文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Confederate roses grow on bush-like trees that are quite unlike most standard rose bushes. These plants grow best in the southern states of the U.S., which is where they got their name. The blooms are born in a bright white, and gradually fade into pink and then to blue. They resemble hibiscus flowers more than standard roses. These rose bushes are very successful at growing from cuttings. Take a cutting from an established Confederate rose bush and grow your own.
Step 1
Take your rose cutting from an established plant, at the end of the growing season in fall. Cut 12-inch lengths of rose cane, using sharp pruning shears.
Step 2
Cut the leaves off the Confederate rose cane, leaving only the two last leaves on the end of the stem. Cut the leaves at their base, but do not cut into the stem itself.
Step 3
Fill a quart jar with water. Place the rose stem in the jar, root side down. Set the jar in a sunny window. Roots should form on the stem within a couple weeks.
Step 4
Transplant the newly rooted Confederate rose into new pots when the roots have grown to about 2 inches. Use 6-inch pots, filled with a rich potting soil. Keep the rose in the sun as often as possible, to increase its growth. At this stage, water the roses once a week to keep the soil moist but not wet.
Step 5
Keep the rose bush inside and treat it as one of your houseplants until April, when it will be ready to go outdoors into your rose garden.
Step 1
Take your rose cutting from an established plant, at the end of the growing season in fall. Cut 12-inch lengths of rose cane, using sharp pruning shears.
Step 2
Cut the leaves off the Confederate rose cane, leaving only the two last leaves on the end of the stem. Cut the leaves at their base, but do not cut into the stem itself.
Step 3
Fill a quart jar with water. Place the rose stem in the jar, root side down. Set the jar in a sunny window. Roots should form on the stem within a couple weeks.
Step 4
Transplant the newly rooted Confederate rose into new pots when the roots have grown to about 2 inches. Use 6-inch pots, filled with a rich potting soil. Keep the rose in the sun as often as possible, to increase its growth. At this stage, water the roses once a week to keep the soil moist but not wet.
Step 5
Keep the rose bush inside and treat it as one of your houseplants until April, when it will be ready to go outdoors into your rose garden.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Knockout roses are a group of hybrid shrub roses bred for wide climate tolerance and significant resistance to disease and insect pests. Unlike traditional rose pruning, Knockout rose shrubs perform better when sheared down each year in the spring. They are also self-cleaning so they do not require dead heading, which adds to their low maintenance.
Annual Pruning
Pruning Knockout roses should be done once a year in the early spring or after the last hard frost has passed in your region. Even significant or harsh pruning in the early spring will not inhibit bloom in the current year. Knockout shrubs will easily rebound from their spring pruning with prolific bloom in the late spring, summer and fall until the first hard frost occurs.
Pruning Technique
Annual pruning of Knockout roses is most easily done with a clean and sharp pair of long-blade scissor shears or loppers. Unlike traditional rose pruning that requires cane by cane cuts, Knockout roses neither require nor perform well with this style of pruning. Lopping off up to one-third of the rose shrub volume and bringing the height down to between one and two feet over the crown of the plant is ideal. Make a flat-top cut with the tool blades held parallel to the shrub top. Clearing up all of the clippings and debris from the soil surface will help to keep disease and pests from establishing themselves and leave a clean surface for fertilizer and mulch applications.
Annual Pruning
Pruning Knockout roses should be done once a year in the early spring or after the last hard frost has passed in your region. Even significant or harsh pruning in the early spring will not inhibit bloom in the current year. Knockout shrubs will easily rebound from their spring pruning with prolific bloom in the late spring, summer and fall until the first hard frost occurs.
Pruning Technique
Annual pruning of Knockout roses is most easily done with a clean and sharp pair of long-blade scissor shears or loppers. Unlike traditional rose pruning that requires cane by cane cuts, Knockout roses neither require nor perform well with this style of pruning. Lopping off up to one-third of the rose shrub volume and bringing the height down to between one and two feet over the crown of the plant is ideal. Make a flat-top cut with the tool blades held parallel to the shrub top. Clearing up all of the clippings and debris from the soil surface will help to keep disease and pests from establishing themselves and leave a clean surface for fertilizer and mulch applications.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Roses are a traditional and very elegant flower. Rose bushes can be grown from potted plants or cuttings of existing rose bushes.
Features
Roses grow on rose bushes that can range from miniature (one foot tall) to very large (up to five feet tall). They can also be of climbing varieties, with long stems that act like vines. Rose blooms come in a wide variety of colors.
Rooting Rose Cuttings
Rose cuttings are pieces of rose stem that are cut from existing rose plants. An ideal rose cutting is at least 12 inches long. These cuttings can be placed root-side down in jars of water to take root.
Transplanting Rose Cuttings
Once a rose cutting has rooted, that cutting is transplanted to a pot or to the outdoors for growing.
Lifespans
Rose bushes can be kept indoors as potted plants or taken outside and planted in the garden. Healthy rose bushes can last up to 50 years.
Considerations
Roses suffer from exposure to cold and improper pruning techniques. When gardeners are rooting and growing roses, it's important that they consider their region's temperature and water availability to choose the best variety of rose bush.
Features
Roses grow on rose bushes that can range from miniature (one foot tall) to very large (up to five feet tall). They can also be of climbing varieties, with long stems that act like vines. Rose blooms come in a wide variety of colors.
Rooting Rose Cuttings
Rose cuttings are pieces of rose stem that are cut from existing rose plants. An ideal rose cutting is at least 12 inches long. These cuttings can be placed root-side down in jars of water to take root.
Transplanting Rose Cuttings
Once a rose cutting has rooted, that cutting is transplanted to a pot or to the outdoors for growing.
Lifespans
Rose bushes can be kept indoors as potted plants or taken outside and planted in the garden. Healthy rose bushes can last up to 50 years.
Considerations
Roses suffer from exposure to cold and improper pruning techniques. When gardeners are rooting and growing roses, it's important that they consider their region's temperature and water availability to choose the best variety of rose bush.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
It's alarming when your rose bushes (Rosa spp.) develop ragged-looking leaves. Leaf-chewing insects can affect not only the appearance but the health of the rose. Be watchful to find damage early and to locate the responsible insect, looking underneath leaves and checking at different times. After pest identification, avoid pesticides for control if possible, since beneficial insects shelter in rose foliage. Hybrid tea roses (Rosa x hybrida) grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 9, although cultivars can vary.
Red roses.
