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木木
2018年02月02日
木木
入冬了，不少花友在查找黑法师冬天的养殖方法，刚入冬的时候南方一般是15℃左右，并且还在逐渐降温，但只要温度不低于零下和秋天的养护方法一样，当日常气温低于零下的时候，就要把法师搬到室内不低于零下的且光线明亮的地方，在室内度过剩下的冬天(当然家里有温室或者塑料小棚的就搬进棚里，还更好)。 [图片]在搬进室内前，有条件的花友对法师喷一次杀菌剂，冬天菌类病害少有发生，所以喷一次就够了，当法师搬进室内的时候，由于南方没有暖气，室内冬天温度基本上是10℃左右，这个温度下，法师依然会生长但是代谢相对缓慢，所以对水分需求不大，所以需要控水不浇水，实验证明从进室内那天浇一次水之后，40天之内不浇水，没问题。 而北方就不一样了，北方没零下前，也是和秋天一样，正常养护，但是进了室内，就有暖气了，这个时候温度正好，所以可以正常养护，进室内前也喷一次杀菌剂，防护一下。反而北方室内由于有暖气法师冬天还拼命的长哟。 [图片]由于室内光线是不均匀的，植物都有向光生长的特性，就是向光性，所以为了避免法师歪头偏向一边生长，所以要隔一段时间转转盆，使其长的相对均匀一点，当然有条件的加个植物补光灯也是不错的，有人会说小飞，法师进室内会徒长和变丑，小飞想说，没事的，等到了春天，不又美回来了嘛。 小飞做过实验，发现法师可以忍受零下2℃，再往 低，小飞就没试过了。不过请勿模仿哟，因为每个人的环境都不一样，可能是因为小飞的法师一直露养，所以可以适应。
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木木
2018年02月02日
木木
相信很多花友都考虑给自己的法师砍头，等不及的也不在少数，所以有花友就问黑法师冬天能砍头吗，冬季因为气温较低，所以黑法师的生长几乎停滞，所以不适合砍头，但是也不是绝对的，比如北方有暖气的室内，黑法师可以正常生长，这种情况砍头就安全多了。 [图片]一般来说黑法师砍头的最合适时间是在秋季，夏季黑法师休眠，所以最好是等法师秋天苏醒且已经生长一段时间后，这个时间法师已经生长了一段时间，根部较活跃，生长旺盛。 砍下来后，一般是将伤口向上晾一个星期左右，由于秋天温度适合，晾好后，如果砍的杆子很短，直接在花盆土表面挖一个小凹，放在上面，然后保持土壤湿润即可，如果杆子较长，那就直接插在土里，一般来说由于温度好，五天左右就开始长小根，这是秋天砍头繁殖的好处。 [图片]关于法师养护的一些小补充：法师养护比较简单，当夏季花冠收拢，开始休眠(文中的拉丝锦和绿法师基本进入休眠状态)请遮阳控水，减少消耗。法师新陈代谢较快，只要是老叶干枯掉叶，一般正常。让它自然脱落即可。枯叶不完堆积在盆中，避免产生虫害。法师皮实，不容易生病。偶有介壳虫，酒精伺候，喷喷基本搞定。注意，介壳虫常躲在叶片背后。秋季里，天气凉爽后，一次大水就能让他复苏。 除却夏季最好露养，不太费心，生长季痛快淋雨通风让她疯长，不要要求她一直貌美如花。它会在秋季和春季爆头，大多法师只要状态好，超爱爆头(黑法师，绿法师，紫羊绒，韶羞，艳日辉等等)。当然也有不爱爆头的法师，比如巫毒法师。法师容易成桩，颗粒配比可以好些。
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家里的二哈爱吃花
2018年02月02日
家里的二哈爱吃花
[图片]主要病害：叶斑病 此病害主要危害其叶子，且它的传播很强，可以靠气流、雨水等途径来传播，还可以在土的表层进行越冬，次年在复苏来危害肉肉。此发病一年四季都有可能发生，但最严重的时期便是8月至9月，此时温度较高，若养殖环境的气体不流动，加上阴雨天较为潮湿，则非常容易出现这种问题。 防治方法 改善环境，加强气体的流动，给水时不要出现积水现象，同时也不要让土层长期处在过湿的状态下。当病害发生时，可以用药物进行喷洒，同时要与其它植物进行隔离。入冬前要把病害部位清除掉，同时将掉落的叶子清理干净，可以适当的翻翻土。减少病害在土表越冬的机率。 [图片]主要虫害：黑象甲 此虫害发生时会严重影响植物的观赏度，它们是啃食植物的叶子来生存。严重时还会引起其它问题。 防治方法 少量时可人工捕捉，也可用药物进行喷杀。严重时，要连整株植物全部销毁。 [图片]
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权问薇
2018年02月02日
权问薇
[图片]一、压条操作 一般会在每年的5-7月份会对它进行压条繁殖。这个时间的温度和湿度较高，所以是最佳时期。其具体方法是：在植株茎干部位，选择一个适当的位置进行割成环状，进行切割的时候环口的宽度要在2厘米左右，深度到木质的位置。这时可先用小刀把环口的表皮割掉，再把外面的液汁用干净的湿布擦掉，并用5000-1000ppm萘乙酸水溶液涂抹在切口的皮层上面，再用白色的塑料薄膜扎在切口的下端，理顺后并做成漏斗状，再装上用山泥土和苔藓混合而制成的生根茎质，要包住刀口，然后浇一次透水，要扎紧江膜的上端，这时要把植株放在室外养护，强化它的肥水管理。一般在30-40天的培育后，环切的部位就会有新的根出现，9-10月就可以切离母体，将其移植其他地方就可以成为新的植株，可健康生长。 [图片]二、扦插法 扦插繁殖的方法一般会在5-6月进行，这个时期正是龙雪兰的生长旺盛期，它的体内这时营养丰富，所以很容易成活。在扦插以前，要选择观赏价值高，还要选择枝条生长在两年以上并且健壮的才可以。它的每段长约10-20厘米。扦插时要把它的基部削成平口，上半部分横切后要保留着叶片，上下切口处可以用清水洗净外溢的液汁后，放在阴凉通风处一段时间后，再用萘乙酸500-1000ppm浸泡扦插的基部2-3厘米处5秒钟，要边浸边插。龙雪兰的扦插，可以用小一点的土陶花盆，所使用的基质可以选用珍珠岩或是经过消毒的砂土，上盆后可以进行扦插。一盆栽一株，完成后要浇一次透水，然后把苗床放在有阳光的地方，精心养护。大概在两个月以后，就可以用培养的土进行翻盆移栽。 [图片]
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Miss Chen
2018年02月02日
Miss Chen
Description: This wildflower is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant that is ½–1' tall when it blooms. The basal leaves persist during most of the year, although they may die down during the winter. They are ¾-2" long, ½-1" across, broadly elliptic to oval-obovate in shape, and either finely serrated or slightly dentate along their margins. The slender petioles of the basal leaves are ½-1" long and light green; they often have cobwebby hairs. The blade surface of the basal leaves is medium green and sparsely covered with mealy hairs. Unbranched flowering stalks develop among the basal leaves. These stalks are light green, terete to slightly channeled, and more or less covered with cobwebby hairs. Alternate leaves are sparsely distributed along each flowering stalk; they are up to 1¼" long and ¼" across. The alternate leaves are medium green, narrowly pinnatifid, and more or less covered with cobwebby hairs, particularly along the lower side of their central veins and along their petioles. The central stalk terminates in a flat-headed cluster of 3-12 flowerheads. Each daisy-like flowerhead is about ½" across, consisting of 8-14 ray florets surrounding numerous disk florets that are yellow or golden yellow. The petaloid rays of the flowerheads are yellow and narrowly oblong. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are light green floral bracts (phyllaries) that are arranged together in a single series. They are oblong-linear in shape and more or less covered with cobwebby hairs. