute, glabrous. Stamens 5, adnate at the base of the corolla tube. Filaments yellow, glabrous, 2-3mm long. Anthers 3-4mm long, mostly exserted, connate around the style and stigma. Styles bifurcate at the apex, mostly glabrous but pubescent on the stigmas, yellow. Stigmas +/-2mm long, recurved. Receptacle chaffy. Chaff to -1cm long, folded around the disk florets, pubescent and translucent in the basal 2/3, greenish and puberulent in the apical 1/3, acute. Mature achenes not seen.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Upland prairies, limestone glades, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This attractive species can be found in a handful of western Missouri counties. The plant is easy to identify becasue of its thin, dense, falcate leaves. The leaves are congested at the middle of the stem at anthesis.
H. salicifolius would make a great garden subject as it forms large colonies and the plants attain a tall height when mature. Each plant produces many medium-sized flower heads.
Stems - Erect, typically simple until the inflorescence, terete, herbaceous, to +2m tall, typically 4-7mm broad at the base, glaucous, from elongate horizontal rhizomes and forming large colonies.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, dense in the middle of the stem, spread apart more in the apical 1/3 of the plant, typically dried and deciduous in the basal 1/3 of the plant at anthesis, thin, glabrous, typically conduplicate, to +10cm long, 1-3mm broad, falcate.
Inflorescence - Open, corymbose arrangement of flower heads on long peduncles. Peduncles glabrous, with a few reduced bracts, 5-20cm long.
Involucre - +1cm broad and tall, of imbricate phyllaries. Phyllaries long attenuate, 1-1.5cm long, 2-3mm broad at the base, mostly glabrous but with spreading hairs at the base and appressed hairs along the margins, viscid externally.
Ray flowers - +/-12 per head. Ligules yellow, +/-2.5cm long, 7-10mm broad, elliptic, glabrous. Corolla tube 2mm long, glabrous. Pappus of +/-5 translucent arista. Arista 1-3mm long.
Disk flowers - Disk +/-1cm broad. Corolla tube +/-5mm long, slightly glandular at the base externally, yellow, glabrous internally, +/-1mm in diameter, 5-lobed. Lobes purplish-brown, 1mm long, acute, glabrous. Stamens 5, adnate at the base of the corolla tube. Filaments yellow, glabrous, 2-3mm long. Anthers 3-4mm long, mostly exserted, connate around the style and stigma. Styles bifurcate at the apex, mostly glabrous but pubescent on the stigmas, yellow. Stigmas +/-2mm long, recurved. Receptacle chaffy. Chaff to -1cm long, folded around the disk florets, pubescent and translucent in the basal 2/3, greenish and puberulent in the apical 1/3, acute. Mature achenes not seen.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Upland prairies, limestone glades, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This attractive species can be found in a handful of western Missouri counties. The plant is easy to identify becasue of its thin, dense, falcate leaves. The leaves are congested at the middle of the stem at anthesis.
H. salicifolius would make a great garden subject as it forms large colonies and the plants attain a tall height when mature. Each plant produces many medium-sized flower heads.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - Stout, erect, herbaceous, to +2.5m tall, branching in the apical 1/2, single or multiple from the base, green but often purplish in strong sun, terete to slightly 4-angled (the angles rounded), villosulous to villous. The hairs of the stem with pustulate bases which create a slightly scabrous feel to the stem.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile, ovate, acute to acuminate, to +15cm long, +9cm broad, entire or with coarse shallow teeth (the teeth with minute whitish apices), scabrous above, sericeous below. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves with pustulate bases, those of the lower surface pilosulose. Veins around the base of the blade impressed adaxially, expressed abaxially.
Inflorescence - Terminal cymose arrangement of flower heads on stems. Each division of the inflorescence subtended by a pair of reduced foliaceous bracts. Peduncles villosulous, with multicellular trichomes.
Involucre - To 2.5cm broad, +1.5cm tall (long). Phyllaries imbricate, not tightly appressed, broadly ovate to orbicular, acute to slightly acuminate, to 1.5cm long and broad, green, glandular pubescent and with some antrorse appressed hairs at the base externally, glandular and antrorse appressed pubescent in the apical half internally (glabrous basally), with ciliolate margins.
Ray flowers - +/-15 per flower head, fertile, pistillate. Ligule yellow, +3cm long, +7mm broad, with two adaxial vertical grooves, with a single notch at the apex, sparsely pubescent at the base. Corolla tube to 3mm long, pilose, pale yellow. Style yellowish-brown, divided to below the middle, glabrous, +/-7mm long. Achenes compressed, orbicular to broadly ovate, +/-7mm in diameter in flower, retrorse appressed pubescent, with two basal projections. Projections pointed, to 2-3mm long.
Disk flowers - Disk +2cm broad. Flowers staminate. Corolla tube yellow, 8-9mm long, contracted in the basal 1/5, white at the base, glabrous basally, with some pubescence at the apex, glabrous internally, 5-lobed. Lobes triangular, acute, +/-1mm long, erect. Stamens 5, adnate at the apex of the contracted portion of the corolla tube. Filaments yellow, -2mm long. Anthers brown, 5mm long, partially exserted, connivent around the style. Style yellow (pale in basal 1/2), to +1.5cm long, glabrous in the basal 1/2, pubescent apically, undivided. Achene white in flower, terete, with retrorse hairs, 6mm long, -1mm in diameter, tapered to the apex. Receptacle small, mostly flat or slightly convex. Chaff partially enclosing the achenes, +/-1.5cm long, -2mm broad, white in the basal 2/3, green apically, glabrous internally, pubescent (ciliate) externally at least on the midrib and at the apex, glabrous at the base.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Rocky and dry open woods, prairies, glades.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This big species can be found throughout Missouri. The plant is variable in stem and involucre pubescence but despite this, it is still an easy species to ID in the field. The broad rounded phyllaries and undivided styles are good characteristics for proper identification.
Steyermark breaks the species up into two varieties based on stem pubescence. Variety laeve T. & G. has glabrous and glaucous stems and involucres. Variety integrifolium has pubescent stems and involucres. This latter variety is much more common in the state.
Stems - Stout, erect, herbaceous, to +2.5m tall, branching in the apical 1/2, single or multiple from the base, green but often purplish in strong sun, terete to slightly 4-angled (the angles rounded), villosulous to villous. The hairs of the stem with pustulate bases which create a slightly scabrous feel to the stem.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile, ovate, acute to acuminate, to +15cm long, +9cm broad, entire or with coarse shallow teeth (the teeth with minute whitish apices), scabrous above, sericeous below. Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves with pustulate bases, those of the lower surface pilosulose. Veins around the base of the blade impressed adaxially, expressed abaxially.
Inflorescence - Terminal cymose arrangement of flower heads on stems. Each division of the inflorescence subtended by a pair of reduced foliaceous bracts. Peduncles villosulous, with multicellular trichomes.
