文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - Multiple from the base, from fibrous and fleshy roots, erect, herbaceous, to +/-50cm tall, branching, angled, sparse antrorse strigose.
Leaves - Alternate. Basal leaves long-petiolate. The petioles sparse antrorse strigose, with an adaxial groove, to +15cm long. Blades ovate, shallow serrate to crenate-serrate or almost entire, antrorse strigose (use lens) on both surfaces, acute, rounded to subcordate at base, to +10cm long, +6cm broad. Cauline leaves becoming sessile, shallow coarse serrate, lanceolate, pubescent as the basal leaves. All leaves coriaceous and "crisp", easily ripped or cracked.
Inflorescence - Single flowerheads terminating stems and branches.
Involucre - -3cm broad, flattened. Phyllaries spreading to recurved, in a few series, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, to 1.4cm long, 5mm broad, antrorse strigose, green, blunt to subacute at apex, entire. The apices often darkened slightly. Margins often revolute.
Ray flowers - Sterile, +/-12 per flowerhead. Ligule yellow, to -3cm long, 7mm broad. Achene minute, .5mm long, glabrous, truncate at base. Pappus wanting.
Disk flowers - Disk to 1.3cm broad. Corollas whitish at base but chocolate-purple at apex, 3.1mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, erect, .3mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, included. Filaments white, compressed, glabrous, with a white prominent midvein, 1mm long. Anthers chocolate-purple, connate around the style, 1.5-1.6mm long. Style exserted, bifurcate, glabrous, white at the base, chocolate-purple at the apex(stigma). Achene 4-angled, white in flower, glabrous, 2mm long in flower. Pappus a minute crown, often somewhat purplish. Receptacle conic. Chaff partially enclosing the achenes and flowers, to 4mm long, white but with purple near the margins and at the apex, mostly glabrous but with a few cilia on the margins near the apex, acute.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Moist places, streambanks, gravel bars, wet ledges.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the Ozark section of Missouri. The plant is quite showy and the species epithet "fulgida" means "gleaming".
The flowers of this species look similar to many other plants in the genus but the leaves and habitat of the plant make it easy to ID in the field.
Stems - Multiple from the base, from fibrous and fleshy roots, erect, herbaceous, to +/-50cm tall, branching, angled, sparse antrorse strigose.
Leaves - Alternate. Basal leaves long-petiolate. The petioles sparse antrorse strigose, with an adaxial groove, to +15cm long. Blades ovate, shallow serrate to crenate-serrate or almost entire, antrorse strigose (use lens) on both surfaces, acute, rounded to subcordate at base, to +10cm long, +6cm broad. Cauline leaves becoming sessile, shallow coarse serrate, lanceolate, pubescent as the basal leaves. All leaves coriaceous and "crisp", easily ripped or cracked.
Inflorescence - Single flowerheads terminating stems and branches.
Involucre - -3cm broad, flattened. Phyllaries spreading to recurved, in a few series, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, to 1.4cm long, 5mm broad, antrorse strigose, green, blunt to subacute at apex, entire. The apices often darkened slightly. Margins often revolute.
Ray flowers - Sterile, +/-12 per flowerhead. Ligule yellow, to -3cm long, 7mm broad. Achene minute, .5mm long, glabrous, truncate at base. Pappus wanting.
Disk flowers - Disk to 1.3cm broad. Corollas whitish at base but chocolate-purple at apex, 3.1mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, erect, .3mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, included. Filaments white, compressed, glabrous, with a white prominent midvein, 1mm long. Anthers chocolate-purple, connate around the style, 1.5-1.6mm long. Style exserted, bifurcate, glabrous, white at the base, chocolate-purple at the apex(stigma). Achene 4-angled, white in flower, glabrous, 2mm long in flower. Pappus a minute crown, often somewhat purplish. Receptacle conic. Chaff partially enclosing the achenes and flowers, to 4mm long, white but with purple near the margins and at the apex, mostly glabrous but with a few cilia on the margins near the apex, acute.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Moist places, streambanks, gravel bars, wet ledges.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in the Ozark section of Missouri. The plant is quite showy and the species epithet "fulgida" means "gleaming".
The flowers of this species look similar to many other plants in the genus but the leaves and habitat of the plant make it easy to ID in the field.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Brassicaceae
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, from rhizomes, glabrous, green or becoming purple in the strong sun, ribbed, to +/-35cm tall, branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid. Basal leaves to -10cm long, 2-2.5cm broad, with +/-6 main divisions per side. Cauline leaves similar but reduced. All leaves glabrous or with very few short hairs. Divisions of the leaves toothed. Upper leaves with thinner and fewer divisions than the lower. Tissue connecting the divisions of the leaves .2-.3mm broad (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +10cm long. Axis glabrous. Pedicels to 4mm long in flower, expanding to +/-1cm long in fruit, glabrous. Inflorescence compact in flower, quickly expanding. Siliques to 1cm long, 1mm in diameter, cylindric but slightly compressed, glabrous, with a beak to 1mm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, distinct, spatulate, yellow, glabrous, to +4mm long, 1.5mm broad, rounded at the apex. Stamens 6, erect, 4 larger and 2 smaller. Filaments yellow, glabrous, to 3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary cylindric, green-yellow, glabrous, 2mm long in flower, superior. Style .5mm long. Stigmas globose-capitate, .7mm broad. Sepals 4, distinct, yellow, erect to spreading, cupped, mostly glabrous but often with a few hairs at the apex externally, entire, 2-2.5mm long, to 1mm broad, subulate.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Moist low ground, streambanks, wet fields and meadows.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This little species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its yellow flower petals, which are 4-8mm long, and its pinnately divided leaves, which have toothed margins. The wet habitat of the plant and its creeping stems with fibrous roots are other good characteristics to look for.