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring, lasting about 3-4 weeks. The flowerheads are mildly fragrant. About a month after the blooming period, the achenes mature, developing tufts of white hairs; they are dispersed by the wind. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Prairie Ragwort often forms clonal colonies from its rhizomes. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and soil containing loam, clay-loam, sand, or gravelly material. Prairie Ragwort tends to favor less fertile soil because of the reduced competition from other plants. The basal leaves are semi-evergreen and they have few problems with disease. Range & Habitat: The native Prairie Ragwort occurs primarily in the northern half of Illinois and in counties that are located along major rivers. It is occasional to locally common in the northern and western sections of the state, while elsewhere it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include upland prairies, gravel prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, bluffs overlooking major rivers, openings in either rocky or sandy upland forests, sandy savannas, limestone glades, and roadside embankments. This little plant is usually found in open grassy areas. It blooms during the spring before the warm-season prairie grasses have achieved much growth. [图片]Faunal Associations: Flies and small bees are the most common visitors to the flowers. Among the bee visitors, are little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), Halictid bees (Augochlorella spp., Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), including the oligolectic bee Andrena gardineri. Other floral visitors include Syrphid flies, Tachinid flies, thick-headed flies, skippers, and small butterflies. These insects are attracted to the nectar and pollen of the flowers. Polyphagous caterpillars of the moth Orthonama obstipata (The Gem) feed on the foliage of ragworts (Packera spp.); this moth dies out in Illinois during the winter, but it rapidly repopulates the state from the south when warm weather returns. Ragworts are preferred host plants of the seed bug, Neacoryphus bicrucis. The foliage is highly toxic to mammalian herbivores, especially cattle, and to a lesser extent horses and sheep. It contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can damage the liver and cause other health problems. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This is a perky little plant with bright yellow flowerheads. Among the various ragworts (Packera spp.) in Illinois, Prairie Ragwort is the most drought tolerant. It also has more cobwebby hairs on its flowering stalks and leaves than other ragworts, although these hairs gradually disappear after the blooming period. A scientific synonym of Prairie Ragwort is Senecio plattensis. The 'ragwort' in the common name probably refers to the ragged appearance of alternate leaves on the flowering stalks.
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Miss Chen
2018年02月02日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small rosette of basal leaves spanning 2-4" across, from which there develops a single stalk of flowerheads about 6-14" tall. The basal leaves are 1½-3" long and ½-¾" across (at least twice as long as across); they are oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate in shape and crenate-serrate along their margins. The teeth along the margins have blunt tips and they vary in size from large and coarse to small and fine. The upper and lower surfaces of the basal leaves are medium green and glabrous (or nearly so); young basal leaves are sometimes sparsely hairy or white-mealy. The petioles of the basal leaves are about one-half the length of the blades and relatively narrow; they are light green to pale purple and glabrous. The central stalk is light green to purple and glabrous (or nearly so); sometimes it has sparse cobwebby hairs toward the bottom. Along this stalk, there are 2-4 alternate leaves; they are up to 2½" long and ½" across, becoming smaller as they ascend the stalk. The alternate leaves are narrowly lanceolate-oblong, pinnatifid with cleft lobes, and/or coarsely dentate along their margins; they are sessile. The upper and lower surfaces of the alternate leaves are medium green and glabrous. The central stalk terminates in a flat-headed panicle of 5-30 flowerheads. Each daisy-like flowerhead spans about ½-¾" across, consisting of 40 or more disk florets and 8-13 ray florets (rarely none); the disk and ray florets are both perfect and fertile. The corollas of the disk florets are deep golden yellow, cylindrical in shape, and 5-lobed. The petaloid extensions of the ray florets are yellow and linear-oblong in shape. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are several phyllaries (floral bracts) in a single series; they are about ¼" long. These phyllaries are linear in shape, glabrous, and mostly light green, except toward their tips, where they become pale purple. The branches and peduncles of the inflorescence are light green to pale purple and glabrous; there are often tiny bractlets where they diverge. These bractlets are scale-like and purple. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 3 weeks. Afterwards, the florets are replaced by small achenes with sessile tufts of white hair. These achenes are 1-2 mm. long and bullet-shaped. The root system consists of a short crown of fibrous roots and occasional rhizomes or stolons. Occasionally, clonal colonies of plants are produced from the rhizomes or stolons. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist conditions, and soil containing loam, sandy loam, or rocky material. Most growth and development occurs during the spring. The basal leaves persist throughout the warmer months into winter. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Balsam Ragwort is occasional in the northern half of Illinois, becoming rare or absent in the southern half of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist sand prairies, prairie remnants along railroads, sedge meadows, streambanks, moist sandy savannas, open woodlands, and abandoned fields. Areas with low ground vegetation and some history of disturbance are preferred. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract a variety of small to medium-sized insects, including cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), Halictid bees, Andrenid bees, Syrphid flies, small butterflies and skippers, and miscellaneous beetles. An Andrenid bee, Andrena gardineri, is a specialist pollinator (oligolege) of Packera spp. (ragworts). Some insects feed on the foliage or seeds of ragworts. These species include caterpillars of the moth Agonopterix canadensis (Canadian Agonopterix) and the seed bug Neacoryphus bicrucis. The foliage of ragworts is toxic to most mammalian herbivores, causing liver damage. Photographic Location: Along a bike path through a sand prairie at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana. [图片]Comments: As compared to the similar Prairie Ragwort (Packera plattensis), this ragwort prefers habitats that are more moist. Balsam Ragwort differs from the former species by its glabrous foliage and more narrow basal leaves. The basal leaves of other perennial ragworts (Packera spp.) in Illinois have basal leaves that are more broad. However, across its range, Balsam Ragwort is rather variable, possibly because of hybridization with similar species. The perennial ragworts in Illinois all bloom during the spring or early summer and they have showy yellow flowerheads. The annual and biennial ragworts in Illinois are mostly from Eurasia and they have less showy flowerheads. An exception is the native Butterweed (Packera glabella). This latter species is usually taller than the perennial ragworts and it lacks their conspicuous basal leaves during the blooming period. A scientific synonym of Balsam Ragwort is Senecio pauperculus; another common name of this species is Northern Ragwort.
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Miss Chen
