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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is 2-5' and unbranched. The central stem is green or dark red, and it has short stiff hairs. The leaves toward the base are up to 12" long and 1" wide, becoming progessively shorter and narrower as they alternate up the stalk. The leaves are sufficiently crowded together that they appear whorled. They are narrowly lanceolate or linear, dull green or bluish green, and usually slightly pubescent. The margins are smooth or slightly ciliate. The central stem terminates in an erect spike-like inflorescence with pink or purplish pink composite flowers. This inflorescence is about ½–1½' long, with the composite flowers more or less densely distributed along its length. The individual flowers are crowded together into buttons about 1" across. Each flower has 5 lobes that spread outward from the corolla tube, from which emerges a long divided style that is often curly. There is no floral scent. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 3 weeks for individual plants. Like other Liatris spp., the flowers of Rough Blazingstar begin to bloom at the top of the flowering stalk, and gradually bloom downward as the season progresses. The achenes have large tufts of stiff hair that are light greyish brown, which enables them to be distributed several feet by the wind. The root system consists of a woody corm. Occasionally, offsets develop a short distance from the mother plant, creating small colonies. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is full sun and mesic to dry conditions. The soil can contain significant amounts of loam, clay, sand, or rocky material. However, this plant typically grows in less fertile acidic soil that is rather rocky or sandy. This plant is easy to grow under well-drained conditions, but has a tendency to flop over while in flower if it is spoiled with rich soil or too much moisture. Foliar disease is rarely a problem, and drought resistant is very good, with only a few lower leaves withering away. Range & Habitat: The native Rough Blazingstar is occasional in central and northern Illinois, but it is uncommon or absent in SE Illinois (see Distribution Map). This wildflower is widely distributed, but rarely forms large colonies in native habitats, unlike Liatris pychnostachya (Prairie Blazingstar). Habitats include mesic to dry black soil prairies, sand prairies, gravel prairies, hill prairies, bald knobs, openings in rocky upland forests, sandy Black Oak woodlands, savannas, limestone glades, dry clay banks above ditches, and open areas along railroads, particularly where prairie remnants occur. [图片]Faunal Associations: Primarily long-tongued bees, butterflies, skippers, and bee flies visit the flowers. Among the long-tongued bees, this includes honeybees, bumblebees, Little Carpenter bees, Miner bees, and Leaf-Cutting bees. Butterfly visitors include Monarchs, Painted Ladies, Black Swallowtails, Sulfurs, and others. Other visitors include Green Metallic bees and other Halictine bees. The latter bees collect pollen primarily, and are not effective pollinators. The caterpillars of the rare Schinia florida (Glorious Flower Moth) feed on the flowers and seed capsules of this and other Liatris spp. Mammmalian herbivores, large and small, readily eat the foliage and stems, including rabbits, deer, groundhogs, and livestock. Sometimes small rodents will dig up the corms and eat them. Consequently, this plant may be scarce where there is an overpopulation of these animals. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Red Bison Railroad Prairie in Savoy, Illinois, Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois, and the wildflower garden of the webmaster. Comments: This is a beautiful plant while it is flowering, although the blooming period is rather short. It is possible to extend the season of bloom by planting other Liatris spp, which usually bloom earlier in the year. Among the taller blazingstars, this species prefers drier locations, and can be distinguished from them by the large size of its buttons of flowers. The corms were used as an emergency survival food among some tribes of Amerindians.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