Involucre - To 2.5cm broad, +1.5cm tall (long). Phyllaries imbricate, not tightly appressed, broadly ovate to orbicular, acute to slightly acuminate, to 1.5cm long and broad, green, glandular pubescent and with some antrorse appressed hairs at the base externally, glandular and antrorse appressed pubescent in the apical half internally (glabrous basally), with ciliolate margins.
Ray flowers - +/-15 per flower head, fertile, pistillate. Ligule yellow, +3cm long, +7mm broad, with two adaxial vertical grooves, with a single notch at the apex, sparsely pubescent at the base. Corolla tube to 3mm long, pilose, pale yellow. Style yellowish-brown, divided to below the middle, glabrous, +/-7mm long. Achenes compressed, orbicular to broadly ovate, +/-7mm in diameter in flower, retrorse appressed pubescent, with two basal projections. Projections pointed, to 2-3mm long.
Disk flowers - Disk +2cm broad. Flowers staminate. Corolla tube yellow, 8-9mm long, contracted in the basal 1/5, white at the base, glabrous basally, with some pubescence at the apex, glabrous internally, 5-lobed. Lobes triangular, acute, +/-1mm long, erect. Stamens 5, adnate at the apex of the contracted portion of the corolla tube. Filaments yellow, -2mm long. Anthers brown, 5mm long, partially exserted, connivent around the style. Style yellow (pale in basal 1/2), to +1.5cm long, glabrous in the basal 1/2, pubescent apically, undivided. Achene white in flower, terete, with retrorse hairs, 6mm long, -1mm in diameter, tapered to the apex. Receptacle small, mostly flat or slightly convex. Chaff partially enclosing the achenes, +/-1.5cm long, -2mm broad, white in the basal 2/3, green apically, glabrous internally, pubescent (ciliate) externally at least on the midrib and at the apex, glabrous at the base.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Rocky and dry open woods, prairies, glades.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This big species can be found throughout Missouri. The plant is variable in stem and involucre pubescence but despite this, it is still an easy species to ID in the field. The broad rounded phyllaries and undivided styles are good characteristics for proper identification.
Steyermark breaks the species up into two varieties based on stem pubescence. Variety laeve T. & G. has glabrous and glaucous stems and involucres. Variety integrifolium has pubescent stems and involucres. This latter variety is much more common in the state.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Primulaceae
Stems - To +/-1m tall, erect, from fleshy rhizomes, herbaceous, branching, glabrous, 4-angled, slightly winged in upper portions by decurrent leaf tissue.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, linear, sessile, entire, deep shiny green, with single prominent midrib, acute, glabrous, to +/-13cm long, +/-7mm broad. Margins revolute and often with a few cilia near base.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedicillate flowers near the tips of the stems. The internodes are very short in the upper portions of the plant and create a whorled appearance. Pedicels glabrous, to 2.5cm long. Flowers nodding.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, to 2.5cm broad, 4-lobed. Lobes rotund to ovate, apiculate, slightly lacerate to erose on apical margins, glabrous externally, densely glandular near base internally. Corolla tube very short, to 2mm long. Stamens 5, erect, adnate at apex of corolla tube, opposite the corolla lobes. Filaments compressed slightly, white, glandular pubescent, to 4mm long. Anthers orange-brown, 2.5-3mm long. Style whitish green, glabrous, 5mm long. Ovary superior, subglobose, green, glabrous, 5-valved, 1.2mm in diameter. Placentation free-central. Locules (seeds) many. Sepals 5, spreading, to 7mm long, 2.5mm broad, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, entire, green, acute to acuminate.
Flowering - June - August.
Habitat - Stream banks, swampy meadows, wet thickets.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the central portions of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its thin, opposite leaves, its falsely-whorled flowers, and the wet habitat it prefers. L. quadriflora also prefers calcareous soils. The flowers can sometimes be white in color.
Traditionally the leaves of this plant were dried and made into a bland tea which was used to treat feminine problems and kidney troubles.
Stems - To +/-1m tall, erect, from fleshy rhizomes, herbaceous, branching, glabrous, 4-angled, slightly winged in upper portions by decurrent leaf tissue.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, linear, sessile, entire, deep shiny green, with single prominent midrib, acute, glabrous, to +/-13cm long, +/-7mm broad. Margins revolute and often with a few cilia near base.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedicillate flowers near the tips of the stems. The internodes are very short in the upper portions of the plant and create a whorled appearance. Pedicels glabrous, to 2.5cm long. Flowers nodding.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, to 2.5cm broad, 4-lobed. Lobes rotund to ovate, apiculate, slightly lacerate to erose on apical margins, glabrous externally, densely glandular near base internally. Corolla tube very short, to 2mm long. Stamens 5, erect, adnate at apex of corolla tube, opposite the corolla lobes. Filaments compressed slightly, white, glandular pubescent, to 4mm long. Anthers orange-brown, 2.5-3mm long. Style whitish green, glabrous, 5mm long. Ovary superior, subglobose, green, glabrous, 5-valved, 1.2mm in diameter. Placentation free-central. Locules (seeds) many. Sepals 5, spreading, to 7mm long, 2.5mm broad, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, entire, green, acute to acuminate.
Flowering - June - August.
Habitat - Stream banks, swampy meadows, wet thickets.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the central portions of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its thin, opposite leaves, its falsely-whorled flowers, and the wet habitat it prefers. L. quadriflora also prefers calcareous soils. The flowers can sometimes be white in color.
Traditionally the leaves of this plant were dried and made into a bland tea which was used to treat feminine problems and kidney troubles.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Primulaceae
Stems - Repent, tp +40cm long (and sometimes much longer), herbaceous, multiple from the base, typically simple, with 4 wings from deccurent leaf tissue. Wings to .7mm broad, forming vertical grooves along the sides of the stems.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to +/-5mm long, glabrous, with a wide and shallow adaxial groove. Blades orbicular, to +/-2.5cm in diameter, glabrous, entire, somewhat cordate at the base, dark green above, lighter green below. Veins of the leaves impressed above, expressed below.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers. Peduncles to +/-2cm long, erect, glabrous.
Flowers - Petals typically 5 (sometimes 6), united at the very base and forming a small corolla tube. Tube to 1mm long. Free portion of petals glabrous, yellow, to +1.4cm long, 5-7mm broad, rounded at the apex, oblong-elliptic. Stamens 5(6), adnate at the base of the petals, erect, united at the base. Filaments yellow, broadest at the base and tapering to the apex, glandular puberulent, to 5mm long. Anthers yellow, to 2mm long. Ovary superior, green, glabrous, globose, 1.2mm in diameter. Style green, glabrous, 5mm long. Stigma small, purplish. Sepals 5(6), green, spreading, with the margins slightly revolute in the basal 1/2, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the apex, to +/-7mm long, +/-5mm broad, glabrous.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Streambanks, bottoms, ditches, roadsides. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This weedy yet attractive species can be found scattered throughout most of Missouri. The plant is an escape from lawns and gardens and is now well established in this state. Plants seldom flower, which is why I do not show flowers in the whole plant pic above, but rather spread by creeping stems which root at the nodes and create large mats if left unchecked. Steyermark mentions that the plant makes a good ground cover for shaded, moist areas.