2018年02月02日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is up to 6" tall. It consists of a small cluster of trifoliate basal leaves on long petioles that emerge directly from the ground. The petioles of the basal leaves are up to 4" long; they are whitish green to pale reddish green, terete, glabrous, and rather delicate in appearance. Individual trifoliate leaves are about 1" across and they open up during the day. Each leaf consists of three obcordate leaflets with smooth margins. The leaves may turn purplish in response to cold weather or strong sunlight, otherwise, they tend to be greyish green. Both the upper and lower leaflet surfaces are hairless. Close-up of Flower Among these leaves, floppy umbels of flowers develop on peduncles up to 6" long. The peduncles are similar in appearance to the petioles. Each umbel has 2-5 flowers on slender pedicels up to 1" long; usually only 1-2 flowers per umbel are in bloom at the same time. The flowers are bell-shaped (campanulate) and about 1/3" (8 mm.) across. Each flower has 5 lavender or pale purple petals, 5 light green sepals, 5 inserted stamens with yellow anthers, and an ovary with an inserted style. Near the throat of the flower, the petals become greenish white with converging fine veins; they are oblanceolate in shape, often becoming slightly recurved toward their tips. The sepals are shorter than the petals; they are lanceolate in shape and hairless with purplish tips. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 1-2 months. On rare occasions, Violet Wood Sorrel may bloom again during the fall. There is no floral scent. Eventually, slender pointed seed capsules develop that split into 5 sections, sometimes ejecting the light brown seeds several inches. The root system consists of small bulblets with fibrous roots; these bulblets can multiply by forming clonal offsets. Cultivation: The preference is full to partial sun and mesic to dry conditions. The soil can be rocky or loamy. Disease is not normally a problem as long as the site is well-drained. Violet Wood Sorrel can be cultivated in gardens if taller and more aggressive vegetation is kept away. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Violet Wood Sorrel occurs in every county of Illinois (see Distribution Map). It is occasional throughout the state. Habitats include mesic to dry black soil prairies, hill prairies, open upland forests, savannas, edges of wooded bluffs, limestone glades, and abandoned fields. Violet Wood Sorrel responds positively to prairie wildfires as this clears away the dead vegetation that can smother this plant during the spring. It is usually found in higher quality natural areas where the original ground flora has been left intact. Faunal Associations: Primarily long-tongued and short-tongued bees visit the flowers for nectar or pollen. This includes little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp., Hoplitis spp.), Andrenid bees, and Halictid bees (including green metallic bees). Less commonly, the flowers may be visited by small butterflies, skippers, and bee flies. Syrphid flies also visit the flowers, but they feed on the pollen and are non-pollinating. The oligophagous caterpillars of a brownish Noctuid moth, Galgula partita (The Wedgling), feed on the leaflets of Oxalis spp. The seeds of Oxalis spp. are eaten to a limited extent by several upland gamebirds and songbirds, including the Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, Horned Lark, Field Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow, Savannah Sparrow, and Slate-Colored Junco. The Prairie Deer Mouse and White-Footed Mouse also eat the seeds of these plants. The Cottontail Rabbit browses on the foliage occasionally, even though it is mildly toxic because of the presence of oxalic acid. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Loda Cemetery Prairie in Iroquois County, Illinois. Comments: In Illinois, this is the only Oxalis sp. (Wood Sorrel) that has lavender or pale purple flowers. Other Wood Sorrel species within the state have yellow flowers. Both the flowers and leaves open up on sunny days, otherwise they fold up and "go to sleep." Violet Wood Sorrel is an attractive plant, although rather small in size. The leaflets are supposed to be edible in small amounts.
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Miss Chen