[图片]丽格海棠也可以称为玫瑰海棠，它的花朵十分美丽，花瓣一层层叠起，颜色的数量也十分多，一般我们都会将其摆放在阳台，增加室内的美观效果。 [图片]一、缺水 当叶片出现枯萎卷曲的情况，首先就要看看是不是水少了，这种情况是最常见的，其最显耀的特征就是植物上方开始逐渐向下枯萎。这种情况所需采取的措施就是补水，可以采用及时浇水和向叶片喷水这两种方式来补水，最好是两种方式共同进行，这样可以让丽格海棠恢复的更快。需要注意的是，在夏季高温的环境下，不要使用温度太低的水。 二、浇水过多 除了缺水，浇水过量同样也会出现叶子卷曲的情况，这时候判断的方法就是观察盆土，如果盆内有积水那可能就是浇水过量了，这也是导致叶片出现问题的原因之一。这时候需要把植株移到室内，避免光照和风吹，同时剪去一部分叶片，将盆内的土壤适当的除去一部分，换上干燥的土壤，通常一到两周左右的时间，盆内的植株就会恢复正常。 三、施肥过量 土壤里的肥如果太多，会使得植物的水份向外渗透，这种情况也非常严重，很可能导致植物枯萎，所以要提高警惕。这时候就需要首先用清水清洗盆土，并及时的将多余的水份排出。或者去掉一部分土壤，换成正常的。为了及时的使植物复原，还应该同时给叶片补充水份，保护植物的主要部分。 四、其它因素 如果以上情况都被排除的话，就要考虑是不是出现了病虫害了，如果叶片上看不见明显的虫害，就需要关注一下植株根部，及时采用药物治疗，并且将发病的部分去掉。 丽格海棠喜欢半荫的生长环境，如果光照过于强烈也是会导致植物叶片出现问题的。此时就需要及时的将植株移到其他位置，并且通过洒水等方式，为植物的叶片补充水份。 以上就是为大家介绍的导致丽格海棠叶片出现卷边或者叶子枯萎的原因和相应的处理措施，可以看到丽格海棠叶片出现问题大多是养护没有做到位导致的，由此可见我们在种植任何一种植物之前，都需要了解好它的生长习性和养护方法，这样才能把植物养的好，养的健康！
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Miss Chen
2018年01月29日
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@幸福天使 养花其实很简单的，文字所表达出来的要比实际复杂些。
幸福天使
2018年01月24日
1
好漂亮呀 养的真不错
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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
[图片]米兰是人们喜爱的花卉植物，花放时节香气袭人。作为食用花卉，可提取香精。如米兰花茶。 米兰盆栽可陈列于客厅、书房和门廊，清新幽雅，舒人心身。在南方庭院中米兰又是极好的风景树。 放在居室中可吸收空气中的二氧化硫、和氯气，净化空气。 [图片]一、米兰叶片发黑原因 米兰叶子发黑的原因有很多种，亲农网在此为大家总结了主要与三个方面有关：环境、温度、肥料。米兰性喜温暖，喜欢充足的光照和肥料，最适宜的生长温度为20℃～25℃，如果温度高且光照充足，米兰开出来的花就有浓香，如果生长环境不适宜，那么米兰就有可能开花少或是不开花，同时叶片也会受到一定的影响。 二、米兰叶片发黑的处理方法 1.栽培环境 种植人从市场新买的花先不要换土，尤其不要对米兰进行施肥。要知道，植物都有自身的一个适应过程，建议大家先让米兰花适应养殖的环境，例如：湿度、温度、光线等。否则易导致植物伤元气，不利于植物的后期生长。 2.湿度 建议大家将植物放在温暖干燥并且没有光线直射的地方。温度在二十到三十五度之间最好，可在夏季秋季开放五次之多。一般来说，温度处在三十度以上，花香味最为浓烈。反之，温度、光线均达不到要求，花香很浅。 3.浇水 米兰不可以浇水过量。浇水时将原来的土团浇透，若是花是从大棚出来的可在前期喷水进行保湿。如盆土过于潮湿，可以将盆土连同米兰从盆里取出。建议大家不要浇水过勤，米兰花不干就不用浇水，若是浇水就一定浇透。 4.光照 冬季可将植物移入室内的阳台、窗台等地。强烈的正午需要遮阴外，可多为植物提供充足的阳光。而对于刚发芽的米兰花来讲，我们不可过度曝晒。 5.施肥 当米兰没有足够的养料时将导致米兰叶子发黑，当米兰花开花次数多，花朵极为茂盛导致花每次开花都消耗较多养料，所以种植人在花落后及时补充养分，可使用富含腐叶的酸性花土。这样才能开花不绝，枝繁叶茂。而在夏、秋两季可每周喷施营养液以保证植物的枝繁叶茂。 以上就是为大家介绍的有关米兰叶子发黑的相关处理办法，米兰是一种十分适合盆栽于室内的植物，同时米兰的寿命也很长，放置这样一盆花卉在家中客厅或是书房，能够起到装饰环境和净化空气的作用。
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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
[图片]狼尾蕨又名龙爪蕨、兔脚蕨属于水龙骨目骨碎补科蕨类植物，骨碎补科骨碎补属植物。根茎裸露在外，肉质，长约6-12厘米，表面贴伏着褐色鳞片与毛，如同兔脚，花农因此称它为兔脚蕨或狼尾蕨。 其叶形优美，形态潇洒，根状茎和叶都具极高的观赏价值，是非常流行的室内观赏蕨类；也可以作为景观植物配植于假山岩石边。其根状茎还能入药，有祛风除湿，清热凉血的功效。 [图片]一、狼尾蕨的生长习性 狼尾蕨不耐高温也不耐低温，喜欢生活在20℃～26℃的温度下，高于30℃或低于15℃都会导致狼尾蕨生长发育不良，过冬时最低气温不能低于5℃，因此需要移植到室内栽种。喜欢温暖、干燥的环境，夏季需要适当遮阴和增加湿度，喜欢疏松、透气、肥沃、排水性能良好的沙质土壤。 二、狼尾蕨的养殖方法 说到养殖方法主要就是五个基本的方面：阳光、温度、水分、施肥以及土壤，既然我们已经了解到了狼尾蕨的生长习性，那么下面具体来看看狼尾蕨需要如何养殖吧。 1.养殖狼尾蕨，可以根据观赏的需要，来选择花盆，高盆或者是吊兰都可以，也可以选择一些别具一格的花盆，比如特制的蛇木盆或者是一段朽木。土壤以透气性为主，要求排水性良好，可以使用腐叶土。 2.光照和温度 狼尾蕨喜欢半阴的生长环境，喜欢明亮的散射光线，避免阳光直射。家庭养殖狼尾蕨，可以将盆栽或者吊盆放在室内光线明亮的地方养护。狼尾蕨原产自热带、亚热带地区，生长的适宜温度是在18℃——26℃之间，不耐高温也不耐寒冷。狼尾蕨的生长环境温度过高或者过低都会导致生长不良，注意冬季的时候气温不要低于5℃。 3.浇水和施肥 狼尾蕨要求盆土湿润，生长季节需要保持充足的水分供应，可以每2——3天浇一次水，但是注意不能浇水过多，可以使狼尾蕨的生长环境保持干燥，不要过干。保持一定的空气湿度，注意不能过于干燥，可以通过喷水来增加空气湿度。狼尾蕨对肥的要求不高，不喜欢浓肥，一般追肥的时候，可以追施腐熟的稀薄肥水，在养护过程中，也可以施一些叶面肥。 三、狼尾蕨的注意事项 1.繁殖方法 狼尾蕨是蕨类植物，没有种子，一般是通过孢子来繁殖。不过一般家庭养殖都是通过扦插来繁殖的，在春季进行。 2.病虫害 狼尾蕨生长过程中出现的病害主要是根腐病，虫害主要是蚜虫和红蜘蛛的危害，都是又环境因素导致的。 以上就是为大家带来的有关狼尾蕨的养殖方法和注意事项，狼尾蕨的生长缓慢，可以采用高盆或者是吊盆养殖，其根茎可以入药，有祛风除湿、清热凉血的功效，这样的一种植物符不符合大家的喜好呢？如果有喜欢的朋友就快快来种植一盆吧!
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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