Leafcutter bees make conspicuous holes in rose leaves. About honeybee size, nonaggressive leafcutter bees are gray and fast-flying. A female bee lands on a leaf edge, slices off a semicircular leaf piece, rolls it up and flies off with it. Leaf pieces line her nest in a hollow stem. Leafcutter bees are valuable pollinators and shouldn't be harmed. If your roses are in danger of defoliation, exclude the bees with cheesecloth or tulle draped over the rose bushes.
Sawfly Larvae
Commonly called rose slugs, these pests are immature forms of a wasp relative that doesn't sting. One species looks wet and shiny, while others resemble green caterpillars. Young larvae skeletonize leaves, leaving veins behind as they eat the soft tissues. Older larvae eat holes in the leaves. Look for them on leaf undersides mostly in the spring. Pick them off or knock them loose with a stick or a stream of water. They can't climb back onto the plant.
Moth Larvae
Although caterpillars aren't common pests of roses, some moth larvae eat rose leaves, including the eastern tent caterpillar, corn earworm, inchworms, the stinging rose caterpillar and the puss caterpillar. You can hand-pick caterpillars except for the stinging rose caterpillar and the puss caterpillar, which have toxic hairs and shouldn't be handled. Leafroller caterpillars eat young rose leaves and shelter in rolled-up older leaves fastened together with silk. Natural parasites and predators usually keep leafrollers in check.
Beetle Types
In addition to eating leaves, beetles also eat rose flowers. The rose chafer, a tan beetle about 3/8-inch long, feeds for about three to four weeks in spring. Pick beetles off the foliage or temporarily put tulle over valued rose bushes. The fuller rose beetle eats at night. This brown wingless weevil chews jagged holes and generally doesn't do lasting harm. Put a 6-inch-wide band of sticky tape around the rose's trunk to keep them from the leaves. Colored metallic copper and green, 1/2-inch-long Japanese beetles can be plentiful in summer. Handpick them, dropping them into soapy water to drown. Japanese beetle traps can lower populations, but they should be at least 50 feet away from the roses.
Low-Toxicity Treatment
For heavy infestations of all these pests except for leafcutter bees, try a control agent with low biotoxicity such as neem oil, also called azadiractin. Wear gloves, long pants, long sleeves and shoes and socks. Mix 2 tablespoons of 70 percent neem oil with a gallon of water. Spray it on leaves and stems, including leaf undersides, wetting all surfaces thoroughly. Shake the container frequently to mix the spray, and use freshly prepared neem oil. Don't spray heat-stressed plants or young growth. Apply during the early morning or late evening every seven days until symptoms disappear, and then apply every 14 days.
Red roses.
Leafcutter bees make conspicuous holes in rose leaves. About honeybee size, nonaggressive leafcutter bees are gray and fast-flying. A female bee lands on a leaf edge, slices off a semicircular leaf piece, rolls it up and flies off with it. Leaf pieces line her nest in a hollow stem. Leafcutter bees are valuable pollinators and shouldn't be harmed. If your roses are in danger of defoliation, exclude the bees with cheesecloth or tulle draped over the rose bushes.
Sawfly Larvae
Commonly called rose slugs, these pests are immature forms of a wasp relative that doesn't sting. One species looks wet and shiny, while others resemble green caterpillars. Young larvae skeletonize leaves, leaving veins behind as they eat the soft tissues. Older larvae eat holes in the leaves. Look for them on leaf undersides mostly in the spring. Pick them off or knock them loose with a stick or a stream of water. They can't climb back onto the plant.
Moth Larvae
Although caterpillars aren't common pests of roses, some moth larvae eat rose leaves, including the eastern tent caterpillar, corn earworm, inchworms, the stinging rose caterpillar and the puss caterpillar. You can hand-pick caterpillars except for the stinging rose caterpillar and the puss caterpillar, which have toxic hairs and shouldn't be handled. Leafroller caterpillars eat young rose leaves and shelter in rolled-up older leaves fastened together with silk. Natural parasites and predators usually keep leafrollers in check.
Beetle Types
In addition to eating leaves, beetles also eat rose flowers. The rose chafer, a tan beetle about 3/8-inch long, feeds for about three to four weeks in spring. Pick beetles off the foliage or temporarily put tulle over valued rose bushes. The fuller rose beetle eats at night. This brown wingless weevil chews jagged holes and generally doesn't do lasting harm. Put a 6-inch-wide band of sticky tape around the rose's trunk to keep them from the leaves. Colored metallic copper and green, 1/2-inch-long Japanese beetles can be plentiful in summer. Handpick them, dropping them into soapy water to drown. Japanese beetle traps can lower populations, but they should be at least 50 feet away from the roses.
Low-Toxicity Treatment
For heavy infestations of all these pests except for leafcutter bees, try a control agent with low biotoxicity such as neem oil, also called azadiractin. Wear gloves, long pants, long sleeves and shoes and socks. Mix 2 tablespoons of 70 percent neem oil with a gallon of water. Spray it on leaves and stems, including leaf undersides, wetting all surfaces thoroughly. Shake the container frequently to mix the spray, and use freshly prepared neem oil. Don't spray heat-stressed plants or young growth. Apply during the early morning or late evening every seven days until symptoms disappear, and then apply every 14 days.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Without seeing the foliage or the plant's growth pattern, you can often identify the type of a rose (Rosa spp.) type, if not its cultivar, by examining and smelling the cut flower. Beginning with about 150 species of the genus, their descendants now number more than 14,000 varieties. Crossbreeding has produced almost infinite combinations of flower characteristics. Therefore, any gardener should be able to select a rose to grow, regardless of his climate or favorite rose attributes.
Rosebush
The shape and size of a rose blossom gives the first impression of the type of rose you are viewing. Since 1867, when the hybrid tea rose was introduced, these aristocratic blooms have become the rose standard. Recognizable by their conical shape and high, pointed centers, hybrid teas also feature a single flower on a long stem. Old roses, those grown before the development of the hybrid tea, tend to grow in clusters and often have a flattish, rosette flower shape. Other rose petals are cupped, either bending upward or downward. The English shrub rose "Molineux" resembles a round ball of petals. Grow it in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5b to 10. Flower sizes range roughly from the climber "Mermaid's" 5-inch blooms to 7/8-inch flowers on the miniature "Popcorn." While the former thrives in USDA zones 7 to 10, the latter requires zones 5 to 9.
Color
Although pink flowers dominate the rose world, varieties now come in all colors except blue and black. Only as breeders began to develop hybrid tea roses did yellow, orange and true red flowers become available. Old roses had a limited palette of whites, pinks, purples and dark reds. Today, blendings of two or more colors are commonplace. Petals may be striped or speckled, or their top and underside may boast different colors. Plus, flower colors that change, intensifying or lightening, as the buds mature into open blossoms no longer surprise.