2018年02月02日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are terete and either glabrous or slightly pubescent. Alternate trifoliate leaves occur along the stems on petioles that are ½-2" in length. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of narrowly lanceolate stipules less than ¼" long. The rather narrow leaflets are 1-3" long and ¼-¾" across; they are ellipsoid to oblong in shape and smooth along their margins. The upper surfaces of the leaflets are medium green and hairless (or nearly so). In each trifoliate leaf, the lateral leaflets are nearly sessile, while the terminal leaflet has a short petiolule (stalklet) at its base. Spike-like racemes of flowers about 1½–4" long develop from some of the leaf axils. These racemes are held more or less erect above the foliage on long naked peduncles about 3-6" long. The peduncles are glabrous or slightly pubescent. The flowers are arranged somewhat densely all around the raceme; they vary in color from blue-violet to white. Usually, the buds near the apex of a raceme are more blue-violet than the flowers in bloom below, which tend to be more white. Individual flowers are ¼" long, consisting of 5 petals, a short tubular calyx with 5 teeth, and the reproductive organs. The arrangement of the petals is typical for species in the Bean family: there is an upright banner and a pair of lateral wings that project forward to enclose the keel (consisting of two smaller petals). [图片]The blooming period occurs from early to mid-summer and lasts about 3 weeks. The flowers are replaced by small seedpods (a little less than ¼" in length) that are flattened and nearly circular in shape. The sides of each pod have transverse wrinkles. Each seedpod contains a single seed. The root system consists of a taproot. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, mesic to dry conditions, and an acidic soil that is sandy or rocky. Range & Habitat: The native Sampson's Snakeroot is occasional in southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is absent (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the northern range limit for this flowering plant. Habitats include mesic to dry prairies, sand prairies, sandstone glades, rocky upland woodlands, savannas, and thinly wooded bluffs. This wildflower benefits from occasional disturbance that reduces the encroachment of woody vegetation. Faunal Associations: In general, very little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. The flowers are pollinated primarily by bees, which seek nectar and pollen. A Carder bee, Anthidium psoraleae, is one of the bee visitors of the flowers; it is a weak oligolege (specialist pollinator) of flowering plants in the Fabaceae (Bean family). A similar species, Anthidium maculifrons, may be another oligolectic visitor of the flowers. The caterpillars of the moth, Cyclophora pendulinaria (Sweetfern Geometer), have been observed to feed on Sampson's Snakeroot. Photographic Location: The flowering plants were photographed by Keith & Patty Horn (Copyright © 2009) at a prairie in Fayette County, Illinois. The trifoliate leaf was photographed by the webmaster at the top of a semi-shaded sandstone cliff in southern Illinois. Comments: Sampson's Snakeroot is a fairly typical example of a species in the Bean family: it has trifoliate leaves and racemes of pea-like flowers. The seedpods are perhaps its most unusual feature: they are nearly circular in shape and contain a single seed. More typically, the seedpods of species in this family are more elongated in shape and contain several seeds. In Illinois, the closest relative of Sampson's Snakeroot is Orbexilum onobrychis (Sanfoin), which is found in habitats that are more moist (e.g., river-bottom prairies). This latter species is larger in size (3-4' tall) than Sampson's Snakeroot, its leaflets are more wide (often exceeding 1" across), and its flowers are usually a deeper shade of blue-violet. Another similar species, Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Scurfy Pea), has palmately compound leaves with as many as 5 leaflets and the flowers of its racemes are more loosely arranged on shorter peduncles. An older scientific name of Sampson's Snakeroot is Psoralea psoralioides.