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, from rhizomes, glabrous, green or becoming purple in the strong sun, ribbed, to +/-35cm tall, branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid. Basal leaves to -10cm long, 2-2.5cm broad, with +/-6 main divisions per side. Cauline leaves similar but reduced. All leaves glabrous or with very few short hairs. Divisions of the leaves toothed. Upper leaves with thinner and fewer divisions than the lower. Tissue connecting the divisions of the leaves .2-.3mm broad (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +10cm long. Axis glabrous. Pedicels to 4mm long in flower, expanding to +/-1cm long in fruit, glabrous. Inflorescence compact in flower, quickly expanding. Siliques to 1cm long, 1mm in diameter, cylindric but slightly compressed, glabrous, with a beak to 1mm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, distinct, spatulate, yellow, glabrous, to +4mm long, 1.5mm broad, rounded at the apex. Stamens 6, erect, 4 larger and 2 smaller. Filaments yellow, glabrous, to 3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary cylindric, green-yellow, glabrous, 2mm long in flower, superior. Style .5mm long. Stigmas globose-capitate, .7mm broad. Sepals 4, distinct, yellow, erect to spreading, cupped, mostly glabrous but often with a few hairs at the apex externally, entire, 2-2.5mm long, to 1mm broad, subulate.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Moist low ground, streambanks, wet fields and meadows.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This little species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its yellow flower petals, which are 4-8mm long, and its pinnately divided leaves, which have toothed margins. The wet habitat of the plant and its creeping stems with fibrous roots are other good characteristics to look for.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Brassicaceae
Stems - Decumbent to prostrate, often rooting at nodes, herbaceous, multiple from thin rhizomes, glabrous or with vesicular hairs.
Leaves - Alternate, pinnately lobed, clasping or not, auriculate or not, to 8cm long, 2.5cm broad, glabrous or with few vesicular hairs. Lobes shallow toothed to entire.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes elongating in fruit to 20cm long. Pedicels 5mm long in flower, to +1cm in fruit, typically at right angles to axis and curved in fruit.
Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, glabrous, to 5mm long, +2mm broad, narrowed at base to claw. Stamens 6, erect. Filaments to +3mm long, greenish-yellow, glabrous. Anthers yellow, 1.1mm broad. Ovary green, glabrous, 3mm long, slightly compressed. Style 1mm long, persistent in fruit. Stigma capitate. Sepals 4, greenish-yellow, to 4mm long, 1.8mm broad at base, glabrous, with scarious margins, erect to spreading, acute. Siliques to 6mm long, few seeded, 2-valved, cylindrical, beaked with persistent style, ascending (curving) towards the axis of the inflorescence.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Moist ground of flood plains, , railroads, disturbed sites.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - The fruits of this genus are cylindrical and appear "short and fat" compared to other genus of the family. Technically they are classified as siliques but could be called silicles also. Some of the species in this genus can be difficult to distinguish.
Stems - Decumbent to prostrate, often rooting at nodes, herbaceous, multiple from thin rhizomes, glabrous or with vesicular hairs.
Leaves - Alternate, pinnately lobed, clasping or not, auriculate or not, to 8cm long, 2.5cm broad, glabrous or with few vesicular hairs. Lobes shallow toothed to entire.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes elongating in fruit to 20cm long. Pedicels 5mm long in flower, to +1cm in fruit, typically at right angles to axis and curved in fruit.
Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, glabrous, to 5mm long, +2mm broad, narrowed at base to claw. Stamens 6, erect. Filaments to +3mm long, greenish-yellow, glabrous. Anthers yellow, 1.1mm broad. Ovary green, glabrous, 3mm long, slightly compressed. Style 1mm long, persistent in fruit. Stigma capitate. Sepals 4, greenish-yellow, to 4mm long, 1.8mm broad at base, glabrous, with scarious margins, erect to spreading, acute. Siliques to 6mm long, few seeded, 2-valved, cylindrical, beaked with persistent style, ascending (curving) towards the axis of the inflorescence.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Moist ground of flood plains, , railroads, disturbed sites.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - The fruits of this genus are cylindrical and appear "short and fat" compared to other genus of the family. Technically they are classified as siliques but could be called silicles also. Some of the species in this genus can be difficult to distinguish.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Salicaceae
Stems - Multiple from the base, woody, erect to ascending or reclining. A shrub to +5m tall. Twigs glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, terete, with spongy white pith, green or reddish in strong sun. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 3mm long, whitish green, glabrous or with some sericeous hairs. Blades linear-oblong, , mostly glabrous above, sericeous or not below, deep shiny green above, dull green below, acute, with unevenly-spaced shallow teeth on the margins (the teeth small and less than 13 per inch).