Fragrance
Along with the pollinators they are designed to attract, humans enjoy the variety of fragrances roses release. Common rose scents include apple, honey, clove, musk, anise, banana, orange, violet and raspberry. Considered more fragrant than modern roses, old roses carry signature scents according to their classification. Gallica roses, treasured for potpourris, have intense, spicy aromas, while damask roses sport fruity perfumes. When cultivars with unrelated fragrances are crossed, their offspring generally lack any noticeable scent. Glands on the lower petal surfaces, as well as leaf surfaces in some varieties, release fragrance, especially on warm, humid days.
Petal Count
In the beginning, most roses had single flowers, composed of five petals. Obviously, rose blossoms now usually far exceed five petals. Roses with nine to 16 petals fall into the semi-double class. Seventeen to 25 petals on a rose denotes a double flower. Full is the designation for a flower with 26 to 40 petals, and very full refers to any rose featuring over 40, up to 150, petals. Actually, these roses still only possess five true petals. The remaining petaloids are modified stamens, producers of the flower's male pollen. This means that very full rose blooms probably have few to no functional stamens, making them sterile as male parents. Since such plants seldom perpetuate themselves in nature, rosarians must cultivate them in the laboratory.
Rosebush
The shape and size of a rose blossom gives the first impression of the type of rose you are viewing. Since 1867, when the hybrid tea rose was introduced, these aristocratic blooms have become the rose standard. Recognizable by their conical shape and high, pointed centers, hybrid teas also feature a single flower on a long stem. Old roses, those grown before the development of the hybrid tea, tend to grow in clusters and often have a flattish, rosette flower shape. Other rose petals are cupped, either bending upward or downward. The English shrub rose "Molineux" resembles a round ball of petals. Grow it in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5b to 10. Flower sizes range roughly from the climber "Mermaid's" 5-inch blooms to 7/8-inch flowers on the miniature "Popcorn." While the former thrives in USDA zones 7 to 10, the latter requires zones 5 to 9.
Color
Although pink flowers dominate the rose world, varieties now come in all colors except blue and black. Only as breeders began to develop hybrid tea roses did yellow, orange and true red flowers become available. Old roses had a limited palette of whites, pinks, purples and dark reds. Today, blendings of two or more colors are commonplace. Petals may be striped or speckled, or their top and underside may boast different colors. Plus, flower colors that change, intensifying or lightening, as the buds mature into open blossoms no longer surprise.
Fragrance
Along with the pollinators they are designed to attract, humans enjoy the variety of fragrances roses release. Common rose scents include apple, honey, clove, musk, anise, banana, orange, violet and raspberry. Considered more fragrant than modern roses, old roses carry signature scents according to their classification. Gallica roses, treasured for potpourris, have intense, spicy aromas, while damask roses sport fruity perfumes. When cultivars with unrelated fragrances are crossed, their offspring generally lack any noticeable scent. Glands on the lower petal surfaces, as well as leaf surfaces in some varieties, release fragrance, especially on warm, humid days.
Petal Count
In the beginning, most roses had single flowers, composed of five petals. Obviously, rose blossoms now usually far exceed five petals. Roses with nine to 16 petals fall into the semi-double class. Seventeen to 25 petals on a rose denotes a double flower. Full is the designation for a flower with 26 to 40 petals, and very full refers to any rose featuring over 40, up to 150, petals. Actually, these roses still only possess five true petals. The remaining petaloids are modified stamens, producers of the flower's male pollen. This means that very full rose blooms probably have few to no functional stamens, making them sterile as male parents. Since such plants seldom perpetuate themselves in nature, rosarians must cultivate them in the laboratory.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Growing roses from cuttings is an inexpensive and easy way to grow a new rose. It is also the best way to replicate a favorite or antique rose, as the new rose will be identical to the parent plant. Increase your chances of success by taking four or five cuttings, as not all cuttings will root successfully. Take rose cuttings any time of year from stems that have just finished blooming.
Step 1
Use clean, sharp pruners to cut a to 8-inch tip from a rose stem that has recently finished blooming. Remove the wilted bloom or hip and strip off all the leaves. Cut the bottom of the stem at an angle to remind you which end should be planted. Keep the cuttings in a cool, shady place until you're ready to plant them.
Step 2
Fill a container with commercial potting soil that has been dampened ahead of time. Any container will work, as long as the container has drainage holes in the bottom.
Step 3
Dip the angled end of the stem in powdered rooting hormone. Plant the stem in the potting mixture, with the bottom half of the stem buried in the soil. Several stem cuttings can be planted in the same container, as long as they aren't touching.
Step 4
Put a clear plastic bag over the container and secure the bag around the container with a rubber band. Place a bent wire clothes hanger or some small sticks in the bag to prevent the bag from dropping down on the cuttings.
Step 5
Place the container in bright sunlight away from hot, sunny windows. Check the potting soil daily. Although the plastic will keep the environment in the bag damp for up to several weeks, the potting soil should be misted immediately whenever it feels dry to the touch. The soil should be damp, but never dripping.
Step 6
Allow the cuttings to grow until the following spring. At that time, plant each cutting in a 5 to 6-inch pot and allow the cuttings to grow for a few more weeks, or plant them directly into the garden. The rose cuttings should be planted where they will be in sunlight for at least six to eight hours per day. Keep the soil damp.
Step 1
Use clean, sharp pruners to cut a to 8-inch tip from a rose stem that has recently finished blooming. Remove the wilted bloom or hip and strip off all the leaves. Cut the bottom of the stem at an angle to remind you which end should be planted. Keep the cuttings in a cool, shady place until you're ready to plant them.
Step 2
Fill a container with commercial potting soil that has been dampened ahead of time. Any container will work, as long as the container has drainage holes in the bottom.
Step 3
Dip the angled end of the stem in powdered rooting hormone. Plant the stem in the potting mixture, with the bottom half of the stem buried in the soil. Several stem cuttings can be planted in the same container, as long as they aren't touching.
Step 4
Put a clear plastic bag over the container and secure the bag around the container with a rubber band. Place a bent wire clothes hanger or some small sticks in the bag to prevent the bag from dropping down on the cuttings.
Step 5
Place the container in bright sunlight away from hot, sunny windows. Check the potting soil daily. Although the plastic will keep the environment in the bag damp for up to several weeks, the potting soil should be misted immediately whenever it feels dry to the touch. The soil should be damp, but never dripping.