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Miss Chen
2018年02月02日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 2-3½' tall and either unbranched or sparingly branched. The central stem and any lateral stems are medium green, terete, and sparsely short-pubescent. The alternate leaves are trifoliate; their petioles are 2-6" long, somewhat angular, medium green, and sparsely short-pubescent. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of stipules about 8 mm. (0.3") long; they are linear-lanceolate in shape and early-deciduous. The leaflets of the trifoliate leaves are 2-4' long and 1-2" across; they are lanceolate-ovate to ovate in shape, while their margins are smooth (entire) and slightly ciliate. The bases of these leaflets are rounded, while their tips are rather slender and pointed. The upper leaflet surface is medium green and sparsely short-pubescent to glabrous, while the lower leaflet surface is pale to medium green and sparsely short-pubescent. Leaflet venation is pinnate. The terminal leaflets have petiolules (basal stalklets) about ½-1" long, while the petiolules of the lateral leaflets are less than 1/8" in length. [图片]Both axillary and terminal racemes of flowers are produced on peduncles about 2-8" in length. These racemes are 2-6" long and spike-like in appearance; the density of flowers along each raceme is intermediate. The central stalk of each raceme is pale green and sparsely covered with short fine pubescence. Each flower is about ¼" long and relatively narrow in shape, consisting of 5 blue, purple, or nearly white petals, a short-tubular calyx with 5 teeth, and the reproductive organs. The petals form an upright banner, a pair of forward-projecting wings, and a small keel that is largely hidden by the wings. At the base of the banner, there is a small patch of yellow with fine purple veins. The calyx is pale green to pale purplish yellow and sparsely short-pubescent. The pedicels of the flowers are very short (less than 1/8" in length). The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer, lasting about 1 month. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by short seedpods about 8-12 mm. long. These seedpods are obovoid, somewhat compressed (flattened), and asymmetric (more curved on one sideLeaflet Underside than the other); they are single-seeded. Individual seeds are 4-6 mm. long, reniform (kidney-shaped), and somewhat compressed, becoming dark brown at maturity. The root system is rhizomatous, often forming clonal colonies of plants. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and loamy soil. This wildflower can be propagated by seed or division of its rhizomes. Range & Habitat: The native French Grass is uncommon to occasional in central Illinois, becoming rare or absent in the southern and northern sections of the state (see Distribution Map). It is found primarily in the lower Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and eastern Missouri). Habitats include black soil prairies, pioneer cemetery prairies, lower slopes of hill prairies, riverbanks, upland open woodlands, poorly maintained embankments along country roads, and fallow fields. French Grass is found in both high quality habitats (mostly prairie remnants) and more disturbed habitats that have a history of neglect. Faunal Associations: Aside from flower-visiting insects, very little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. Robertson (1929) observed honeybees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees (Coelioxys spp.), leaf-cutter bees (Megachile spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.) Halictid bees, plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), Sphecid wasps, Vespid wasps, bee flies (Bombyliidae), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), butterflies, skippers, and moths visiting the flowers for nectar. Some of the bees also collected pollen from the flowers. Robertson also observed an uncommon carder bee, Anthidium psoralaeae, visiting the flowers of French Grass. This latter bee is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of some prairie species (Orbexilum spp., Psoralidium spp., etc.) in the Bean family. There is also a newly discovered, but still unnamed, moth caterpillar (Schinia sp.) that feeds on French Grass in the lower Midwest. This caterpillar is pale yellowish green with pairs of large black dots along its sides. Photographic Location: An overgrown embankment along a gravelly road in Vermilion County, Illinois. [图片]Comments: In spite of the common name, this species is a legume in the Bean family, rather than a grass. The foliage of French Grass has a striking similarity to the foliage of cultivated Soybeans (Glycine max). However, both the inflorescences and seeds of these two species bear little resemblance to each other. French Grass appears to be a species that is often neglected in prairie and savanna restorations, even though it is probably not difficult to cultivate. Another species that is native to Illinois, Orbexilum pedunculatum (Sampson's Snakeroot), is a smaller plant with more narrow leaves and its flowers are usually more white or pinkish white than those of French Grass. Sometimes 'Sanfoin' is used as a common name for Orbexilum onobrychis. A scientific synonym of this species is Psoralea onobrychis.