Inflorescence - (pistillate) - Terminal spike on new season's growth. Spike to +/-4cm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +8cm long. Axis of the inflorescence sericeous to tomentose, light green. Each flower subtended by and partially enclosed by one cupped bract. Bracts enclosing the flowers for about 2/3 of the total flower length. Bracts light green, ovate, sericeous, rounded at the apex, 2-3mm long in flower, -2mm broad. Flowers ascending, tightly overlapping, spiraled around the axis.
Flowers - (pistillate) - Green, sericeous, to +4mm long in flower, longer in fruit. Stigmas 2, each divided and appearing as 4, white in flower, -1mm long, spreading, sessile. Styles wanting. Ovary with many ovules. Staminate flowers not seen. Fruits brown, splitting into 2 halves vertically. Seeds comose. Coma white, like silk, 5-8mm long. Seeds brown, -1mm long, .2mm broad, cylindric.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Sand bars, gravel bars, mud flats, streambanks, oxbow lakes, river bottoms, flood plains.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Willow is common throughout nearly all of Missouri except in the bootheel of the state, where it is apparently absent. This species is typically found as a small shrub on gravel bars and mudflats. The plant spreads by underground stems and can form large colonies if left unchecked.
The pubescence of all parts of the plant is variable.
Stems - Multiple from the base, woody, erect to ascending or reclining. A shrub to +5m tall. Twigs glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, terete, with spongy white pith, green or reddish in strong sun. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 3mm long, whitish green, glabrous or with some sericeous hairs. Blades linear-oblong, , mostly glabrous above, sericeous or not below, deep shiny green above, dull green below, acute, with unevenly-spaced shallow teeth on the margins (the teeth small and less than 13 per inch).
Inflorescence - (pistillate) - Terminal spike on new season's growth. Spike to +/-4cm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +8cm long. Axis of the inflorescence sericeous to tomentose, light green. Each flower subtended by and partially enclosed by one cupped bract. Bracts enclosing the flowers for about 2/3 of the total flower length. Bracts light green, ovate, sericeous, rounded at the apex, 2-3mm long in flower, -2mm broad. Flowers ascending, tightly overlapping, spiraled around the axis.
Flowers - (pistillate) - Green, sericeous, to +4mm long in flower, longer in fruit. Stigmas 2, each divided and appearing as 4, white in flower, -1mm long, spreading, sessile. Styles wanting. Ovary with many ovules. Staminate flowers not seen. Fruits brown, splitting into 2 halves vertically. Seeds comose. Coma white, like silk, 5-8mm long. Seeds brown, -1mm long, .2mm broad, cylindric.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Sand bars, gravel bars, mud flats, streambanks, oxbow lakes, river bottoms, flood plains.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Willow is common throughout nearly all of Missouri except in the bootheel of the state, where it is apparently absent. This species is typically found as a small shrub on gravel bars and mudflats. The plant spreads by underground stems and can form large colonies if left unchecked.
The pubescence of all parts of the plant is variable.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 1.2m tall, erect, simple, multiple from base, forming tufts, typically glabrous, glaucous, annual.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-30cm long, +/-9mm broad, glabrous or somewhat strigose, entire, bluish-green. Auricles (when present) with a slightly wavy margin, scarious. Ligule a short membrane to +/-1mm tall. Leaf sheath open, glabrous or with the lowermost pubescent.
Inflorescence - Single terminal cylinder of spikelets to +10cm long. Spikelets single at each node of the inflorescence, somewhat depressed into the bent axis. Axis glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets light green with darker green lines, to 10mm long, ovoid. Glumes either with a short tooth at the tip or sometimes with an awn up to 6cm long. Lemmas typically with an awn reaching 8cm in length, sometimes without the awn and just with one or two short teeth.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Widely cultivated but also planted along roadsides and in disturbed areas. Escaped to waste ground, railroads.
Origin - Developed through cultivation possibly in the Middle East.
Other info. - Triticum is the common "wheat" of cultivation. Many cultivars and subspecies of wheat exist, which is why the plant can be so variable.
The plant can be found scattered throughout Missouri and is commonly planted for erosion control along roadsides, as well as in food plots for animals. Wild plants are not long persistent.
Stems - To 1.2m tall, erect, simple, multiple from base, forming tufts, typically glabrous, glaucous, annual.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-30cm long, +/-9mm broad, glabrous or somewhat strigose, entire, bluish-green. Auricles (when present) with a slightly wavy margin, scarious. Ligule a short membrane to +/-1mm tall. Leaf sheath open, glabrous or with the lowermost pubescent.
Inflorescence - Single terminal cylinder of spikelets to +10cm long. Spikelets single at each node of the inflorescence, somewhat depressed into the bent axis. Axis glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets light green with darker green lines, to 10mm long, ovoid. Glumes either with a short tooth at the tip or sometimes with an awn up to 6cm long. Lemmas typically with an awn reaching 8cm in length, sometimes without the awn and just with one or two short teeth.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Widely cultivated but also planted along roadsides and in disturbed areas. Escaped to waste ground, railroads.
Origin - Developed through cultivation possibly in the Middle East.
Other info. - Triticum is the common "wheat" of cultivation. Many cultivars and subspecies of wheat exist, which is why the plant can be so variable.