This species can be easily identified by its creeping stems and opposite orbicular leaves.
Stems - Repent, tp +40cm long (and sometimes much longer), herbaceous, multiple from the base, typically simple, with 4 wings from deccurent leaf tissue. Wings to .7mm broad, forming vertical grooves along the sides of the stems.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to +/-5mm long, glabrous, with a wide and shallow adaxial groove. Blades orbicular, to +/-2.5cm in diameter, glabrous, entire, somewhat cordate at the base, dark green above, lighter green below. Veins of the leaves impressed above, expressed below.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers. Peduncles to +/-2cm long, erect, glabrous.
Flowers - Petals typically 5 (sometimes 6), united at the very base and forming a small corolla tube. Tube to 1mm long. Free portion of petals glabrous, yellow, to +1.4cm long, 5-7mm broad, rounded at the apex, oblong-elliptic. Stamens 5(6), adnate at the base of the petals, erect, united at the base. Filaments yellow, broadest at the base and tapering to the apex, glandular puberulent, to 5mm long. Anthers yellow, to 2mm long. Ovary superior, green, glabrous, globose, 1.2mm in diameter. Style green, glabrous, 5mm long. Stigma small, purplish. Sepals 5(6), green, spreading, with the margins slightly revolute in the basal 1/2, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the apex, to +/-7mm long, +/-5mm broad, glabrous.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Streambanks, bottoms, ditches, roadsides. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This weedy yet attractive species can be found scattered throughout most of Missouri. The plant is an escape from lawns and gardens and is now well established in this state. Plants seldom flower, which is why I do not show flowers in the whole plant pic above, but rather spread by creeping stems which root at the nodes and create large mats if left unchecked. Steyermark mentions that the plant makes a good ground cover for shaded, moist areas.
This species can be easily identified by its creeping stems and opposite orbicular leaves.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Primulaceae
Stems - To +/-40cm tall, erect, herbaceous, from a taproot, typically purplish, 4-angled, mostly glabrous but with some branched pubescence near the apex.
Leaves - Opposite to whorled. Basal leaves petiolate. Petioles involute, glabrous. Blades ovate, glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile or short-petiolate, with distinct white coarse cilia at base of blade and on petiole. Blades tapering to the base, to +/-8cm long, 1.5cm broad, acute, linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, green above, lighter green below, with obvious midrib and lateral venation.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate flowers at the apex of the stem (typically in a false whorl of 4). Peduncles to +3cm long, purplish, glabrous, arched.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, to 2cm broad, 5-lobed. Lobes obovate to orbicular with an abruptly acuminate apex, 6-7mm long, slightly erose on apical margins, densely glandular adaxially. Glands yellow, stalked and sessile. Corolla tube short, with a brown ring. Fornices of corolla attenuate, to 2mm long, alternating with the corolla lobes. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla lobes, adnate at the apex of the corolla tube, erect. Filaments whitish, glandular, 3mm long. Anthers yellow, +2.5mm long, curved to falcate at maturity. Ovary superior, green, glabrous, ovoid to globose, 1.3mm in diameter, unilocular. Placentation free-central. Style white, glabrous, 5mm long. Stigma minute. Calyx tube green, glabrous, 1-1.5mm long, 5-lobed. Lobes green, glabrous, +5mm long, acute, spreading.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Dry or wet rocky woods, slopes, ridges, thickets, valley bottoms, wet prairies, pond margins, swamps, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species is found mainly in the southern half of Missouri. The plant is common in the habitats mentioned above. This is an easy species to ID when in flower because of its long, thin, whorled leaves.
Stems - To +/-40cm tall, erect, herbaceous, from a taproot, typically purplish, 4-angled, mostly glabrous but with some branched pubescence near the apex.
Leaves - Opposite to whorled. Basal leaves petiolate. Petioles involute, glabrous. Blades ovate, glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile or short-petiolate, with distinct white coarse cilia at base of blade and on petiole. Blades tapering to the base, to +/-8cm long, 1.5cm broad, acute, linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, green above, lighter green below, with obvious midrib and lateral venation.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate flowers at the apex of the stem (typically in a false whorl of 4). Peduncles to +3cm long, purplish, glabrous, arched.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, to 2cm broad, 5-lobed. Lobes obovate to orbicular with an abruptly acuminate apex, 6-7mm long, slightly erose on apical margins, densely glandular adaxially. Glands yellow, stalked and sessile. Corolla tube short, with a brown ring. Fornices of corolla attenuate, to 2mm long, alternating with the corolla lobes. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla lobes, adnate at the apex of the corolla tube, erect. Filaments whitish, glandular, 3mm long. Anthers yellow, +2.5mm long, curved to falcate at maturity. Ovary superior, green, glabrous, ovoid to globose, 1.3mm in diameter, unilocular. Placentation free-central. Style white, glabrous, 5mm long. Stigma minute. Calyx tube green, glabrous, 1-1.5mm long, 5-lobed. Lobes green, glabrous, +5mm long, acute, spreading.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Dry or wet rocky woods, slopes, ridges, thickets, valley bottoms, wet prairies, pond margins, swamps, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species is found mainly in the southern half of Missouri. The plant is common in the habitats mentioned above. This is an easy species to ID when in flower because of its long, thin, whorled leaves.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Primulaceae
Stems - To +80cm tall, herbaceous, erect, 4-angled, glabrous or with glandular pubescence at upper nodes, multiple from base, simple to branching above, rhizomatous.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, decussate. Petioles slightly winged by decurrent leaf tissue, to +3cm long. Wings -1mm broad, ciliate-margined. Blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, rounded to cuneate at base, to +11cm long, +4cm broad, glabrous, minutely serrulate on margins.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate flowers, from upper leaf axils. Peduncles to +4cm long, glandular-puberulent. Flowers nodding.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, deeply 5-lobed, glandular externally, slightly orange to reddish at base. Corolla tube to +1mm long. Lobes to 1.3cm long, 1cm broad, glandular internally (dense near base), apiculate, erose. Staminodes present, 1mm long, alternating with stamens, lance-attenuate. Stamens 5, erect, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments to 2.5mm long, yellow, glandular. Anthers yellowish, 2.5-3mm long. Ovary superior, green, globose, 1.5mm in diameter. Placentation free central. Style 5mm long, glabrous, green. Calyx tube to 2mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes spreading, 6-7mm long, 2mm broad, linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, entire, glabrous. Capsule globose (sub-globose), glabrous, +5mm in diameter, many seeded, dehiscing by 5 valves, brownish.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Moist low woods, wet prairies, streambanks, pond margins.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - L. ciliata is easy to identify in the field because of its ciliate petioles and its nodding yellow flowers. The plant is common throughout the state of Missouri. It is easily grown from seed and would make a good garden subject in a shady moist location.