[图片]箭羽竹芋竹芋科，肖竹芋属多年生常绿草本观叶植物。株高可达100厘米，叶片斜立，形似箭羽，故名。头状花序，小苞片膜质；萼片近相等；花冠管与萼片硬革质，蒴果开裂为3瓣，种子三角形。 产地巴西等地方。喜温暖、湿润和半荫蔽的环境。由于该植物耐阴，甚适合家庭居室内装饰美化、绿化之用。可在较明亮的房间内长期摆放观赏，在光线较暗的房间内放置4-6周，对其生长也无太大的影响，所以可以长期在较暗的房间内摆放，亦能生长良好。 [图片]一、箭羽竹芋的生长习性 箭羽竹芋原产于巴西和哥斯达黎加。喜欢温暖湿润的半荫蔽环境，虽然巴西主要是热带气候，但这种植物并不能耐烈日暴晒，夏季需要适当遮荫。喜欢的土壤是疏松、肥沃、排水性能良好的壤土。 二、箭羽竹芋的养殖方法 1.温度 箭羽竹芋原来产在巴西等地，是一种热带生长的植物，比较喜欢高温、湿润的环境，最佳是以的生长温度应该保持在25摄氏度左右。在夏季时将它放到阴凉的地方，冬季时要注意防寒。 2.光照 箭羽竹芋辐射光以及散射光下生长状态比较好，在夏天如果受太阳直射极其容易对叶片造成灼伤，如果出现了叶片灼伤的现象，要立即对其进行挪移，并且要将灼伤的叶片去除掉。 3.水分 箭羽竹芋最适宜的生长湿度是80%左右，适宜的空气湿度有利于生物的生长，过高或者过低的空气湿度都会造成叶子的不健康成长。在植物的生长季节要勤浇水，在高温时要经常向叶面上进行喷水工作，最好的浇水方法就是早上用水喷洒，中午或者是下午浇盆土，晚上的时候整株浇灌。 4.土壤 前面已经介绍过箭羽竹芋喜欢生长的土壤环境，箭羽竹芋的土壤要求肥沃、排水性好、疏松，一般会采用腐殖土或者是粗介质。 5.施肥 箭羽竹芋的施肥原则：勤施薄施，在生长旺季时大约每两周左右施一次肥是最佳的。肥料主要以氮肥为主，磷肥和钾肥也可以，氮肥对于箭羽竹芋来说能够使叶片更加美观。 三、箭羽竹芋养殖的注意事项 1.温度和光照 箭羽竹芋在夏天时要避免阳光直射，同时冬季要进行防寒保温，可以将其挪到室内较温暖的地方过冬。 2.水分 给箭羽竹芋浇水的时候要注意不能浇水过多，否则会引起植物烂根甚至是引起病害的发生，气温比较低时要注意土壤的干燥。 3.施肥 箭羽竹芋的施肥浓度不能过大，否则会使叶片灼烧，甚至会使植物整株死亡，在冬季植物停止生长时以及夏季太热的时候不要施肥。 以上就是为大家带来的有关箭羽竹芋的养殖方法和注意事项，箭羽竹芋是一种比较适合养殖在家中室内的植物，在明亮的房间内可以长期摆放，而在光线较暗的地方放置一个月左右的时间，对其生长造成的影响也不会很大，喜欢这种绿植的朋友可以买上一盆摆放在家中哟！
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Miss Chen
2018年01月19日
Miss Chen
[图片]珊瑚藤别名凤冠、凤宝石。蓼科，珊瑚藤属，常绿木质藤本。繁殖可用播种或扦插法，其根肥厚，茎蔓攀力强可达10米以上。花多数密生成串，呈总状，花期3－12月果圆锥形，原产于中美洲地区。现中国台湾、海南、广州等地有栽培。珊瑚藤夺目壮观，是园林和垂直绿化的好植物，也是有观赏价值的花卉之一。 [图片]一、珊瑚藤的生长习性 在了解养殖方法前，我们照例还是先来看看珊瑚藤的生长习性，这就叫“磨刀不误砍柴工”。珊瑚藤原产于中美洲地区，现在我国主要种植于华南地区，喜欢温暖、湿润、光照充足的生活环境，由于珊瑚藤原产自热带和亚热带地区，因此冬季气温低于10℃时叶片就会变枯萎，通常5℃以上可以安全越冬，珊瑚藤比较适宜的生长温度为22℃～30℃。 二、珊瑚藤的养殖方法 1.土盆要求 种植在湿润、肥沃、排水良好且富含腐殖质的酸性土壤中是最好的选择。并且应该经常浇水，保持土壤湿润。另外盆器的选择也很重要，花盆有一定的深度，可促进根部的生长。 珊瑚藤喜欢温暖湿润的环境，生长适温为22——30℃，成熟植株稍耐寒。幼苗严忌霜冻。 2.及时修剪 珊瑚藤家种盆栽应该注意扎架立柱，支架可盘扎成各种形态，便于珊瑚藤生长的整体美观性。作为藤本植株，蔓延性较强，注意及时修剪枝条。 3.多水多肥 珊瑚藤喜欢湿润的环境，所以在生长期间应该充分的浇水。保持土壤的湿润，在夏季还可向叶面喷水。休眠期保持土壤不干燥即可。 珊瑚藤生长期需要的肥料较多，每隔7——10天就需施加一次25％的沤熟饼肥。花蕾出现时，则应多施磷肥和钾肥。 三、珊瑚藤的养殖注意事项 1.光照充足 夏季高温时期既要将其放置在树荫下养护，又要保证每天拥有3——4个小时的直射光照。这样，珊瑚藤就不会发生徒长现象了。家庭盆栽养护尤其要注意，尽量将花盆放在南向或西向阳台。 2.促进分枝 为保证珊瑚藤植株的株形丰满，在生长初期需要多次进行摘心，促进其多分枝。 以上就是为大家带来的有关珊瑚藤的养殖方法和注意事项，珊瑚藤的花朵虽小但是量很大，十分壮观，观赏性十足，是我国园林建设中经常使用的一种花卉，同时也可以采用盆栽的方式布置宾馆大堂或大厅。
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Miss Chen
2018年01月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is 2-5' tall and unbranched, except for short stems bearing flowerheads in the upper half. The stout central stem is slightly ridged and covered with white hairs. The trifoliate leaves occur alternately along the stem on short petioles. Each leaflet is up to 3" long and 1" across, usually ovate in shape, with smooth margins, widely scattered white hairs, and a prominent central vein. Sometimes the surface of the leaves has a silky sheen. The apex of the central stem and some upper side stems terminate in elongated heads of flowers about 2-5" long and half as much across. Each flowerhead has numerous hairy bracts, from which the small white flowers barely protrude. Each flower is a little less than ½" long, and has 5 white petals with a patch of purple near its throat. There is a large upper petal and two smaller side petals, while the remaining petals are usually hidden from view. There is no floral scent. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about a month. After blooming, the flowerheads gradually turn brown. The root system consists of a central taproot. Cultivation: The preference is full sun and mesic to dry conditions. This plant is adaptable to different kinds of soil that contain significant amounts of loam, clay, sand, or rocky material. It adds nitrogen to the soil, and is easy to grow. Drought resistance is very good, although some of the lower leaves may turn yellow and fall off the plant. Range & Habitat: Round-Headed Bush Clover occurs in most counties of Illinois, although it less common in the SE section of the state (see Distribution Map). This native wildflower is occasional to locally common. Habitats include mesic to dry black soil prairies, sand prairies, gravel prairies, hill prairies, loamy savannas and sandy savannas, limestone glades, sand dunes near Lake Michigan, and open areas along railroads and roadsides. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers are visited primarily by long- or short-tongued bees, such as bumblebees, large Leaf-Cutting bees, Andrenid bees, and others. Butterflies may suck nectar from the flowers, but they are not effective pollinators. The caterpillars of several species of skippers feed on the foliage, including Thorybes bathyllus (Southern Cloudywing), Thorybes pylades (Northern Cloudywing), Achalarus lyciades (Hoary Edge), and Epargyreus clarus (Silver-Spotted Skipper). The caterpillars of several moths also feed on the foliage, including Utetheisa bella (Bella Moth), Dasylophia anguina (Black-Spotted Prominent), and Ptichodis herbarum (Common Ptichodis). Other insects feeding on this plant include Everes comyntas (Eastern-Tailed Blue), Tetralopha scortealis (Lespedeza Webworm), Pachybrachis carbonarius (Leaf Beetle sp.), Calomycterus setarius (Imported Long-Horned Beetle), and various Alydus spp. (Broad-Headed Bugs). Because it is high in protein and palatable, many mammalian herbivores eat the plant during different growth stages, including deer, rabbits, groundhogs, and livestock. An overpopulation of these animals may interfere with this plant's establishment. The seeds are eaten primarily by upland gamebirds, including the Mourning Dove, Bobwhite, and Wild Turkey. During the winter, the seeds are eaten by the Slate-Colored Junco. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This is a robust and beneficial plant, although not particularly showy. It is fairly easy to distinguish this plant from other members of the Bean family, such as the tick trefoils and other bush clovers, by the stout bristly flowerheads and their small white flowers. However, there is some variability in the appearance of this plant across different localities.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This is a biennial plant that becomes 2-5' tall during its second year. During the first year, a rosette of spreading to ascending basal leaves develops that is up to 1' across. Individual basal leaves are up to 6" long and 2" across; they are elliptic-oblanceolate to obovate in shape, while their margins are unlobed to shallowly pinnatifid, occasionally sinuous (horizontally wavy), and dentate-prickly. During the second year, this plant develops an erect central stem that is unbranched below, while branching occasionally above. The stems are light green, terete, glabrous, and often glaucous. Alternate leaves occur along the entire length of these stems, becoming gradually smaller above; their blades are widely spreading to ascending. The blades of these alternate leaves are up to 8" long and 2" across; they are elliptic-oblanceolate to oblanceolate in shape, while their margins are unlobed to moderately pinnatifid, occasionally sinuous, and dentate-prickly. The upper surface of both basal and alternate leaves is yellowish green to medium green, glabrous and sometimes glaucous, while their lower surface is light green, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous. In addition, abundant prickles occur along the central vein of the lower leaf surface, while sparse prickles sometimes occur along the major lateral veins. The bases of alternate leaves clasp their stems with short rounded auricles (ear-like basal lobes) that are dentate-prickly and occasionally sinuous. The tips of these leaves are bluntly angled to acute. Both the stems and leaves of this plant contain a brown latex. The central stem