The plant can be found scattered throughout Missouri and is commonly planted for erosion control along roadsides, as well as in food plots for animals. Wild plants are not long persistent.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 2.5m tall, erect to spreading at the base, herbaceous, multiple from the base, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Blades to 40cm long, to 2.5cm broad, flat, scabrous adaxially, scabrous to glabrous abaxially, entire. Margins ciliolate at the base, often purplish near the base of the leaf. Sheaths with cilia on the margins, glabrous to scabrous. Ligules of hairs, to 3mm long.
Inflorescence - Terminal. Spike-like but actually paniculate with many short alternate branches, to 20cm long, erect or nodding near the apex. Lowermost 2-3 branches of the inflorescence typically slightly separated from the rest of the inflorescence. Axis of inflorescence with short and long antrorse hairs. Spikelets subtended by 1-3 stiff bristles. Bristles green to purple, to 1.2cm long.
Flowers - Spikelets to 2.5mm long. Lower glume to 1.2mm long, glabrous, green. Upper glume to 2.2mm long, glabrous, green. Glumes mostly ovate, blunt to somewhat acute at the apex. Fertile lemma to 2.1mm long, with fine transverse wrinkles, glabrous.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Margins of mesic upland woods, upland prairies, streambanks, pond margins, pastures, fields, lawns, cultivated areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - This weedy species can be found throughout Missouri. It is a variable species and two varieties are recognized in Missouri. Variety major (Gaudin) Posp. grows to 1.4m tall and is a more robust and stout plant. The leaf blades of this variety grow to 40cm long and 2.5cm broad. Variety viridis is a taller, thinner plant which grows to 2.5m tall. The leaf blades of this variety grow to 25cm long and 1.5cm broad.
Plants in this genus can be difficult to distinguish.
Stems - To 2.5m tall, erect to spreading at the base, herbaceous, multiple from the base, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Blades to 40cm long, to 2.5cm broad, flat, scabrous adaxially, scabrous to glabrous abaxially, entire. Margins ciliolate at the base, often purplish near the base of the leaf. Sheaths with cilia on the margins, glabrous to scabrous. Ligules of hairs, to 3mm long.
Inflorescence - Terminal. Spike-like but actually paniculate with many short alternate branches, to 20cm long, erect or nodding near the apex. Lowermost 2-3 branches of the inflorescence typically slightly separated from the rest of the inflorescence. Axis of inflorescence with short and long antrorse hairs. Spikelets subtended by 1-3 stiff bristles. Bristles green to purple, to 1.2cm long.
Flowers - Spikelets to 2.5mm long. Lower glume to 1.2mm long, glabrous, green. Upper glume to 2.2mm long, glabrous, green. Glumes mostly ovate, blunt to somewhat acute at the apex. Fertile lemma to 2.1mm long, with fine transverse wrinkles, glabrous.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Margins of mesic upland woods, upland prairies, streambanks, pond margins, pastures, fields, lawns, cultivated areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - This weedy species can be found throughout Missouri. It is a variable species and two varieties are recognized in Missouri. Variety major (Gaudin) Posp. grows to 1.4m tall and is a more robust and stout plant. The leaf blades of this variety grow to 40cm long and 2.5cm broad. Variety viridis is a taller, thinner plant which grows to 2.5m tall. The leaf blades of this variety grow to 25cm long and 1.5cm broad.
Plants in this genus can be difficult to distinguish.
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文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 60cm tall, erect, herbaceous, typically simple but sometimes branching in the fall, single or multiple from the base, glabrous. Nodes glabrous or with short appressed hairs.
Leaves - Leaves of basal rosette different than those of the stem. Basal leaves elliptic. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, to +/-20cm long, +/-2.5cm broad, sheathing, rounded a the base, glabrous on the surfaces, with hairs on the margins near the base. Some of the hairs with pustulate bases. Sheath glabrous but hairy on the margins.
Inflorescence - A dense branching panicle to +10cm tall (long). Spikelets mostly at the tips of the panicle branches. The branches os the panicle mostly glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets small, +/-1.5mm long, broadly elliptic to orbicular. Lower glume glabrous. Upper glume fine hairy (rarely glabrous), rounded at the apex, to 1.8mm long.
Flowering - May - September or July - November.
Habitat - Upland prairies, glades, ledges of bluffs, mesic to dry upland woods, bottoms, streambanks, disturbed sites, roadsides. Usually on acid substrates.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found mostly in the lower 2/3 of Missouri. The plant is fairly easy to ID in the field because of its dense inflorescence, tiny spikelets, and dimorphic leaves.
There are two varieties of this species in Missouri. Variety isophyllum (shown above) has glabrous nodes and an inflorescence about twice as long as wide. Variety sphaerocarpon has pubescent nodes and an inflorescence that is about as long as wide.
Stems - To 60cm tall, erect, herbaceous, typically simple but sometimes branching in the fall, single or multiple from the base, glabrous. Nodes glabrous or with short appressed hairs.
Leaves - Leaves of basal rosette different than those of the stem. Basal leaves elliptic. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, to +/-20cm long, +/-2.5cm broad, sheathing, rounded a the base, glabrous on the surfaces, with hairs on the margins near the base. Some of the hairs with pustulate bases. Sheath glabrous but hairy on the margins.