Stems - To +80cm tall, herbaceous, erect, 4-angled, glabrous or with glandular pubescence at upper nodes, multiple from base, simple to branching above, rhizomatous.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, decussate. Petioles slightly winged by decurrent leaf tissue, to +3cm long. Wings -1mm broad, ciliate-margined. Blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, rounded to cuneate at base, to +11cm long, +4cm broad, glabrous, minutely serrulate on margins.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate flowers, from upper leaf axils. Peduncles to +4cm long, glandular-puberulent. Flowers nodding.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, deeply 5-lobed, glandular externally, slightly orange to reddish at base. Corolla tube to +1mm long. Lobes to 1.3cm long, 1cm broad, glandular internally (dense near base), apiculate, erose. Staminodes present, 1mm long, alternating with stamens, lance-attenuate. Stamens 5, erect, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments to 2.5mm long, yellow, glandular. Anthers yellowish, 2.5-3mm long. Ovary superior, green, globose, 1.5mm in diameter. Placentation free central. Style 5mm long, glabrous, green. Calyx tube to 2mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes spreading, 6-7mm long, 2mm broad, linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, entire, glabrous. Capsule globose (sub-globose), glabrous, +5mm in diameter, many seeded, dehiscing by 5 valves, brownish.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Moist low woods, wet prairies, streambanks, pond margins.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - L. ciliata is easy to identify in the field because of its ciliate petioles and its nodding yellow flowers. The plant is common throughout the state of Missouri. It is easily grown from seed and would make a good garden subject in a shady moist location.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Scrophulariaceae
Stems - To .8m tall, erect, branching, herbaceous, from stout whitish roots, mostly 4-angled, densely glandular pubescent, viscid. Hairs of the stem both long and short.
Leaves - Opposite, short-petiolate to sessile, pinnately lobed, ovate, pubescent as the stem. Lobes divided again. Ultimate divisions acute. Leaves of the flowering branches +/-3cm long, +/-2cm broad. Leaves falling easily and quickly as the plant dries.
Inflorescence - Typically single axillary flowers in the upper stems and branches. Pedicels pubescent as the stem, +1cm long, ascending, expanded at the apex and slightly darker green at the base of the calyx.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, +/-3cm long, pubescent externally and internally, lobed. Lobes rounded. Stamens 4, included to partially exserted, didynamous. Filaments to 1.5cm long, one pair mostly glabrous, one pair pubescent to the apex. Anthers 6mm long, bilobed, with pointed bases, dehiscing longitudinally, pubescent along the suture. Ovary superior, glabrous, 2-3mm long and broad in flower, slightly compressed, whitish-green. Style glabrous, light green, to 1.5m long in flower. Stigma darker green than the style, swollen. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 5-6mm long in flower, 4-5-lobed, pubescent as the stem, whitish-green. Calyx lobes foliaceous, 1-1.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit (to +2cm ), green like the leaves.
Flowering - August - September.
Habitat - Dry and rocky open woods, borders of glades. On acid substrates.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the Ozark region of Missouri and is fairly common. It is easily identified in the field because of its divided, opposite leaves, large yellow flowers, and viscid stems (which are covered with glandular hairs).
The plant is worthy of cultivation and would do well in a dry area with little or no care.
The species epithet of this plant derives from the fact that its leaves closely resemble those of another genus in the family, Pedicularis.
Stems - To .8m tall, erect, branching, herbaceous, from stout whitish roots, mostly 4-angled, densely glandular pubescent, viscid. Hairs of the stem both long and short.
Leaves - Opposite, short-petiolate to sessile, pinnately lobed, ovate, pubescent as the stem. Lobes divided again. Ultimate divisions acute. Leaves of the flowering branches +/-3cm long, +/-2cm broad. Leaves falling easily and quickly as the plant dries.
Inflorescence - Typically single axillary flowers in the upper stems and branches. Pedicels pubescent as the stem, +1cm long, ascending, expanded at the apex and slightly darker green at the base of the calyx.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, +/-3cm long, pubescent externally and internally, lobed. Lobes rounded. Stamens 4, included to partially exserted, didynamous. Filaments to 1.5cm long, one pair mostly glabrous, one pair pubescent to the apex. Anthers 6mm long, bilobed, with pointed bases, dehiscing longitudinally, pubescent along the suture. Ovary superior, glabrous, 2-3mm long and broad in flower, slightly compressed, whitish-green. Style glabrous, light green, to 1.5m long in flower. Stigma darker green than the style, swollen. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 5-6mm long in flower, 4-5-lobed, pubescent as the stem, whitish-green. Calyx lobes foliaceous, 1-1.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit (to +2cm ), green like the leaves.
Flowering - August - September.
Habitat - Dry and rocky open woods, borders of glades. On acid substrates.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the Ozark region of Missouri and is fairly common. It is easily identified in the field because of its divided, opposite leaves, large yellow flowers, and viscid stems (which are covered with glandular hairs).
The plant is worthy of cultivation and would do well in a dry area with little or no care.
The species epithet of this plant derives from the fact that its leaves closely resemble those of another genus in the family, Pedicularis.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Scrophulariaceae
Stems - To 1.3m tall, multiple from base, herbaceous, branching, erect. 4-angled, densely short pubescent.
Leaves - Opposite, lowest leaves pinnately lobed (pinnatifid), upper leaves becoming simple, dense pubescent above with stellate pubescence on midrib and veins, dense pubescent below, serrate to crenate or entire, lowest leaves to +15cm long, +8cm broad.
Inflorescence - Appearing as single flowers from upper leaf axils but actually loose racemes terminating stems. Flowers opposite. Each flower subtended by foliaceous bracts. Pedicels to +8mm long, tomentose, typically upcurved.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, campanulate, zygomorphic, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to +2.5cm long, glabrous externally, pubescent internally. Corolla lobes spreading, rounded, 1.2cm long, 1.5cm broad, unequal to subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, adnate near base of corolla tube. Filaments to -2cm long, villous at base and sparse villous near apex, brownish-purple. Anthers to 5mm long, villous, purplish-brown. Style 1.8cm long, yellow, glabrous. Ovary superior, yellow, ovoid, 2-locular, subtended by green nectar ring. Placentation axile. Ovules (seeds) many. Calyx tube to 1cm long, tomentose, campanulate, 5-lobed. Lobes unequal, to 9mm long, dense pubescent. Capsule to 2cm long, pubescent to glabrous.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Rocky open woods, slopes, ridges, bluffs, glade margins.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found throughout most of Missouri but is apparently absent from the northwest and southeast corners of the state. The big bright yellow flowers are hard to miss in the field.