Step 6
Allow the cuttings to grow until the following spring. At that time, plant each cutting in a 5 to 6-inch pot and allow the cuttings to grow for a few more weeks, or plant them directly into the garden. The rose cuttings should be planted where they will be in sunlight for at least six to eight hours per day. Keep the soil damp.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Best described as any rose not created through hybridization, wild roses are just that--wild. Out of 20,000 known species of roses, only 100 are true wild roses. Also called species roses, wild roses only bloom in the early summer. Throughout the remaining growing season, wild roses are flower free, displaying only their deep green foliage. Care of wild rose bushes is minimal, since they are cold hardy and self-sufficient.
Step 1
Plant wild roses in soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5. Wild rose bushes will thrive in their preferred soil pH. If you do not know the pH of your soil, test it with a soil testing kit purchased from a garden center.
Step 2
Amend the soil before planting if necessary. If the soil test reveals a pH below 6.0, mix in lime with the soil. If the pH of the soil is above 6.5, mix in peat moss. Add the required amendment according to label instructions.
Step 3
Plant the wild roses in front of a fence so that they can climb. Keep in mind that wild roses lose their leaves in the winter, but do not die down to the soil level. Therefore, plant them in an area where they will not end up accidentally mowed down come fall.
Step 4
Water the wild roses generously after planting. Use a soaker hose that will provide deep watering. Keep the soil moist around the wild roses for the first growing season, watering at a rate of 1 inch per week. Once established, the wild roses will only require watering during droughts.
Step 5
Prune dead wood from the wild roses after the winter thaw. If you live in USDA hardiness zone 6 or lower, your wild roses will probably experience some die-back on the tips of their stems. Simply cut this dead wood off with a pair of pruning shears in the spring.
Step 1
Plant wild roses in soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5. Wild rose bushes will thrive in their preferred soil pH. If you do not know the pH of your soil, test it with a soil testing kit purchased from a garden center.
Step 2
Amend the soil before planting if necessary. If the soil test reveals a pH below 6.0, mix in lime with the soil. If the pH of the soil is above 6.5, mix in peat moss. Add the required amendment according to label instructions.
Step 3
Plant the wild roses in front of a fence so that they can climb. Keep in mind that wild roses lose their leaves in the winter, but do not die down to the soil level. Therefore, plant them in an area where they will not end up accidentally mowed down come fall.
Step 4
Water the wild roses generously after planting. Use a soaker hose that will provide deep watering. Keep the soil moist around the wild roses for the first growing season, watering at a rate of 1 inch per week. Once established, the wild roses will only require watering during droughts.
Step 5
Prune dead wood from the wild roses after the winter thaw. If you live in USDA hardiness zone 6 or lower, your wild roses will probably experience some die-back on the tips of their stems. Simply cut this dead wood off with a pair of pruning shears in the spring.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Roses can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction does not use seeds and generates exact duplicates, or clones, of the parent rose. If you want to create new varieties of roses, you must grow them from seeds instead of utilizing asexual reproduction methods.
Types of Roses
The method of asexual reproduction to use will differ depending upon the type of rose. According to the article "How Do I Propagate Roses?" in the Ultimate Resource and Learning Center, old roses, English roses and miniatures are the best candidates for softwood rooting because they grow vigorously on their own roots. You can also use hybrid teas and floribundas.
Methods of Asexual Reproduction
There are three methods of asexual reproduction of roses: softwood rooting, hardwood rooting and bud grafting. Rooting refers to cutting a cane of an existing rose and replanting it. Hardwood and softwood rooting are similar processes; according to rosemagazine.com, the only difference is that softwood cuttings are made from shoots that are still green and are kept indoors until they mature. Bud grafting refers to a process in which you cut a bud off a rose bush and insert it into the stem of the rose you want to reproduce.
Hardwood Rooting
To reproduce roses via hardwood rooting, you must begin in late summer or early autumn. Rosemagazine.com says to cut off a cane from an existing rose that is 1 to 2 feet in length. Remove the leaves, twigs and thorns and cut the cane into pieces 6 to 9 inches in length.
Prepare a rooting hormone solution by soaking cut up willow twigs in water overnight. Place the cuttings in the willow water the next day and let them sit overnight.
Once the cuttings have soaked, plant each one in a separate pot filled with potting soil. At least two-thirds of the cutting should be under the soil. Spray the cuttings with water. Place plastic bags over the cuttings and put them outside. They must be shielded from direct sunlight. Over the next month, check the pot once every few days to make sure the cuttings are moist and spray with water as needed. The cuttings will take root within a month.
Softwood Rooting
Rosemagazine.com says that softwood rooting is similar to hardwood rooting, but you should use a green side shoot and trim off all soft growth when preparing the cutting. You should also keep the cuttings indoors until winter is over to ensure they are not exposed to frost. The Ultimate Learning and Resource Center suggests planting your cuttings in plastic bags and transferring them to pots only after the roots have begun to grow.
Bud Grafting
Commercial roses are created by grafting buds onto existing roses. Love-of-Roses.com provides a method for doing this yourself. First, cut a green shoot off the rose bush as you would when softwood rooting roses. Soak the cutting in water overnight. Then cut the buds off the shoot with a sharp knife.
Make a T-shaped cut in the rose to which you are grafting. The top of the T and the base of the T should both be approximately 1 inch long. This cut creates flaps on the stem of the rose; when you peel them back you should see a slimy, green layer, If you have cut into the green layer, you have cut too deeply.
Pop the bud into the cut and bind it with grafting tape or twist ties. Monitor it to make sure roots don't form on the outside of the rose stem.
Types of Roses
The method of asexual reproduction to use will differ depending upon the type of rose. According to the article "How Do I Propagate Roses?" in the Ultimate Resource and Learning Center, old roses, English roses and miniatures are the best candidates for softwood rooting because they grow vigorously on their own roots. You can also use hybrid teas and floribundas.
Methods of Asexual Reproduction
There are three methods of asexual reproduction of roses: softwood rooting, hardwood rooting and bud grafting. Rooting refers to cutting a cane of an existing rose and replanting it. Hardwood and softwood rooting are similar processes; according to rosemagazine.com, the only difference is that softwood cuttings are made from shoots that are still green and are kept indoors until they mature. Bud grafting refers to a process in which you cut a bud off a rose bush and insert it into the stem of the rose you want to reproduce.
Hardwood Rooting
To reproduce roses via hardwood rooting, you must begin in late summer or early autumn. Rosemagazine.com says to cut off a cane from an existing rose that is 1 to 2 feet in length. Remove the leaves, twigs and thorns and cut the cane into pieces 6 to 9 inches in length.
Prepare a rooting hormone solution by soaking cut up willow twigs in water overnight. Place the cuttings in the willow water the next day and let them sit overnight.