Inflorescence - A dense branching panicle to +10cm tall (long). Spikelets mostly at the tips of the panicle branches. The branches os the panicle mostly glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets small, +/-1.5mm long, broadly elliptic to orbicular. Lower glume glabrous. Upper glume fine hairy (rarely glabrous), rounded at the apex, to 1.8mm long.
Flowering - May - September or July - November.
Habitat - Upland prairies, glades, ledges of bluffs, mesic to dry upland woods, bottoms, streambanks, disturbed sites, roadsides. Usually on acid substrates.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found mostly in the lower 2/3 of Missouri. The plant is fairly easy to ID in the field because of its dense inflorescence, tiny spikelets, and dimorphic leaves.
There are two varieties of this species in Missouri. Variety isophyllum (shown above) has glabrous nodes and an inflorescence about twice as long as wide. Variety sphaerocarpon has pubescent nodes and an inflorescence that is about as long as wide.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - Flowering culms to +/-40cm tall but can be much shorter, multiple from base, erect to ascending, simple, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-10cm long, +/-4mm broad, glabrous to pubescent. Ligule membrenaceous, small, to +/-1.5mm long. Sheaths glabrous to pubescent, open.
Inflorescence - Dense cylindrical spike of many spikelets, 2-8cm long, -1cm in diameter.
Flowers - Spikelets composed of two smaller sterile florets and one larger fertile floret. Fertile floret central and sterile florets lateral. Awns of lemmas to 8mm long.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, stream banks, pond margins, fallow fields, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little weedy grass can be found throughout Missouri. The plant is very common and is easy to ID because of its small size and distinctive individual spikelets. As seen in the picture above, the spikelets are composed of two, small sterile florets which are lateral and slightly raised above the central, fertile floret. The fertile floret is much larger than the two sterile florets. The long awns of the lemmas are another character to help identify this grass.
Stems - Flowering culms to +/-40cm tall but can be much shorter, multiple from base, erect to ascending, simple, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-10cm long, +/-4mm broad, glabrous to pubescent. Ligule membrenaceous, small, to +/-1.5mm long. Sheaths glabrous to pubescent, open.
Inflorescence - Dense cylindrical spike of many spikelets, 2-8cm long, -1cm in diameter.
Flowers - Spikelets composed of two smaller sterile florets and one larger fertile floret. Fertile floret central and sterile florets lateral. Awns of lemmas to 8mm long.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, stream banks, pond margins, fallow fields, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little weedy grass can be found throughout Missouri. The plant is very common and is easy to ID because of its small size and distinctive individual spikelets. As seen in the picture above, the spikelets are composed of two, small sterile florets which are lateral and slightly raised above the central, fertile floret. The fertile floret is much larger than the two sterile florets. The long awns of the lemmas are another character to help identify this grass.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 40cm long, spreading to ascending, herbaceous, multiple from the base, from fibrous roots, glabrous but often with a small ring of glandular bumps below the nodes. Plants annual.
Leaves - Blades to 20cm long, to 7mm broad, flat, glabrous. Leaf margins with many minute glands which can be felt or seen with a lens. Leaf bases with ciliate hairs. Sheaths glabrous but with glands on the margins, ciliate on the margins near the apex. Ligule a line of minute hairs to 1mm long.
Inflorescence - Paniculate arrangement of spikelets, fairly dense, to 15cm long, ovate in outline, with a slightly silvery-greyish cast. Branches of the inflorescence ascending to spreading, glabrous or with floccose axillary hairs, also with glands as the leaves.
Flowers - Spikelets to 15mm long, 2-4mm broad, oblong-lanceolate in outline, with typically 10-20 florets. Glumes of the florets to 2.3mm long, the upper slightly longer than the lower, both glumes typically glabrous but usually with glands. Lemmas to 2.8mm long, acute to acuminate at the apex, keeled, with glands along the midvein.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Streambanks, glades, fields, pastures, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This weedy species is found throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its tufts of hairs at the base of the leaves and its small glands which are present on nearly all parts of the plants. The glands sometimes emit a foul odor when crushed and the plant has been called "Stink Grass." It is believed to be mildly toxic if ingested.
Stems - To 40cm long, spreading to ascending, herbaceous, multiple from the base, from fibrous roots, glabrous but often with a small ring of glandular bumps below the nodes. Plants annual.
Leaves - Blades to 20cm long, to 7mm broad, flat, glabrous. Leaf margins with many minute glands which can be felt or seen with a lens. Leaf bases with ciliate hairs. Sheaths glabrous but with glands on the margins, ciliate on the margins near the apex. Ligule a line of minute hairs to 1mm long.
Inflorescence - Paniculate arrangement of spikelets, fairly dense, to 15cm long, ovate in outline, with a slightly silvery-greyish cast. Branches of the inflorescence ascending to spreading, glabrous or with floccose axillary hairs, also with glands as the leaves.