The plant is semiparasitic on the roots of oak trees but apparently does well if grown in a garden setting.
A synonym is Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Penn.
Stems - To 1.3m tall, multiple from base, herbaceous, branching, erect. 4-angled, densely short pubescent.
Leaves - Opposite, lowest leaves pinnately lobed (pinnatifid), upper leaves becoming simple, dense pubescent above with stellate pubescence on midrib and veins, dense pubescent below, serrate to crenate or entire, lowest leaves to +15cm long, +8cm broad.
Inflorescence - Appearing as single flowers from upper leaf axils but actually loose racemes terminating stems. Flowers opposite. Each flower subtended by foliaceous bracts. Pedicels to +8mm long, tomentose, typically upcurved.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, campanulate, zygomorphic, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to +2.5cm long, glabrous externally, pubescent internally. Corolla lobes spreading, rounded, 1.2cm long, 1.5cm broad, unequal to subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, adnate near base of corolla tube. Filaments to -2cm long, villous at base and sparse villous near apex, brownish-purple. Anthers to 5mm long, villous, purplish-brown. Style 1.8cm long, yellow, glabrous. Ovary superior, yellow, ovoid, 2-locular, subtended by green nectar ring. Placentation axile. Ovules (seeds) many. Calyx tube to 1cm long, tomentose, campanulate, 5-lobed. Lobes unequal, to 9mm long, dense pubescent. Capsule to 2cm long, pubescent to glabrous.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Rocky open woods, slopes, ridges, bluffs, glade margins.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found throughout most of Missouri but is apparently absent from the northwest and southeast corners of the state. The big bright yellow flowers are hard to miss in the field.
The plant is semiparasitic on the roots of oak trees but apparently does well if grown in a garden setting.
A synonym is Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Penn.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Rubiaceae
Stems - To 25cm tall, 4-angled, 1.5mm broad, antrorse strigose and villous, herbaceous, from thin taproot, multiple from base, simple. Nodes of mature stems fairly evenly spaced at about 2cm apart.
Leaves - In whorls of 4, sessile, 5mm long, 2.5-3mm broad, entire, elliptic to oblong or narrowly lanceolate, antrorse strigose, villous below, ciliate-margined, with prominent midrib.
Inflorescence - 1-4 flowers in axillary cymules. Typically two cymules per axil. Peduncles to 1.7mm long, villous.
Flowers - Corolla yellowish, 1.2mm broad, 4-lobed. Lobes .3mm long, elliptic. Stamens 4, alternating with corolla lobes. Filaments to .1mm long. Anthers yellow-orange. Styles 2. Stigmas globose. Ovary 2-carpellate, glabrous. Fruit reflexed, to +1.5mm in diameter, glabrous.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, grassy fields.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is weedy little plant with minute flowers. It is recently introduced into Missouri but is spreading rapidly. The fruits are smooth so they do not cling to clothing and hair, but still the plant manages to propagate itself readily.
Care should be taken not to willingly distribute this species as it is non-native.
Stems - To 25cm tall, 4-angled, 1.5mm broad, antrorse strigose and villous, herbaceous, from thin taproot, multiple from base, simple. Nodes of mature stems fairly evenly spaced at about 2cm apart.
Leaves - In whorls of 4, sessile, 5mm long, 2.5-3mm broad, entire, elliptic to oblong or narrowly lanceolate, antrorse strigose, villous below, ciliate-margined, with prominent midrib.
Inflorescence - 1-4 flowers in axillary cymules. Typically two cymules per axil. Peduncles to 1.7mm long, villous.
Flowers - Corolla yellowish, 1.2mm broad, 4-lobed. Lobes .3mm long, elliptic. Stamens 4, alternating with corolla lobes. Filaments to .1mm long. Anthers yellow-orange. Styles 2. Stigmas globose. Ovary 2-carpellate, glabrous. Fruit reflexed, to +1.5mm in diameter, glabrous.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, grassy fields.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This is weedy little plant with minute flowers. It is recently introduced into Missouri but is spreading rapidly. The fruits are smooth so they do not cling to clothing and hair, but still the plant manages to propagate itself readily.
Care should be taken not to willingly distribute this species as it is non-native.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Family - Oleaceae
Stems - To +2m tall, multiple from base, branching, woody, erect to reclining. Tigs hollow, with conspicuous lenticels, the youngest slightly 4-angled. Winter buds lance-ovoid, pointed.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petiole to 1.5cm long, minutely winged or not, glabrous. Blade lance-ovate to ovate, to +/-6cm long, +/-3cm broad, glabrous, green, acute. Margins serrate above the middle, typically entire near base.
Inflorescence - Flowers mostly appearing before leaves, axillary, solitary or in fascicles. Pedicels glabrous, to +/-6mm long.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, 4-lobed, glabrous. Tube to 8mm long. Lobes to 2cm long, 1cm broad, oblong. Stamens 2, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments yellow, 4mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellowish-tan, 2.1mm long. Stigma biglobose, capitate. Style to 1.5mm long. Ovary glabrous, 2-locular, glabrous, superior. Calyx 4-lobed, green or with some purple. Tube to 1mm long, glabrous. Lobes to 6mm long, 2.5mm broad, with evident midvein. Margins entire, scarious, ciliate. Capsule loculicidal, to 2cm long, 1cm in diameter, tannish, with lenticels, many seeded.
Flowering - March - April.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Native to Asia.
Other info. - Forsythia is one of the first plants to bloom in Missouri in the spring. The brilliant yellow flowers are impossible to miss and decorate the landscape. The flowers appear before the leaves but typically remain until the plant is almost leafed out. There are other species of Forsythia which are cultivated in Missouri but nearly all look alike. They can be differentiated by looking at the hairiness of the leaves and the pith (or lack of) of the twigs and branches. For a complete rundown of the genus go here.
Stems - To +2m tall, multiple from base, branching, woody, erect to reclining. Tigs hollow, with conspicuous lenticels, the youngest slightly 4-angled. Winter buds lance-ovoid, pointed.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petiole to 1.5cm long, minutely winged or not, glabrous. Blade lance-ovate to ovate, to +/-6cm long, +/-3cm broad, glabrous, green, acute. Margins serrate above the middle, typically entire near base.
Inflorescence - Flowers mostly appearing before leaves, axillary, solitary or in fascicles. Pedicels glabrous, to +/-6mm long.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, 4-lobed, glabrous. Tube to 8mm long. Lobes to 2cm long, 1cm broad, oblong. Stamens 2, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments yellow, 4mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellowish-tan, 2.1mm long. Stigma biglobose, capitate. Style to 1.5mm long. Ovary glabrous, 2-locular, glabrous, superior. Calyx 4-lobed, green or with some purple. Tube to 1mm long, glabrous. Lobes to 6mm long, 2.5mm broad, with evident midvein. Margins entire, scarious, ciliate. Capsule loculicidal, to 2cm long, 1cm in diameter, tannish, with lenticels, many seeded.