Once the cuttings have soaked, plant each one in a separate pot filled with potting soil. At least two-thirds of the cutting should be under the soil. Spray the cuttings with water. Place plastic bags over the cuttings and put them outside. They must be shielded from direct sunlight. Over the next month, check the pot once every few days to make sure the cuttings are moist and spray with water as needed. The cuttings will take root within a month.
Softwood Rooting
Rosemagazine.com says that softwood rooting is similar to hardwood rooting, but you should use a green side shoot and trim off all soft growth when preparing the cutting. You should also keep the cuttings indoors until winter is over to ensure they are not exposed to frost. The Ultimate Learning and Resource Center suggests planting your cuttings in plastic bags and transferring them to pots only after the roots have begun to grow.
Bud Grafting
Commercial roses are created by grafting buds onto existing roses. Love-of-Roses.com provides a method for doing this yourself. First, cut a green shoot off the rose bush as you would when softwood rooting roses. Soak the cutting in water overnight. Then cut the buds off the shoot with a sharp knife.
Make a T-shaped cut in the rose to which you are grafting. The top of the T and the base of the T should both be approximately 1 inch long. This cut creates flaps on the stem of the rose; when you peel them back you should see a slimy, green layer, If you have cut into the green layer, you have cut too deeply.
Pop the bud into the cut and bind it with grafting tape or twist ties. Monitor it to make sure roots don't form on the outside of the rose stem.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Hundreds of millions of red roses are sold annually on Valentine's Day, a holiday dedicated to romance. Long-stemmed red roses have become almost intertwined with the holiday, but the meaning of a single, long-stemmed red rose extends far beyond a single day of the year. Popular in cut flower arrangements of all kinds, red roses have deep historical and cultural significance in many areas of the world.
History
Commonly, hybrid tea roses are used for bouquets, arrangements, corsages and other floral embellishments. Hybrid tea roses were first introduced in the 17th century when Chinese roses were cross-bred with roses from Europe. The long-stemmed, sweet-smelling roses that resulted are widely used around the world today. The word "rose" originates from the Greek use of the word, "red," which to them symbolized the blood of the god Adonis. Roses were also frequently used by the Romans for decoration.
Types
Hybrid tea roses are among the most popular and commonly seen types of long-stemmed red roses, but there are many types of roses around the world. South American roses and Ecuadorean roses are highly sought-after for their large, beautiful blossoms. Bright red Kardinal, dark red Mr. Lincoln and deep red Madam Delbard roses are also used by florists when long-stemmed red roses are called for. All roses fall into one of four main groups: bush, climbing, ground cover and shrub, with most roses falling into the "bush" category.
Origins of Meanings
According to Jack Goody's "The Culture of Flowers," Eastern cultures first assigned meanings to roses. The tradition stems from times when written language was forbidden in the Ottoman culture. The trend of talking through flowers became popularized in Regency-era England. A single rose in any color is a symbol of perfection.
Meaning
Red roses are strongly associated with love and passion, though the flowers may also convey respect, courage and congratulations. A single, long-stemmed red rose is often used to say "I love you." Red roses might also symbolize desire or attraction.
Uses
Red roses are as widely used today as they once were in Regency England. Some reality television shows use single, long-stemmed red roses on every episode. Annually, the winning horse in the Kentucky Derby is draped with a blanket of bright, red roses in a show of congratulations. Red roses are one of the most popular symbols of love.
History
Commonly, hybrid tea roses are used for bouquets, arrangements, corsages and other floral embellishments. Hybrid tea roses were first introduced in the 17th century when Chinese roses were cross-bred with roses from Europe. The long-stemmed, sweet-smelling roses that resulted are widely used around the world today. The word "rose" originates from the Greek use of the word, "red," which to them symbolized the blood of the god Adonis. Roses were also frequently used by the Romans for decoration.
Types
Hybrid tea roses are among the most popular and commonly seen types of long-stemmed red roses, but there are many types of roses around the world. South American roses and Ecuadorean roses are highly sought-after for their large, beautiful blossoms. Bright red Kardinal, dark red Mr. Lincoln and deep red Madam Delbard roses are also used by florists when long-stemmed red roses are called for. All roses fall into one of four main groups: bush, climbing, ground cover and shrub, with most roses falling into the "bush" category.
Origins of Meanings
According to Jack Goody's "The Culture of Flowers," Eastern cultures first assigned meanings to roses. The tradition stems from times when written language was forbidden in the Ottoman culture. The trend of talking through flowers became popularized in Regency-era England. A single rose in any color is a symbol of perfection.
Meaning
Red roses are strongly associated with love and passion, though the flowers may also convey respect, courage and congratulations. A single, long-stemmed red rose is often used to say "I love you." Red roses might also symbolize desire or attraction.
Uses
Red roses are as widely used today as they once were in Regency England. Some reality television shows use single, long-stemmed red roses on every episode. Annually, the winning horse in the Kentucky Derby is draped with a blanket of bright, red roses in a show of congratulations. Red roses are one of the most popular symbols of love.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
If you've ever heard of soapy water being used as a treatment for rose bushes, it certainly wasn't meant to clean them. Soap contains fatty acids and salts that are damaging to the protective coating of many soft-bodied rose pests. Soaps used to kill rose pests are called insecticidal soaps, and they are a nontoxic, biodegradable alternative to chemical pesticides, which often do more harm than good.
Common Rose Pest
Aphids are the most common rose pest. Different species attack roses, including the rose aphid, the potato aphid and the cotton aphid. Healthy roses and resistant varieties can withstand light aphid infestations, and aphids can easily be dislodged by hand or by a strong jet of water. Heavy infestations can secrete a lot of honeydew, which not only attracts ants--which end up protecting the aphids from their natural predators as they pirate the honeydew--but also leads to development of sooty mold, a black fungus that completely covers the foliage. Since aphids are soft-bodied insects, they are among the pests that insecticidal soaps can control.
Function
Insecticidal soaps are formulated to kill garden pests, specifically soft-bodied pests such as aphids, spider mites and thrips, pests that commonly attack roses. Insecticidal soaps wash away the cuticle--an insect's protective coating--allowing the fatty acids in the soap to penetrate the insect's exterior, causing cell death.
Benefits
Unlike chemical-based insecticides, insecticidal soap, when used as directed by the product, poses few risks to neighboring plants, the environment or people and animals. It is possible, provided the right soap is used, to make homemade insecticidal soaps, which also saves money.
Risks
Insecticidal soaps can harm aquatic life and should be used with caution near waterways. They are also capable of harming beneficial insects such as pollinators, but especially the ladybug larvae that love to feed on aphids.