and sometimes upper lateral stems terminate in panicles of flowerheads; these panicles are variable in size, but on larger plants they become up to 1½' long and 1' across. The branches of each inflorescence are more slender than the stems, otherwise they share similar characteristics. Small bractlets occur where these branches divide. The flowerheads often fail to open, but they are self-fertile. Those flowerheads that do open (on bright sunny days during the morning), can vary considerably in size, depending on the local ecotype; their diameter varies from 4-6 mm. in some areas to 12-18 mm. in other areas. Each flowerhead has 20-55 widely spreading ray florets and no disk florets. The petaloid rays of the flowerhead are narrowly oblong in shape; their tips are truncate and 5-toothed. The petaloid rays are usually light blue, but sometimes they are white to yellow. The tips of the petaloid rays, where the teeth occur, are often pale bronze. [图片]The bases of flowerheads (involucres) are up to 15-20 mm. long and cylindrical-lanceoloid to lanceoloid in shape; they achieve their maximum size shortly after blooming. Around the base of each flowerhead, the floral bracts (involucral bracts) are arranged in several series; inner floral bracts are longer than outer floral bracts. They are linear-lanceolate in shape (upper-inner bracts) to ovate in shape (lower-outer bracts) and appressed together; these bracts are light green with white to purplish red margins, and they are glabrous. The blooming period occurs during the summer and early autumn, lasting 1½–3 months. Afterwards, the flowerheads are replaced by dense clusters of achenes. Mature achenes are about 4 mm. long, broadly ellipsoid-flattened in shape, and black mottled with brown; each side of an achene has a single central rib (less often 2-3 ribs). At the apex of each achene, there is a white thread-like beak about 4 mm. long, and attached to the apex of this beak is a tuft of white hairs spanning about 15-20 mm. across (individual hairs are 7-10 mm. long). These achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and soil containing sandy loam, loam, clay-loam, or loess. First-year rosettes of basal leaves may die down during winter, but new leaves are regenerated from the taproot during the spring. Open ground with exposed topsoil facilitates germination of the seed. Cultivation of this plant is not difficult, but it is rather weedy-looking and its flowerheads often fail to open. Range & Habitat: The native Prairie Lettuce is rare in Illinois and state-listed as 'endangered.' It has been found primarily in the northern and west-central sections of the state (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the eastern range-limit of this species; it is more common in many areas of central and western United States. Populations of Prairie Lettuce have declined in Illinois, where it is found in such habitats as mesic to dry prairies and hill prairies. Disturbed areas of high quality natural habitats (mainly prairies) are preferred. This wildflower probably benefits from the disturbance provided by occasional wildfires and grazing by American Bison; this animal prefers to graze on grasses rather than forbs. [图片]Faunal Associations: Little is known specifically about the relationships of Prairie Lettuce to various fauna. The flowerheads of this plant are probably cross-pollinated by various long-tongued and short-tongued bees. Insects that feed destructively on both cultivated and various species of wild lettuce (Lactuca spp.) consist primarily of aphids and larvae of polyphagous moths. The webmaster observed unidentified blackish aphids feeding on the upper stems and inflorescence branches of Prairie Lettuce. Both White-tailed Deer and the Cottontail Rabbit occasionally browse on the foliage of this plant; the latter animal fed on some of the basal leaves of Prairie Lettuce while it was being cultivated in a garden by the webmaster. Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois. [图片]Comments: There are several native and non-native lettuce species (Lactuca spp.) that exist as wildflowers in Illinois. Most of these species are similar in appearance and they can be difficult to distinguish; the presence of both flowerheads and achenes are often required for correct identification. Prairie Lettuce (Lactuca ludoviciana) can be distinguished from many lettuce species by the brown latex of its foliage (rather than white latex). The rays of its flowerheads are often blue, rather than yellow, and the involucres (bract-covered bases) of these flowerheads are usually larger in size (up to 15-20 mm. long). The achenes of Prairie Lettuce have single-ribbed sides (less often 2-3 ribbed) and they have long thread-like beaks that are attached to relatively large tufts of hair (15-20 mm. across). A common Eurasian species, Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola), differs from Prairie Lettuce by having flowerheads with pale yellow rays only (never blue), shorter involucres (up to 10-12 mm. long), and achenes with 5-7 ribs per side, to which are attached smaller tufts of white hair (only 7-10 mm. across). [图片]A common native species, Lactuca canadensis (Wild Lettuce), differs by having leaves that lack stiff prickles along their margins, flowerheads with yellow to orange-yellow rays (never blue), shorter involucres (up to 10-15 mm. long), and achenes with smaller tufts of white hair (10-14 mm. across). Another native species, Lactuca biennis (Tall Blue Lettuce), has shorter involucres (up to 8-10 mm. long), achenes with 5-6 ribs per side, very short or no beaks on the achenes, and smaller tufts of hair (10-12 mm. across) that are light brown, rather than white. Another native species, Lactuca florida (Woodland Blue Lettuce), differs by having leaves with triangular-shaped terminal lobes, shorter involucres (up to 10-12 mm. long), achenes with 5-6 ribs per side, very short or no beaks on its achenes, and smaller tufts of white hair (8-10 mm. across). An uncommon native species, Lactuca hirsuta (Hairy Wild Lettuce), differs from Prairie Lettuce by having hairy stems, hairy leaves with ciliate margins, and flowerheads that sometimes have reddish rays, rather than yellow.
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Miss Chen
2018年01月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This biennial plant is usually unbranched and 3-8' tall. The central stem is terete and glabrous, light green or reddish green (sometimes with purple streaks), and often glaucous. The alternate leaves are light green to dark green, sometimes with purple edges or a yellowish cast. They are up to 10" long, 3" across, and lanceolate-oblong in shape. The largest leaves have deep pinnate lobes, while the smaller leaves have shallow pinnate lobes or none; they are wider at their bases than at their tips, and their bases clasp the stem. Occasionally, the leaves have widely spaced small teeth along their margins and short fine hairs along the underside of their central veins. The leaf surface can be shiny or dull. The small dandelion-like flowerheads occur in a narrow panicle up to 2' long at the apex of the plant. The petaloid rays of the florets are yellow or slightly reddish orange. Each flowerhead is about 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of 12-25 ray florets. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are several floral bracts (phyllaries) in several series that are appressed together and vary in size. These bracts are light green and glabrous; sometimes they are tinted purple or red. The blooming period occurs during late summer or early fall, lasting about 3-4 weeks. There is no noticeable floral scent. The flowers are replaced by dark brown achenes with tufts of white hair, which are attached together by thread-like beaks. Each achene has a central longitudinal ridge with some black splotches on either side; they are ovoid, flattened in shape, and slightly curved. The length of the achenes is equal to, or greater than, the length of their attached beaks. The inflorescence often has buds, flowers, and achenes existing together in different stages of development. The achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system consists of a thick deep taproot. There is a white latex in the root, leaves, and stems. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, and moist to slightly dry conditions. Growth is best in fertile loamy soil, although poor gravelly soil and clay-loam are also tolerated. This plant varies considerably in size depending on growing conditions. It is somewhat weedy. Range & Habitat: The native Wild Lettuce is a common plant that occurs in almost all counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to slightly dry black soil prairies, clay prairies, gravel prairies, openings in woodlands, thickets, savannas, lake borders and riverbanks, limestone glades, fence rows, pastures and abandoned fields, powerline clearances, areas along railroads and roadsides, vacant lots, and miscellaneous waste areas. This plant is more common in degraded prairies and disturbed habitats, although it can also be found in high-quality habitats. [图片]Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the small flowers attract bees primarily, such as the leaf-cutting bee Megachile latimanus and the Halictid bee Lasioglossum lustrans (Robertson, 1929; Estes & Thorp, 1975). The caterpillars of some moths feed on Lactuca spp. These species include Autographa precationis (Common Looper Moth), Grammia virgo (Virgin Tiger Moth), and Cucullia intermedia (Intermediate Cucullia); the caterpillars of the last of these moths feed on the florets. Several aphid species use Lactuca spp. as host plants; they include Hyperomyzus lactucae (Currant-Sowthistle Aphid), Nasonovia ribisnigri (Currant-Lettuce Aphid), Prociphilus erigeronensis (White Aster Root Aphid), Uroleucon ambrosiae (Brown Ambrosia Aphid), Uroleucon gravicorne, Uroleucon pseudambrosiae (False Ambrosia Aphid), Uroleucon sonchella (Sowthistle Aphid), and Pemphigus bursarius (Lettuce Root Aphid). Among vertebrate animals, the Eastern Goldfinch occasionally eats the seeds. Notwithstanding the bitter white latex in the foliage, mammalian herbivores occasionally browse on the foliage of this plant. The Cottontail Rabbit eats the tender leaves of first-year plants, while White-Tailed Deer eats the tops off of more mature plants. Horses, cattle, and sheep also feed on this plant. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This is a common and weedy plant with a highly variable appearance. It resembles the non-native Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce), however the latter has gray achenes that are always shorter than the thread-like beaks that attach them to tufts of hair. Also, the leaves of Prickly Lettuce tend to be more blue in appearance, and they have stout prickly hairs along the central veins on the underside of their leaves. Wild Lettuce can be distinguished from other native Lactuca spp. by the color of its flowers, the appearance of its achenes with attached tufts of hairs, and the absence of hairs on its stems and leaves (aside from the scattered non-prickly hairs that may appear along the central veins on the underside of the leaves).