Flowering - March - April.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Native to Asia.
Other info. - Forsythia is one of the first plants to bloom in Missouri in the spring. The brilliant yellow flowers are impossible to miss and decorate the landscape. The flowers appear before the leaves but typically remain until the plant is almost leafed out. There are other species of Forsythia which are cultivated in Missouri but nearly all look alike. They can be differentiated by looking at the hairiness of the leaves and the pith (or lack of) of the twigs and branches. For a complete rundown of the genus go here.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To +2m tall, erect, branching, multiple from base, herbaceous, rooting at lower nodes, often purplish or mottled, 4-angled, (the angles rounded), fluted, glabrous to sparse antrorse pubescent, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to +/-3cm long, with an adaxial groove (the groove sparsely pubescent). Blades pinnately divided. Ultimate divisions serrate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the terminal division being the largest, to 10cm long, 1.5cm broad, deep dull green and very sparse antrorse pubescent above, light green and antrorse pubescent below. Leaves reduced upward.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads.
Involucre - Flat, to 2.3cm broad. Bracts biseriate. Outer phyllaries +/-15, with fimbriate margins, linear, acute, often twisted, to +1cm long, 1.2-1.4mm broad, pubescent externally, often with revolute margins. Inner phyllaries yellowish, with dark purple apices, ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, 6-7mm long, 2-3mm broad, erect in fruit.
Ray flowers - +/-8 per flower head, sterile. Ligule to 3cm long, +/-1cm broad, yellow, glabrous, the apex blunt to very shallowly 2-3 notched. Corolla tube antrorse pubescent. Achene reduced, compressed, with barbed margins, 1mm long, rectangular.
Disk flowers - Corolla yellowish, 5-lobed. Corolla tube constricted in lower 1/2, funnelform in upper 1/2, glabrous, to 4mm long. Corolla lobes acute, spreading to erect, .7mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at apex of corolla tube constriction. Filaments to 1.2mm long, glabrous, pale yellow. Anthers connate around style, purplish-brown, exserted, to 2.1mm long. Style typically not exserted beyond anthers, bifurcate, yellow in apical portion (stigma). Achenes (in flower) white, compressed, 3-sided, antrorse pubescent, with barbed margins, becoming obovate in fruit, dark greenish, +/-4mm long, 3mm broad. Pappus of two rounded shallow awns. Chaff compressed, to 7mm long, 1mm broad, translucent but yellowish in upper 1/2 and with a purple tip, glabrous, subacute.
Flowering - August to October.
Habitat - Wet prairies and meadows, swampy woods, ditches, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is common throughout Missouri. It can be seen growing along many roads and highways. The ligules in the first picture above appear to be two-toned but are really solid yellow when seen in nature. This is a weedy species which is locally abundant but is also very striking and visited by many flying insects.
Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant based on awn barb direction. Variety polylepis has antrorse awn barbs. Variety retrorsa Sherff has, you guessed it, retrorse awn barbs.
Stems - To +2m tall, erect, branching, multiple from base, herbaceous, rooting at lower nodes, often purplish or mottled, 4-angled, (the angles rounded), fluted, glabrous to sparse antrorse pubescent, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to +/-3cm long, with an adaxial groove (the groove sparsely pubescent). Blades pinnately divided. Ultimate divisions serrate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the terminal division being the largest, to 10cm long, 1.5cm broad, deep dull green and very sparse antrorse pubescent above, light green and antrorse pubescent below. Leaves reduced upward.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads.
Involucre - Flat, to 2.3cm broad. Bracts biseriate. Outer phyllaries +/-15, with fimbriate margins, linear, acute, often twisted, to +1cm long, 1.2-1.4mm broad, pubescent externally, often with revolute margins. Inner phyllaries yellowish, with dark purple apices, ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, 6-7mm long, 2-3mm broad, erect in fruit.
Ray flowers - +/-8 per flower head, sterile. Ligule to 3cm long, +/-1cm broad, yellow, glabrous, the apex blunt to very shallowly 2-3 notched. Corolla tube antrorse pubescent. Achene reduced, compressed, with barbed margins, 1mm long, rectangular.
Disk flowers - Corolla yellowish, 5-lobed. Corolla tube constricted in lower 1/2, funnelform in upper 1/2, glabrous, to 4mm long. Corolla lobes acute, spreading to erect, .7mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at apex of corolla tube constriction. Filaments to 1.2mm long, glabrous, pale yellow. Anthers connate around style, purplish-brown, exserted, to 2.1mm long. Style typically not exserted beyond anthers, bifurcate, yellow in apical portion (stigma). Achenes (in flower) white, compressed, 3-sided, antrorse pubescent, with barbed margins, becoming obovate in fruit, dark greenish, +/-4mm long, 3mm broad. Pappus of two rounded shallow awns. Chaff compressed, to 7mm long, 1mm broad, translucent but yellowish in upper 1/2 and with a purple tip, glabrous, subacute.
Flowering - August to October.
Habitat - Wet prairies and meadows, swampy woods, ditches, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is common throughout Missouri. It can be seen growing along many roads and highways. The ligules in the first picture above appear to be two-toned but are really solid yellow when seen in nature. This is a weedy species which is locally abundant but is also very striking and visited by many flying insects.
Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant based on awn barb direction. Variety polylepis has antrorse awn barbs. Variety retrorsa Sherff has, you guessed it, retrorse awn barbs.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - From fibrous roots, stout, erect, herbaceous, to +/-2m tall, branching, 4-angled (the angles rounded), fluted, essentially glabrous but with a few antrorse hairs in upper portions, typically purple.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, trifoliolate. Petiole to +/-5cm long, with an adaxial groove (groove curly pubescent within), the rest of the petiole glabrous or with very sparse short pubescence. Lateral leaflets with petiolules to 5-6mm long, basally oblique. Terminal leaflet with petiolule to 2.5cm long, larger than lateral leaflets, sometimes unequally divided. All leaflets serrate, acuminate, puberulent above, pubescent below, to +10cm long, 4cm broad, light green below, deep dull green above.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads.
Involucre - Outer series of bracts spreading, 5-8 in number, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate or spatulate, ciliate-margined, occasionally with a few coarse serrate teeth, to 3cm long, +/-6mm broad, antrorse pubescent below and above on midrib. Inner series to 1cm long, 8mm in diameter in flower. Inner bracts yellowish-green, subulate, erect, appressed, glabrous, to 7mm long, 3mm broad.
Ray flowers - Absent.