Considerations
In order to be effective, insecticidal soaps must make contact with the insect and must cover the top and bottom of the leaves as well as the affected buds. Roses should be sprayed in the morning so the soap will dry completely. If the soap does not evaporate quickly enough, there is a risk of the soap burning the leaves. This is called phytotoxicity. Hard water is not effective with insecticidal soaps, which must be used with soft or distilled water.
Common Rose Pest
Aphids are the most common rose pest. Different species attack roses, including the rose aphid, the potato aphid and the cotton aphid. Healthy roses and resistant varieties can withstand light aphid infestations, and aphids can easily be dislodged by hand or by a strong jet of water. Heavy infestations can secrete a lot of honeydew, which not only attracts ants--which end up protecting the aphids from their natural predators as they pirate the honeydew--but also leads to development of sooty mold, a black fungus that completely covers the foliage. Since aphids are soft-bodied insects, they are among the pests that insecticidal soaps can control.
Function
Insecticidal soaps are formulated to kill garden pests, specifically soft-bodied pests such as aphids, spider mites and thrips, pests that commonly attack roses. Insecticidal soaps wash away the cuticle--an insect's protective coating--allowing the fatty acids in the soap to penetrate the insect's exterior, causing cell death.
Benefits
Unlike chemical-based insecticides, insecticidal soap, when used as directed by the product, poses few risks to neighboring plants, the environment or people and animals. It is possible, provided the right soap is used, to make homemade insecticidal soaps, which also saves money.
Risks
Insecticidal soaps can harm aquatic life and should be used with caution near waterways. They are also capable of harming beneficial insects such as pollinators, but especially the ladybug larvae that love to feed on aphids.
Considerations
In order to be effective, insecticidal soaps must make contact with the insect and must cover the top and bottom of the leaves as well as the affected buds. Roses should be sprayed in the morning so the soap will dry completely. If the soap does not evaporate quickly enough, there is a risk of the soap burning the leaves. This is called phytotoxicity. Hard water is not effective with insecticidal soaps, which must be used with soft or distilled water.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
The rose plant (Rosa genus) is about 35 million years old, according to the University of Illinois. Historically, roses have always been popular plants, beloved for their long blooming period, fragrance and beauty, although these things vary depending on species and cultivar. There are around 150 species of roses, with many more cultivars, making it easy for home gardeners to choose just the right rose for their gardens.
Types
There are five broad types of roses, according to the University of Illinois. Species roses are those plants that grow naturally in the wild. They are very hardy rose plants, require minimum care, and range widely in size and appearance. Old European roses are those roses that were hybridized in England before the 18th century. They were bred to be very cold hardy and thrive best in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) growing zones 3 through 5. Repeat-blooming roses were cultivated from old European roses to bloom all summer long. Along with their cold hardiness, these roses are also known for their strong, pleasing fragrance. Modern roses are the most popular roses sold. These are also called hybrid tea or grandiflora rose plants. They are known for their heavily petaled flowers and wonderful fragrance. Shrub roses are those that do not fit into any of the other categories. They are not all shrubs or upright plants. Some are also ground covers or climbers.
Appearance
Roses have canes, which can be very thick or quite slender. These are the branches from which the flowers bloom. Some are covered with thorns. The leaves of rose plants are ovate and range from medium to dark green in color. They grow in clusters of three or five. The flowers of roses can range from simple, five-petaled blooms to large, heavily ruffled beauties. Rose plants range widely in size, according to Clemson University. Some miniature roses only reach a maximum height of 8 inches, while a few species of climbing roses can climb to 50 feet. Most climbing roses do not get more than 15 feet tall, however. The popular hybrid tea rose plants, which are upright and bushy in form, average between 4 and 6 feet in height and width.
Colors and Cultivars
Roses come in all colors and hues, from a very deep red that looks almost black, to roses that have two or three colors in one flower. There are no blue roses, however. "Golden Celebration" is a bright, cheerful yellow that has a scent to match the flower. This rose smells like honey and will bloom from June to November in USDA zones 5 through 10. "Martin Frobisher" features light pink or lavender blooms, has no thorns and will bloom all summer long. This cold-hardy rose (to USDA zone 2) will reach heights of 7 feet if left unpruned. "Kiss Me" has very large (up to 24 petals) flowers that are a delicate, salmon color. They are very fragrant and grow in USDA zones 4 through 9.
Growing Environment
Rose plants are somewhat particular about their growing environment. Roses must have well-draining soil in order to survive, according to Clemson University. A raised bed works well, which should be in full sunlight. Roses also need plenty of air circulation and rich, organic, loamy soil.
Problems
Rose plants can suffer from insect pests and diseases. They may develop brown or black spots on the leaves, which are caused by a fungus that travels on water and can be avoided by making sure watering is done at the ground level. Aphids, which are tiny white or light green insects, love roses and may cover the stems and leaves of the plant. Insecticides might be needed to get rid of them. Rose plants may also seem to wither up or wilt. This could be caused by root rot, which develops when the soil becomes overly wet for too long. Do not over-water roses, and make sure the planting site does not collect standing water.
Types
There are five broad types of roses, according to the University of Illinois. Species roses are those plants that grow naturally in the wild. They are very hardy rose plants, require minimum care, and range widely in size and appearance. Old European roses are those roses that were hybridized in England before the 18th century. They were bred to be very cold hardy and thrive best in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) growing zones 3 through 5. Repeat-blooming roses were cultivated from old European roses to bloom all summer long. Along with their cold hardiness, these roses are also known for their strong, pleasing fragrance. Modern roses are the most popular roses sold. These are also called hybrid tea or grandiflora rose plants. They are known for their heavily petaled flowers and wonderful fragrance. Shrub roses are those that do not fit into any of the other categories. They are not all shrubs or upright plants. Some are also ground covers or climbers.
Appearance
Roses have canes, which can be very thick or quite slender. These are the branches from which the flowers bloom. Some are covered with thorns. The leaves of rose plants are ovate and range from medium to dark green in color. They grow in clusters of three or five. The flowers of roses can range from simple, five-petaled blooms to large, heavily ruffled beauties. Rose plants range widely in size, according to Clemson University. Some miniature roses only reach a maximum height of 8 inches, while a few species of climbing roses can climb to 50 feet. Most climbing roses do not get more than 15 feet tall, however. The popular hybrid tea rose plants, which are upright and bushy in form, average between 4 and 6 feet in height and width.