Flowers - Spikelets to 15mm long, 2-4mm broad, oblong-lanceolate in outline, with typically 10-20 florets. Glumes of the florets to 2.3mm long, the upper slightly longer than the lower, both glumes typically glabrous but usually with glands. Lemmas to 2.8mm long, acute to acuminate at the apex, keeled, with glands along the midvein.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Streambanks, glades, fields, pastures, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This weedy species is found throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its tufts of hairs at the base of the leaves and its small glands which are present on nearly all parts of the plants. The glands sometimes emit a foul odor when crushed and the plant has been called "Stink Grass." It is believed to be mildly toxic if ingested.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - Creeping, to 40cm long, glabrous, terete, mat-forming, from rhizomes and stolons. Perennial.
Leaves - Leaf blades to 8cm long, 4mm broad, flat to slightly keeled, pubescent toward the base. Sheaths slightly keeled, pubescent at the apex and along the apical margins. Ligule a short membrane with a ciliate apex.
Inflorescence - Palmate arrangement of 2-6 spikes. Spikes to -8cm long, with many spikelets. Spikelets appressed into 2 rows along the axis.
Flowers - Spikelets with 1 perfect floret. Glumes to 2mm long, lanceolate, acute at the apex. Lower glume slightly smaller than the upper. Lemmas to 2.8mm long, 3-nerved, acute, pubescent or scabrous on the nerves. Anthers to 1.3mm long, tan to yellow. Styles purple.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Pastures, fields, waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Africa (?)
Other info. - This weedy species can be found mainly in the southern half of Missouri. The grass, commonly called "Bermuda Grass", is widely cultivated in the southern U.S. and is an introduced weed in most of the warmer regions of the world.
Cynodon is easy to identify in the field because of its creeping habit and its palmately compound inflorescence.
Stems - Creeping, to 40cm long, glabrous, terete, mat-forming, from rhizomes and stolons. Perennial.
Leaves - Leaf blades to 8cm long, 4mm broad, flat to slightly keeled, pubescent toward the base. Sheaths slightly keeled, pubescent at the apex and along the apical margins. Ligule a short membrane with a ciliate apex.
Inflorescence - Palmate arrangement of 2-6 spikes. Spikes to -8cm long, with many spikelets. Spikelets appressed into 2 rows along the axis.
Flowers - Spikelets with 1 perfect floret. Glumes to 2mm long, lanceolate, acute at the apex. Lower glume slightly smaller than the upper. Lemmas to 2.8mm long, 3-nerved, acute, pubescent or scabrous on the nerves. Anthers to 1.3mm long, tan to yellow. Styles purple.
Flowering - June - October.
Habitat - Pastures, fields, waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Africa (?)
Other info. - This weedy species can be found mainly in the southern half of Missouri. The grass, commonly called "Bermuda Grass", is widely cultivated in the southern U.S. and is an introduced weed in most of the warmer regions of the world.
Cynodon is easy to identify in the field because of its creeping habit and its palmately compound inflorescence.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 80cm tall, multiple from the base, spreading or ascending, somewhat compressed except at the nodes, glabrous, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Blades to +/-15cm long, to 7mm broad, glabrous, flattened, scabrous. Sheaths glabrous, keeled. Ligule a ring of hairs to -2mm long.
Inflorescence - To 10cm long, with 4-18 spikelets.
Flowers - Spikelets globose at maturity, -8mm in diameter, subtended by and partially covered with bristles and flattened spines to 7mm long. Lower glume to 4mm long. Upper glume to 6mm long, 3-5-nerved. Fertile lemma to -8mm long.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Sandy open areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S. and Central America.
Other info. - This species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. It is a weed of disturbed areas with open sandy ground. The spiny burs of this species become detached from the inflorescence and stick to anything they touch. They cause intense and persistent pain.
As children growing up in Florida, my friends and I would pick the fruiting stems of Cenchrus and throw them at each other. Yes, it hurt, and yes, it was stupid.
Stems - To 80cm tall, multiple from the base, spreading or ascending, somewhat compressed except at the nodes, glabrous, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Blades to +/-15cm long, to 7mm broad, glabrous, flattened, scabrous. Sheaths glabrous, keeled. Ligule a ring of hairs to -2mm long.
Inflorescence - To 10cm long, with 4-18 spikelets.
Flowers - Spikelets globose at maturity, -8mm in diameter, subtended by and partially covered with bristles and flattened spines to 7mm long. Lower glume to 4mm long. Upper glume to 6mm long, 3-5-nerved. Fertile lemma to -8mm long.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Sandy open areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S. and Central America.
Other info. - This species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. It is a weed of disturbed areas with open sandy ground. The spiny burs of this species become detached from the inflorescence and stick to anything they touch. They cause intense and persistent pain.
As children growing up in Florida, my friends and I would pick the fruiting stems of Cenchrus and throw them at each other. Yes, it hurt, and yes, it was stupid.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 40cm tall, erect, multiple from base, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Small, thin, to 5cm long, +/-1mm broad, scabrous. The ligule to 3mm tall, scarious, rounded at the apex. Leaf sheaths scabrous or glabrous.
Inflorescence - Fairly dense terminal panicles making up 1/3 to 1/2 of the plant height. Panicle branches ascending, glabrous. Stalks of individual spikelets to +1cm long, glabrous or scabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets to 3mm long, scabrous or glabrous. Only one lemma of the spikelet having an awn. Awns to 3mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Prairies, riverbanks, disturbed sites, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Eurasia and Africa.