Disk flowers - Corolla 3.1mm long, whitish at base, yellowish in apical 1/2, glabrous, contracted in basal 1/2, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, yellow, spreading to erect, .4mm long, papillate internally. Stamens 5, adnate at apex of contracted portion of corolla tube. Filaments glabrous, whitish, 1.3mm long. Anthers connate around style, only partially exserted, 1mm long, purplish. Style exserted, bifurcate, yellowish at apex (stigmas). Achenes antrorsely barbed, compressed, to 5mm long. Awns 2, to +3mm long, retrorsely barbed. Chaff thin, transparent, yellowish-brown at apex, to 8-9mm long, 1.1mm broad, slightly folded, glabrous.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet ground, ditches, pond margins, streambanks, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Bidens can be found throughout Missouri. The plant described above is B. frondosa var. frondosa f. frondosa which has the retrorse barbs on its awns. Form anomala (Porter) Fern. has barbs which are antrorse on the awns. This latter form has not been found in Missouri.
Because this species grows close to water, it is eaten by muskrats. The achenes are eaten by ducks.
Stems - From fibrous roots, stout, erect, herbaceous, to +/-2m tall, branching, 4-angled (the angles rounded), fluted, essentially glabrous but with a few antrorse hairs in upper portions, typically purple.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, trifoliolate. Petiole to +/-5cm long, with an adaxial groove (groove curly pubescent within), the rest of the petiole glabrous or with very sparse short pubescence. Lateral leaflets with petiolules to 5-6mm long, basally oblique. Terminal leaflet with petiolule to 2.5cm long, larger than lateral leaflets, sometimes unequally divided. All leaflets serrate, acuminate, puberulent above, pubescent below, to +10cm long, 4cm broad, light green below, deep dull green above.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads.
Involucre - Outer series of bracts spreading, 5-8 in number, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate or spatulate, ciliate-margined, occasionally with a few coarse serrate teeth, to 3cm long, +/-6mm broad, antrorse pubescent below and above on midrib. Inner series to 1cm long, 8mm in diameter in flower. Inner bracts yellowish-green, subulate, erect, appressed, glabrous, to 7mm long, 3mm broad.
Ray flowers - Absent.
Disk flowers - Corolla 3.1mm long, whitish at base, yellowish in apical 1/2, glabrous, contracted in basal 1/2, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, yellow, spreading to erect, .4mm long, papillate internally. Stamens 5, adnate at apex of contracted portion of corolla tube. Filaments glabrous, whitish, 1.3mm long. Anthers connate around style, only partially exserted, 1mm long, purplish. Style exserted, bifurcate, yellowish at apex (stigmas). Achenes antrorsely barbed, compressed, to 5mm long. Awns 2, to +3mm long, retrorsely barbed. Chaff thin, transparent, yellowish-brown at apex, to 8-9mm long, 1.1mm broad, slightly folded, glabrous.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet ground, ditches, pond margins, streambanks, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Bidens can be found throughout Missouri. The plant described above is B. frondosa var. frondosa f. frondosa which has the retrorse barbs on its awns. Form anomala (Porter) Fern. has barbs which are antrorse on the awns. This latter form has not been found in Missouri.
Because this species grows close to water, it is eaten by muskrats. The achenes are eaten by ducks.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - From fibrous roots, rooting at lower nodes, erect, 4-angled (the angles rounded), often purplish, glabrous or with a few antrorse hairs near the apex of the stem, delicate, much-branched, herbaceous, to 1.5m tall, single from the base.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, trifoliolate. Petioles to -5cm long, with narrow adaxial groove (the groove with sparse pubescence). Leaflets serrate, acuminate, glabrous or with a few antrorse hairs on the veins below, to 10cm long, 3cm broad, lanceolate. Serrations of margin often with minute whitish apices. Lateral leaflets with petiolules 1-3mm long. Terminal leaflet with a petiolule to +/-2cm long. Blade tissue of leaflets often obliquely terminating at the base.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads terminating the branches.
Involucre - Outer phyllaries 1-5(6), to +3.5cm long, 5-6mm broad, entire, oblanceolate to spatulate or lanceolate, glabrous or occasionally with antrorse strigose margins, spreading. Inner bracts glabrous, green, erect, appressed, 5-6mm long, 2mm broad, blunt to subacute, often minutely fimbriate at apex (use a lens to see).
Ray flowers - Absent.
Disk flowers - Disk to 5-6mm broad in flower. Corolla +/-2mm long, whitish below, yellow at apex, 5-lobed, glabrous. Lobes erect to spreading, .2mm long, acute, yellow. Stamens 5, partially exserted, adnate in basal 1/3 of the corolla tube. Anthers purplish, connate around the style, .7mm long. Style exserted, bifurcate, yellow at the stigmas. Achenes to 5mm long, becoming greenish-black, 2-awned, compressed, antrorsely pubescent. Awns to 1.5mm long. Chaff translucent-green, orangish at apex, blunt, glabrous, to 6mm long, 1mm broad, linear.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet ground.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found mostly in the Ozark section of Missouri but also along rivers and swamps of a few more southern and central counties. The plant is fairly easy to ID in the field because of its small flower heads. Because it freely roots at the nodes, the plant can be found growing off the ground in dead stumps and from the bark of living trees.
The genus name "Bidens" means "two teeth" and is so given because of the two awns of the fruit.
Stems - From fibrous roots, rooting at lower nodes, erect, 4-angled (the angles rounded), often purplish, glabrous or with a few antrorse hairs near the apex of the stem, delicate, much-branched, herbaceous, to 1.5m tall, single from the base.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, trifoliolate. Petioles to -5cm long, with narrow adaxial groove (the groove with sparse pubescence). Leaflets serrate, acuminate, glabrous or with a few antrorse hairs on the veins below, to 10cm long, 3cm broad, lanceolate. Serrations of margin often with minute whitish apices. Lateral leaflets with petiolules 1-3mm long. Terminal leaflet with a petiolule to +/-2cm long. Blade tissue of leaflets often obliquely terminating at the base.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of flower heads terminating the branches.
Involucre - Outer phyllaries 1-5(6), to +3.5cm long, 5-6mm broad, entire, oblanceolate to spatulate or lanceolate, glabrous or occasionally with antrorse strigose margins, spreading. Inner bracts glabrous, green, erect, appressed, 5-6mm long, 2mm broad, blunt to subacute, often minutely fimbriate at apex (use a lens to see).
Ray flowers - Absent.