Colors and Cultivars
Roses come in all colors and hues, from a very deep red that looks almost black, to roses that have two or three colors in one flower. There are no blue roses, however. "Golden Celebration" is a bright, cheerful yellow that has a scent to match the flower. This rose smells like honey and will bloom from June to November in USDA zones 5 through 10. "Martin Frobisher" features light pink or lavender blooms, has no thorns and will bloom all summer long. This cold-hardy rose (to USDA zone 2) will reach heights of 7 feet if left unpruned. "Kiss Me" has very large (up to 24 petals) flowers that are a delicate, salmon color. They are very fragrant and grow in USDA zones 4 through 9.
Growing Environment
Rose plants are somewhat particular about their growing environment. Roses must have well-draining soil in order to survive, according to Clemson University. A raised bed works well, which should be in full sunlight. Roses also need plenty of air circulation and rich, organic, loamy soil.
Problems
Rose plants can suffer from insect pests and diseases. They may develop brown or black spots on the leaves, which are caused by a fungus that travels on water and can be avoided by making sure watering is done at the ground level. Aphids, which are tiny white or light green insects, love roses and may cover the stems and leaves of the plant. Insecticides might be needed to get rid of them. Rose plants may also seem to wither up or wilt. This could be caused by root rot, which develops when the soil becomes overly wet for too long. Do not over-water roses, and make sure the planting site does not collect standing water.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Roses are the classic flowers of romance and elegance, and purple roses can make a remarkable statement in a bouquet or garden. This color is available in all types of rose plant cultivars (cultivated varieties), including hybrid tea, floribunda and climbing. Fragrance, shape and purple shade all vary among types, and sometimes even depending on the nutrients available to the rose from the soil and fertilizer. Purple roses may also be grandiflora, miniature or hedge roses.
Shades of Purple
Purple roses, regardless of type, divide into three main categories by shade: lavender, mauve and purple. Lavender roses are the palest shade, with more blue than red defining the purple color, although they can sometimes appear pinkish in photos. Mauve has more red than blue in the purple, sometimes resembling a burgundy color, but still truly purple. Finally, true purple roses are a perfect combination of red and blue, creating an eye-catching, deep purple color.
Purple Hybrid Tea Roses
Rose enthusiasts developed hybrid tea varieties by cross-breeding two kinds of roses. These roses grow tall on straight stems, usually with a single blossom per stem. They are ideal as cut flowers or specimen plants. Varieties of purple tea roses include Silver Star, Blue Moon, Blue Nile, Blue River, Stainless Steel and Neptune.
Purple Floribunda and Grandiflora Roses
Floribunda roses tend to be shrubby, with a profusion of blossoms on every stem, sometimes tending to grow in clusters. They are a modern rose developed by cross-breeding two other rose types. Purple floribunda varieties include Cotillion, Burgundy Iceberg and Enchanted Evening.
Grandifloras are rose bushes similar in form to floribundas, but tend to be larger, with their flowers taking more of a hybrid-tea-rose shape. Melody Parfumee and Sweetness are both grandiflora cultivars.
Purple Climbing Roses
Any variety of rose, including floribunda and hybrid tea, can develop a climbing form. The canes of climbing roses are longer and more flexible than those of bush forms and can reach heights of 8 feet or more, although shorter ones are also available. Night Owl is a purple climbing rose.
Purple Miniature Roses
Measuring 6 to 36 inches in height, miniature roses are often sold as houseplants, although they descend from outdoor shrubs. Most modern miniature roses are repeat bloomers, rather than the single bloomers they once were. Demitasse, Sweet Chariot and Blue Peter are three varieties of modern miniature roses.
Shrub and Purple Hedge Roses
A shrub rose is simply a type of rose that takes on a shrub form, while hedge roses are roses--usually a shrub rose type--used to form a hedge or border. Lavender Dream, Lavender Lassie, Blue Boy and Outta the Blue are purple shrub roses, and Fragrant Lavender Simplicity® is a purple hedge rose.
Shades of Purple
Purple roses, regardless of type, divide into three main categories by shade: lavender, mauve and purple. Lavender roses are the palest shade, with more blue than red defining the purple color, although they can sometimes appear pinkish in photos. Mauve has more red than blue in the purple, sometimes resembling a burgundy color, but still truly purple. Finally, true purple roses are a perfect combination of red and blue, creating an eye-catching, deep purple color.
Purple Hybrid Tea Roses
Rose enthusiasts developed hybrid tea varieties by cross-breeding two kinds of roses. These roses grow tall on straight stems, usually with a single blossom per stem. They are ideal as cut flowers or specimen plants. Varieties of purple tea roses include Silver Star, Blue Moon, Blue Nile, Blue River, Stainless Steel and Neptune.
Purple Floribunda and Grandiflora Roses
Floribunda roses tend to be shrubby, with a profusion of blossoms on every stem, sometimes tending to grow in clusters. They are a modern rose developed by cross-breeding two other rose types. Purple floribunda varieties include Cotillion, Burgundy Iceberg and Enchanted Evening.
Grandifloras are rose bushes similar in form to floribundas, but tend to be larger, with their flowers taking more of a hybrid-tea-rose shape. Melody Parfumee and Sweetness are both grandiflora cultivars.
Purple Climbing Roses
Any variety of rose, including floribunda and hybrid tea, can develop a climbing form. The canes of climbing roses are longer and more flexible than those of bush forms and can reach heights of 8 feet or more, although shorter ones are also available. Night Owl is a purple climbing rose.
Purple Miniature Roses
Measuring 6 to 36 inches in height, miniature roses are often sold as houseplants, although they descend from outdoor shrubs. Most modern miniature roses are repeat bloomers, rather than the single bloomers they once were. Demitasse, Sweet Chariot and Blue Peter are three varieties of modern miniature roses.
Shrub and Purple Hedge Roses
A shrub rose is simply a type of rose that takes on a shrub form, while hedge roses are roses--usually a shrub rose type--used to form a hedge or border. Lavender Dream, Lavender Lassie, Blue Boy and Outta the Blue are purple shrub roses, and Fragrant Lavender Simplicity® is a purple hedge rose.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
The rose family (Rosaceae) is an amazingly large family of flowering plants characterized by flowers with five separate petals and numerous stamens that protrude from a cup-like base. There are over 2800 species of ornamental roses: over 100 of these are wild with 35 native to the United States. Rosaceae is the third largest plant family in both world distribution and economic importance. Plants in the Rosacea family are surpassed in number only by the plant families of peas (Fabales) and grass (Poaceae).