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Miss Chen
2018年02月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is ¾–2' tall. It consists of a single pad (swollen stem) that is partially inserted in the ground, from which 1-2 additional sessile pads may develop from its upper curved margin. These fleshy pads are usually erect or ascending, although sometimes they sprawl horizontally. Individual pads are 2-7" long, 1½–5" across, and ½–1¼" thick; they are obovoid in shape and somewhat flattened. The pad surfaces are medium green or bluish green, shiny or dull, and hairless (excluding the woolly hair, bristles, and spines of areoles). The pads are evergreen during the winter, although they often become slightly yellowish and wrinkled at this time. Areoles (air pores) are scattered across the surface of each pad in diagonal rows; they often have a brownish appearance. Areoles have small tufts of fine sharp bristles (glochids) up to 3 mm. long that are embedded in woolly hairs. In addition, 0-2 hardened spines develop from each areole. The spines are light gray to light brown, straight, and variable in length (½–4" long). There are also small leaves near the areoles (one leaf per areole); these leaves are green or pale brown, about 3-6 mm. long, awl-shaped (subulate), and early-deciduous. One or more flower buds can develop along the upper curved margin of each pad. These flower buds are up to 2" long and ¾" across; they are oblanceoloid-oblongoid in shape, greenish, and somewhat fleshy-scaly in appearance. When the flowers are fully open, they are 2-3" across. Each flower several tepals, numerous stamens, and an inferior ovary with a single style. Mature tepals are light yellow to yellow and satiny in appearance. Sometimes, the bases of inner tepals toward the center of each flower are orange-red. The filaments of the stamens are yellow to pale orange, while their anthers are yellow. At the apex of the style, there is a narrow ring of short stigmas; these stigmas are white. to pale yellow. The blooming period occurs during early summer, lasting about 3-4 weeks for a colony of plants. Each flower is diurnal, lasting only a single day. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by sessile fruits. Mature fruits are 1¼–2" long and ½–¾" across, dull red to reddish brown, and oblanceoloid-oblongoid in shape with concave apices. Each fruit contains several seeds in a fleshy interior. Depending on the local ecotype and stage of ripeness, the flesh of these fruits is green to red and either sour, bland, or sweet. [图片]Individual seeds are about 4 mm. long, tan to dark brown, globoid, and somewhat flattened in shape; there is narrow ridge along at least one-half of the outer margin of each seed. The root system is fibrous and spreading. Upper pads occasionally break off from lower pads, falling to the ground. Such detached pads can develop new roots in the ground, creating new plants that are clonal offsets. Cultivation: The preference is full to partial sunlight (at least one-half day of sun), mesic to dry conditions, and sandy or rocky soil. Soil containing loam or clay-loam is tolerated if it is well-drained. Older stems on the ground have a tendency to become brown and woody with age, which is natural. It is faster and easier to start new plants using pads, rather than seeds; detached pads form new roots in the ground readily. This is the easiest cactus to grow in Illinois because of its tolerance of moisture, humidity, and cold winter weather. It also blooms more reliably than most cacti. [图片]Range & Habitat: The Eastern Prickly Pear occurs occasionally in about one-half of the counties in Illinois (see Distribution Map). It is most likely to be found in sandy or hilly areas along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, in hilly areas of southern Illinois, and sandy or rocky areas of northern Illinois. This is by far the most common cactus in Illinois. Most populations of this plant are native, although some local populations are the result of restoration efforts or occasional escapes from cultivation. Typical habitats include openings in sandy woodlands, sandy savannas, sand prairies, hill prairies, gravel prairies, barrens and rocky bluffs, sandstone and limestone glades, sand dunes along Lake Michigan and other areas, rocky or sandy slopes along major rivers and lakes, sandy cemeteries, pastures, and