Disk flowers - Disk to 5-6mm broad in flower. Corolla +/-2mm long, whitish below, yellow at apex, 5-lobed, glabrous. Lobes erect to spreading, .2mm long, acute, yellow. Stamens 5, partially exserted, adnate in basal 1/3 of the corolla tube. Anthers purplish, connate around the style, .7mm long. Style exserted, bifurcate, yellow at the stigmas. Achenes to 5mm long, becoming greenish-black, 2-awned, compressed, antrorsely pubescent. Awns to 1.5mm long. Chaff translucent-green, orangish at apex, blunt, glabrous, to 6mm long, 1mm broad, linear.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Wet ground.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found mostly in the Ozark section of Missouri but also along rivers and swamps of a few more southern and central counties. The plant is fairly easy to ID in the field because of its small flower heads. Because it freely roots at the nodes, the plant can be found growing off the ground in dead stumps and from the bark of living trees.
The genus name "Bidens" means "two teeth" and is so given because of the two awns of the fruit.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To +70cm tall, herbaceous, erect, glabrous, 4-angled, dichotomously branching, from taproot.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, deeply bipinnatifid, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, to +/-20cm long, +/-12cm broad. Petiole to 10cm long, slightly winged. Ultimate divisions acute to acuminate.
Inflorescence - Single axillary pedunculate flower head. Peduncles elongating in fruit to -10cm long, glabrous or sparse puberulent.
Involucre - 3mm in diameter, -5mm tall (long). Phyllaries deep green, spatulate to oblanceolate or subulate, to 6mm long, acute, unequal, sparse appressed pubescent externally, glabrous internally, with strigillose margins. Some phyllaries with slightly scarious or lighter-colored margins.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligule yellow, 2-5 in number (sometimes absent), 4.5mm long, 2mm broad, spatulate, rounded at apex, glabrous. Achene compressed, 1mm long, glabrous. Pappus absent.
Disk flowers - Typically +/-10 in number, fertile. Corolla tube 3mm long, 5-lobed, glabrous, orange, near and at apex. Lobes acute, .5mm long, glabrous. Stamens 5, adnate near base of corolla tube. Anthers connate around style, included, reddish, 1.1mm long. Style bifurcate, barely exserted, yellow. Achene (in flower) 2mm long, glabrous, 4-angled. Pappus 4 retrorse barbellate awns to 2.5mm long. Achenes in fruit to 1.3cm long, blackish-green, typically unequal, with persistent pappus. Receptacle flat. Chaff to 4mm long, 1mm broad, scarious, greenish, glabrous.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Open woods, glades, pastures, open rocky ground, thickets, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S., and tropical regions around the globe.
Other info. - The genus name Bidens means "two teeth", referring to the awns of the pappus and fruit (other species only have two awns). Because of the awns, the fruits will cling to most anything, thus distributing the plant quickly to new locations. The plant is not stout and wilts when hit with direct hot sun. Ray ligules are not always present in the flower heads.
Stems - To +70cm tall, herbaceous, erect, glabrous, 4-angled, dichotomously branching, from taproot.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, deeply bipinnatifid, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, to +/-20cm long, +/-12cm broad. Petiole to 10cm long, slightly winged. Ultimate divisions acute to acuminate.
Inflorescence - Single axillary pedunculate flower head. Peduncles elongating in fruit to -10cm long, glabrous or sparse puberulent.
Involucre - 3mm in diameter, -5mm tall (long). Phyllaries deep green, spatulate to oblanceolate or subulate, to 6mm long, acute, unequal, sparse appressed pubescent externally, glabrous internally, with strigillose margins. Some phyllaries with slightly scarious or lighter-colored margins.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligule yellow, 2-5 in number (sometimes absent), 4.5mm long, 2mm broad, spatulate, rounded at apex, glabrous. Achene compressed, 1mm long, glabrous. Pappus absent.
Disk flowers - Typically +/-10 in number, fertile. Corolla tube 3mm long, 5-lobed, glabrous, orange, near and at apex. Lobes acute, .5mm long, glabrous. Stamens 5, adnate near base of corolla tube. Anthers connate around style, included, reddish, 1.1mm long. Style bifurcate, barely exserted, yellow. Achene (in flower) 2mm long, glabrous, 4-angled. Pappus 4 retrorse barbellate awns to 2.5mm long. Achenes in fruit to 1.3cm long, blackish-green, typically unequal, with persistent pappus. Receptacle flat. Chaff to 4mm long, 1mm broad, scarious, greenish, glabrous.
Flowering - August - October.
Habitat - Open woods, glades, pastures, open rocky ground, thickets, waste ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S., and tropical regions around the globe.
Other info. - The genus name Bidens means "two teeth", referring to the awns of the pappus and fruit (other species only have two awns). Because of the awns, the fruits will cling to most anything, thus distributing the plant quickly to new locations. The plant is not stout and wilts when hit with direct hot sun. Ray ligules are not always present in the flower heads.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Family - Fabaceae
Stems - To 1m tall, 4-angled, erect or ascending, glabrous to pubescent, multiple from base, branching, herbaceous, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, to +1cm long, toothed to entire. Leaflets typically oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, toothed to entire, to +2cm long, -1cm broad, typically mucronate, glabrous to sparse arachnoid pubescent below.
Inflorescence - Compact axillary pedunculate racemes, with up to 40 flowers. Peduncle to +/-3cm long, typically pubescent. Cluster globose to subglobose.
Flowers - Corolla purple to whitish, papilionaceous, to 1cm long. Standard to 1cm long, 5mm broad. Stamens diadelphous. Calyx tube to 5mm long, 2mm in diameter, 5-lobed, typically glabrous. Lobes attenuate, to 4mm long, equal to subequal.
Fruits - Coiled pods to 8mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - M. sativa is the only species of Medicago in Missouri with purple flowers. As you can see from the above photos, the flowers are variable in color. The flowers of some cultivated plants can be greenish-yellow also. Some plants may also have fruits which are only slightly coiled to straight.
The plant is also quite variable in its pubescence.
Alfalfa is a very important crop because of its high protein content.
Stems - To 1m tall, 4-angled, erect or ascending, glabrous to pubescent, multiple from base, branching, herbaceous, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, to +1cm long, toothed to entire. Leaflets typically oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, toothed to entire, to +2cm long, -1cm broad, typically mucronate, glabrous to sparse arachnoid pubescent below.
Inflorescence - Compact axillary pedunculate racemes, with up to 40 flowers. Peduncle to +/-3cm long, typically pubescent. Cluster globose to subglobose.
Flowers - Corolla purple to whitish, papilionaceous, to 1cm long. Standard to 1cm long, 5mm broad. Stamens diadelphous. Calyx tube to 5mm long, 2mm in diameter, 5-lobed, typically glabrous. Lobes attenuate, to 4mm long, equal to subequal.
Fruits - Coiled pods to 8mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - M. sativa is the only species of Medicago in Missouri with purple flowers. As you can see from the above photos, the flowers are variable in color. The flowers of some cultivated plants can be greenish-yellow also. Some plants may also have fruits which are only slightly coiled to straight.
The plant is also quite variable in its pubescence.
Alfalfa is a very important crop because of its high protein content.
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