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Miss Chen
2018年01月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a spring annual, consisting of a small rosette of leaves up to 6" across and one or more flowering stalks up to 18" tall. Individual plants can bloom while they are a remarkably small size (only 2" across). The basal leaves are up to 3" long and ¾" across. They are light green, oblanceolate, and often pinnatifid with shallow lobes that are pointed at their tips. Their margins are often ciliate, slightly undulate, and sparingly dentate. Each flowering stalk is unbranched and devoid of leaves; it is largely hairless, although there may be a few scattered hairs along its length, especially near the top. Both the basal leaves and flowering stalks contain a white latex. Each stalk terminates in a flowerhead about ½" across. This flowerhead consists of several spreading ray florets that are truncate with 5 teeth at their tips; these florets are bright golden yellow. The base of each flowerhead consists of 9-18 floral bracts in a single series; these bracts are lanceolate and about ¼" in length. They are erect while the flowerhead is blooming, but eventually become reflexed when the achenes mature. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to mid-summer and lasts about 2-3 months for a colony of plants. The small achenes are bullet-shaped (tapered at the base, but truncate at the top). Each achene has 5 small scales and a tuft of 5 hairs at its apex; the hairs are longer than the scales. These achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system consists of a tuft of fibrous roots. This plant spreads by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and an acidic sandy soil. Thin rocky soil is also acceptable if it doesn't consist of limestone. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Dwarf Dandelion occurs occasionally in sandy areas in the northern half of Illinois, otherwise it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include mesic to dry sand prairies, sandy savannas, sand dunes, sandy fields, sandy areas along paths and roadsides, and rocky glades without limestone. Occasional wildfires and other kinds of disturbance are probably beneficial in maintaining populations of this plant. Faunal Associations: Information about floral-faunal relationships for this species is limited. It seems likely that the flowers are visited by various kinds of bees for nectar and pollen; they may attract butterflies and skippers as well. Photographic Location: Along a sandy path in a burnt-over savanna in Iroquois County, Illinois. [图片]Comments: Dwarf Dandelion is an adorable little plant that superficially resembles the common lawn weed, Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion). However, the Dwarf Dandelion has smaller flowerheads and light green basal leaves. There are several other Krigia spp. in Illinois; some differ from the Dwarf Dandelion by their flowering stalks, which can be branched with a few cauline leaves. The Dwarf Dandelion has unbranched flowering stalks that are without leaves. A species that doesn't occur in Illinois, Krigia occidentalis (Western Dwarf Dandelion), has the same kind of flowering stalks, but it has only 5-8 floral bracts at the base of each flowerhead. Another useful characteristic to consider are the number of hairs on the achenes: Dwarf Dandelion has only 5 hairs (or bristles) at the apex of each achene, while other Krigia spp. in Illinois have 20 or more hairs on the apex of their achenes. An exception is Krigia caespitosa (Opposite-Leaved Dwarf Dandelion), which has achenes without tufts of hair. Identifying the numerous species in Chicory Tribe of the Aster family can be tricky; most of these species have flowerheads with yellow ray florets and rosettes of basal leaves that appear similar to each other.
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