sandy or gravelly areas along railroads. The greatest threats to the survival of this plant are the destruction of habitat by modern development and the invasion of its habitat by woody vegetation. [图片]Faunal Associations: Both long-tongued and short-tongued bees visit the flowers, including bumblebees, the Large Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa virginica), digger bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (including green metallic bees), and plasterer bees (Colletes spp.). Long-tongued bees suck nectar or collect pollen, while short-tongued bees collect pollen only; the larger bees are more likely to cause cross-pollination (Mitchell, 1960/1962; Kevan & Aiello, 2002). Some insects feed on the pads of Eastern Prickly Pear and other prickly pears (Opuntia spp.). These species include larvae of the Eastern Cactus-boring Moth (Melitara prodenialis); larvae of a polyphagous moth, Julia's Dicymolomia (Dicymolomia julianalis); larvae of another polyphagous moth, the Arge Tiger Moth (Grammia arge); and larvae of a Syrphid fly, Copestylum vittatum. Other insects suck plant juices from the pads or fruits of these plants. These species include the Prickly Pear Cactus Bug (Chelinidea vittiger), Pale-margined Stink Bug (Chlorochloa persimilis), and Uhler's Stink Bug (Chlorochroa uhleri). Some of these insects are found in the Great Plains region and SE United States, but not in the Midwest. See Needham et al. (1928), Covell (1984/2005), Hart & Gleason (1907), Froeschner (1942), Vestal (1913), and Rider (2009) for more information. [图片]In the Eastern states, the relationships of prickly pears with vertebrate wildlife are less well-known than in western United States. From studies in these western areas, the fruits and seeds of these plants are eaten occasionally by the Wild Turkey and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel. Both the fruits and pads are eaten occasionally by the Coyote, Gray Fox, Cottontail Rabbit, Striped Skunk, and White-tailed Deer, notwithstanding the presence of bristles and occasional spines (Martin et al., 1951/1961). The fruits and pads are also eaten by the Ornate Box Turtle (Ernst et al., 1994); this turtle is often found in sand prairies. All of these vertebrate animals occur in Illinois at the present time. Domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, and sheep, normally avoid the consumption of the fruits and pads of the Eastern Prickly Pear because of its spines and bristles. However, when these plants are eaten by such animals, the spines and bristles can irritate and damage both their mouth parts and digestive tracts (Georgia, 1913). When White-tailed Deer (and probably other vertebrate animals) eat the fruits, they help to spread the seeds to new locations (Myers et al., 2004). The relatively large pads of Eastern Prickly Pear provide nesting habitat for the Bobwhite Quail (Hernandez et al., 2003), and protective cover for snakes and other kinds of wildlife. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at a sandy meadow near Kickapoo State Park in Vermilion County, Illinois, and at a sand prairie of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana. Comments: The Eastern Prickly Pear (Opuntia humifusa) is a striking plant with large beautiful flowers. It has fewer spines than many western species of prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), but they are still fairly formidable. The fine bristles near the areoles can easily penetrate the skin, causing irritation should the pads of this cactus be carelessly handled or brushed against. While Eastern Prickly Pear normally occurs as scattered individual plants or in small colonies, sometimes this cactus can form impressively large colonies if it persists at the same location for a sufficiently long period of time. The only other cactus with a similar size and appearance in Illinois is the less common Big-rooted Prickly Pear (Opuntia macrorhiza). This latter species differs from the Eastern Prickly Pear by its thick tuberous root and the greater abundance of spines on its pads. While Eastern Prickly Pear develops 0-2 spines per areole, Big-rooted Prickly Pear develops 2 or more spines per areole. Other scientific names that refer to Eastern Prickly Pear include Opuntia compressa and Opuntia rafinesquei.
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