Other info. - This little grass is fairly uncommon in Missouri, being found in only a handful of southern counties. This is an easy species to ID in the field because of its small size, open panicles, and its single-awned spikelets. The inflorescence of mature plants is open and spreading with the pedicels of the spikelets being barely visible at a distance.
Another species, A. caryophyllea L., is similar but is smaller in size and has two awned lemmas per spikelet. This latter species is slightly more common in Missouri.
Stems - To 40cm tall, erect, multiple from base, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, glabrous.
Leaves - Small, thin, to 5cm long, +/-1mm broad, scabrous. The ligule to 3mm tall, scarious, rounded at the apex. Leaf sheaths scabrous or glabrous.
Inflorescence - Fairly dense terminal panicles making up 1/3 to 1/2 of the plant height. Panicle branches ascending, glabrous. Stalks of individual spikelets to +1cm long, glabrous or scabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets to 3mm long, scabrous or glabrous. Only one lemma of the spikelet having an awn. Awns to 3mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Prairies, riverbanks, disturbed sites, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Eurasia and Africa.
Other info. - This little grass is fairly uncommon in Missouri, being found in only a handful of southern counties. This is an easy species to ID in the field because of its small size, open panicles, and its single-awned spikelets. The inflorescence of mature plants is open and spreading with the pedicels of the spikelets being barely visible at a distance.
Another species, A. caryophyllea L., is similar but is smaller in size and has two awned lemmas per spikelet. This latter species is slightly more common in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To +/-20cm tall, erect, multiple from base, glabrous, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Small, thin, to +/-4cm long, +/-1mm broad, scabrous. Sheaths scabrous. Ligule scarious, to +/-3mm long, typically erose on the margins.
Inflorescence - Open, branched panicle making up 1/3 to 1/2 of the plant height. Panicle branches ascending, glabrous. Stalks of the individual spikelets to 5mm long, glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets mostly scabrous, to 3mm long. Both the lemmas of the spikelet with an awn to +3mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Lawns, pastures, fields, disturbed sites, igneous glades, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Eurasia and Africa. Introduced nearly worldwide.
Other info. - This diminutive grass can be found in the southern part of Missouri. The plant was first reported in the state in 1982. A. caryophyllea is easy to ID in the field because of its small size and the fact that both of the lemmas of the florets are awned. Another species, A. elegans is similar, but is slightly larger and has florets with only one awned lemma. This latter species is slightly less common in the state.
Stems - To +/-20cm tall, erect, multiple from base, glabrous, from fibrous roots.
Leaves - Small, thin, to +/-4cm long, +/-1mm broad, scabrous. Sheaths scabrous. Ligule scarious, to +/-3mm long, typically erose on the margins.
Inflorescence - Open, branched panicle making up 1/3 to 1/2 of the plant height. Panicle branches ascending, glabrous. Stalks of the individual spikelets to 5mm long, glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets mostly scabrous, to 3mm long. Both the lemmas of the spikelet with an awn to +3mm long.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Lawns, pastures, fields, disturbed sites, igneous glades, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Eurasia and Africa. Introduced nearly worldwide.
Other info. - This diminutive grass can be found in the southern part of Missouri. The plant was first reported in the state in 1982. A. caryophyllea is easy to ID in the field because of its small size and the fact that both of the lemmas of the florets are awned. Another species, A. elegans is similar, but is slightly larger and has florets with only one awned lemma. This latter species is slightly less common in the state.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Juncaceae
Stems - To +20cm tall, erect, herbaceous, cespitose, from fibrous roots, with small bulblets at the base, multiple from the base.
Leaves - Basal leaves many, to +6cm long, 5-9mm broad, glabrous above and below but with long pilose margins, green, entire, acuminate. Cauline leaves with a closed sheath, to 7-8cm long, +/-5mm broad, glabrous but with long-pilose margins (especially at joint with the stem), acuminate, 2-4 per stem. Sheaths glabrous.
Inflorescence - Terminal umbel or panicle of ovoid flower clusters. Clusters to 9mm long, 5-7mm in diameter. Bracts at the base of the peduncles foliaceous, shorter than the peduncles. Peduncles to +2.5cm long, erect to slightly spreading, glabrous. Bracteoles at the base of the flowers white-scarious, glabrous, 3mm long, ovoid-triangular, ciliate-margined, erose, typically 1-3 per flower. Flowers sessile, +/-20 per cluster. Central cluster of the inflorescence often sessile.
Flowers - Sepals and petals 3, similar, green at the base, shiny chestnut-brown and with scarious margins apically, acuminate, to 3mm long, 1mm broad at the base, erect. Stamens 6, opposite the petals and sepals, erect. Filaments green, glabrous, .3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary superior, globose-ovoid, green, glabrous, .6mm long, .6mm in diameter in flower, 3-locular. Style 1, -1mm long, glabrous, green. Stigmas 3, +1mm long. Capsules shorter than the perianth, 3-seeded.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Dry upland forests, mesic upland forests in ravines, upland prairies.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is found in the southern half of Missouri. It is the only species of its genus in the state.
Steyermark listed only one species in the flora, L. bulbosa (A.W. Wood) Smyth. Since that time other species have been reported in the state. The different taxa are now listed as varieties of L. campestris. There are three. See page 480 of "The Flora of Missouri, Volume 1" by Yatskievych for more details on the different varieties.
Stems - To +20cm tall, erect, herbaceous, cespitose, from fibrous roots, with small bulblets at the base, multiple from the base.
Leaves - Basal leaves many, to +6cm long, 5-9mm broad, glabrous above and below but with long pilose margins, green, entire, acuminate. Cauline leaves with a closed sheath, to 7-8cm long, +/-5mm broad, glabrous but with long-pilose margins (especially at joint with the stem), acuminate, 2-4 per stem. Sheaths glabrous.
Inflorescence - Terminal umbel or panicle of ovoid flower clusters. Clusters to 9mm long, 5-7mm in diameter. Bracts at the base of the peduncles foliaceous, shorter than the peduncles. Peduncles to +2.5cm long, erect to slightly spreading, glabrous. Bracteoles at the base of the flowers white-scarious, glabrous, 3mm long, ovoid-triangular, ciliate-margined, erose, typically 1-3 per flower. Flowers sessile, +/-20 per cluster. Central cluster of the inflorescence often sessile.
Flowers - Sepals and petals 3, similar, green at the base, shiny chestnut-brown and with scarious margins apically, acuminate, to 3mm long, 1mm broad at the base, erect. Stamens 6, opposite the petals and sepals, erect. Filaments green, glabrous, .3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary superior, globose-ovoid, green, glabrous, .6mm long, .6mm in diameter in flower, 3-locular. Style 1, -1mm long, glabrous, green. Stigmas 3, +1mm long. Capsules shorter than the perianth, 3-seeded.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Dry upland forests, mesic upland forests in ravines, upland prairies.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is found in the southern half of Missouri. It is the only species of its genus in the state.
Steyermark listed only one species in the flora, L. bulbosa (A.W. Wood) Smyth. Since that time other species have been reported in the state. The different taxa are now listed as varieties of L. campestris. There are three. See page 480 of "The Flora of Missouri, Volume 1" by Yatskievych for more details on the different varieties.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Cyperaceae
Stems - Aerial stems to -1m tall, about 2-3mm broad, erect, herbaceous, trigonous (blunt), uniformly pubescent and roughened over their entire length, from very short, knotty rhizomes.
Leaves - Blades to 60cm long, 3-7mm broad, all basal, present at anthesis, pubescent.
Inflorescence - Terminal umbel with 4-12 rays. Each ray to 15cm long, uniformly roughened and short pubescent over the entire length, 1-2mm broad. Bracts of the inflorescence +/-6, shorter than the rays, pubescent at least on the margins, spreading. Spikes 10-18mm long, with 20-100 spikelets. Spikelets dense, sessile, mostly reflexed, the bases of the spikelets not visible.
Flowers - Spikelets 6-8mm long, narrowly linear, acute to acuminate at the apex, terete to somewhat 4-angled, typically with 3 scales, glabrous, typically shed as an intact unit. Scales 4-4.5mm long, strongly overlapping, lanceolate, acute to acuminate, straw-colored to brown. Fertile florets 1-2 per spikelet. Stamens 3. Anthers .5-1mm long. Stigmas 3. Fruits 2.5-3mm long, narrowly oblong in outline, 3-angled in cross-section, with flat sides, brown, shiny, finely pebbled.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Sand prairies, openings of dry upland woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in just a few southeastern Missouri counties. The plant can be identified by its dense spikes and pubescent-roughened stems and inflorescence rays.
Another species, C. retrofractus (L.) Torr., is similar but has sharply trigonous stems and inflorescence rays that are smooth to slightly roughened at the apex. This latter species is found in the same area of Missouri as C. plukenetii.
Stems - Aerial stems to -1m tall, about 2-3mm broad, erect, herbaceous, trigonous (blunt), uniformly pubescent and roughened over their entire length, from very short, knotty rhizomes.
Leaves - Blades to 60cm long, 3-7mm broad, all basal, present at anthesis, pubescent.
Inflorescence - Terminal umbel with 4-12 rays. Each ray to 15cm long, uniformly roughened and short pubescent over the entire length, 1-2mm broad. Bracts of the inflorescence +/-6, shorter than the rays, pubescent at least on the margins, spreading. Spikes 10-18mm long, with 20-100 spikelets. Spikelets dense, sessile, mostly reflexed, the bases of the spikelets not visible.
Flowers - Spikelets 6-8mm long, narrowly linear, acute to acuminate at the apex, terete to somewhat 4-angled, typically with 3 scales, glabrous, typically shed as an intact unit. Scales 4-4.5mm long, strongly overlapping, lanceolate, acute to acuminate, straw-colored to brown. Fertile florets 1-2 per spikelet. Stamens 3. Anthers .5-1mm long. Stigmas 3. Fruits 2.5-3mm long, narrowly oblong in outline, 3-angled in cross-section, with flat sides, brown, shiny, finely pebbled.
Flowering - July - September.
Habitat - Sand prairies, openings of dry upland woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species can be found in just a few southeastern Missouri counties. The plant can be identified by its dense spikes and pubescent-roughened stems and inflorescence rays.
Another species, C. retrofractus (L.) Torr., is similar but has sharply trigonous stems and inflorescence rays that are smooth to slightly roughened at the apex. This latter species is found in the same area of Missouri as C. plukenetii.
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