The Family Rosaceae
The Rosaceae family includes several popular fruit bearing plants such as almond (Prunus dulcis), apricot, (Prunus armeniaca), pear (Pyrus calleryana), plum (Prunus domestica), apple (Malus pumila), cherry (Prunus avium or sweet cherry) (Prunus cerasus or sour cherry), peach and nectarine (Prunus persica), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and raspberry (Rubus), as well as ornamental roses (Rosa). Plants from the Rosacae family yield fruits and flowers that are of immense economic importance. The value of these fruits, rose plants, cut roses and other products derived from the plant family support a wide variety of industries, farms and employees. The monies generated from product sales exceed $180 billion dollars annually.
Rose Bushes & Cut Flowers
Rose bushes are used as ornamental plants and cut roses are the favored flower of wedding bouquets and floral gifts. The majority of cut roses are sold by florist for three major United States holidays; Valentine's Day, Mother's Day and Christmas. However, roses are considered the "gift of lovers" and are sold year-around for floral delivery and cut flower sales. Roses sold during the three holiday periods may sell for up to ten times the cost of the price realized by growers during the remainder of the year. It is estimated, that as many as 130 billion rose stems are sold annually worldwide. Roses grown for transplant can be planted from early spring until late fall. Rose bush sales are a major portion of plant nursery and landscape plant contractor sales.
Fragrance
Bulgaria, which produces the famous "Bulgarian Rose", highly prized by the perfume industry for it's intense fragrance, has seen a sharp decline in rose production. Subsidies to farmers that grew Bulgarian Roses have been reduced and land cultivation has been diverted to more lucrative cash crops. To replace the depletion of Bulgarian Rose cultivation, other highly fragrant roses from Persia and Africa are grown for their fragrant oil. Rose essential oil is used in soaps, shampoos, lotions, potions and a plethora of cosmetic products.
North American Rose Growers
The number of North American growers of commercial roses has declined over the past decades from over 500 growers to less than 50. The majority of the world's rose supply is provided by over 200 million rose plants grown in Africa, Central and South America. North America is unable to compete with the low cost of labor available in these regions.
Economic Impact
Roses are cherished around the world for their beauty and scent. To meet the enormous demand for cut roses, rose bushes and rose oil, commercial growers plant literally tens of thousands of acres of roses. Growing roses is labor intensive as they require pruning, spraying, fertilizing and harvesting, most of which must be done by hand. Rose cultivation provides employment to workers in the farming, transportation, marketing, delivery industries as well as wholesale and retail sales outlets. Internationally, the cut floral industry, of which roses accounts for two-thirds of all selections, exceeds $40 billion dollars each year.
The Family Rosaceae
The Rosaceae family includes several popular fruit bearing plants such as almond (Prunus dulcis), apricot, (Prunus armeniaca), pear (Pyrus calleryana), plum (Prunus domestica), apple (Malus pumila), cherry (Prunus avium or sweet cherry) (Prunus cerasus or sour cherry), peach and nectarine (Prunus persica), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and raspberry (Rubus), as well as ornamental roses (Rosa). Plants from the Rosacae family yield fruits and flowers that are of immense economic importance. The value of these fruits, rose plants, cut roses and other products derived from the plant family support a wide variety of industries, farms and employees. The monies generated from product sales exceed $180 billion dollars annually.
Rose Bushes & Cut Flowers
Rose bushes are used as ornamental plants and cut roses are the favored flower of wedding bouquets and floral gifts. The majority of cut roses are sold by florist for three major United States holidays; Valentine's Day, Mother's Day and Christmas. However, roses are considered the "gift of lovers" and are sold year-around for floral delivery and cut flower sales. Roses sold during the three holiday periods may sell for up to ten times the cost of the price realized by growers during the remainder of the year. It is estimated, that as many as 130 billion rose stems are sold annually worldwide. Roses grown for transplant can be planted from early spring until late fall. Rose bush sales are a major portion of plant nursery and landscape plant contractor sales.
Fragrance
Bulgaria, which produces the famous "Bulgarian Rose", highly prized by the perfume industry for it's intense fragrance, has seen a sharp decline in rose production. Subsidies to farmers that grew Bulgarian Roses have been reduced and land cultivation has been diverted to more lucrative cash crops. To replace the depletion of Bulgarian Rose cultivation, other highly fragrant roses from Persia and Africa are grown for their fragrant oil. Rose essential oil is used in soaps, shampoos, lotions, potions and a plethora of cosmetic products.
North American Rose Growers
The number of North American growers of commercial roses has declined over the past decades from over 500 growers to less than 50. The majority of the world's rose supply is provided by over 200 million rose plants grown in Africa, Central and South America. North America is unable to compete with the low cost of labor available in these regions.
Economic Impact
Roses are cherished around the world for their beauty and scent. To meet the enormous demand for cut roses, rose bushes and rose oil, commercial growers plant literally tens of thousands of acres of roses. Growing roses is labor intensive as they require pruning, spraying, fertilizing and harvesting, most of which must be done by hand. Rose cultivation provides employment to workers in the farming, transportation, marketing, delivery industries as well as wholesale and retail sales outlets. Internationally, the cut floral industry, of which roses accounts for two-thirds of all selections, exceeds $40 billion dollars each year.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Roses hold a spiritual significance throughout history. Monks took care of rose gardens in the Middle Ages. Biblical scholars cite references to roses in the Bible. A single red rose, as the Alchemy Guild points out, symbolizes the mystic center.
Soul
The rose is a symbol of the soul in the Muslim religion. Prophet Muhammad used roses as part of his spiritual practices. The fragrance of the rose reminds followers of the connection with their souls.
Christianity
Roses appear in religious depictions of paradise. As the Rev. Theodore A. Koehler notes, the red rose stands for martyrs. The five petals of the rose signify the wounds of Christ. The Virgin Mary is the "Mystic Rose."
Colors
The color of a rose has spiritual significance. The white rose, the "rose of confession" stands for pure spiritual love. White roses in a bridal bouquet represent a holy union. Red roses stand for sacrifice.
Number
Giving a single white rose expresses forgiveness. A bouquet of a dozen roses means "true love" because 12 is considered by many religions as a complete cycle. Nine roses stand for eternal love.
Mythology
Aphrodite is depicted with roses in her hair. Achilles's shield has a rose emblem. The Greek poet Sappho wrote about roses.
Soul
The rose is a symbol of the soul in the Muslim religion. Prophet Muhammad used roses as part of his spiritual practices. The fragrance of the rose reminds followers of the connection with their souls.
Christianity
Roses appear in religious depictions of paradise. As the Rev. Theodore A. Koehler notes, the red rose stands for martyrs. The five petals of the rose signify the wounds of Christ. The Virgin Mary is the "Mystic Rose."
Colors
The color of a rose has spiritual significance. The white rose, the "rose of confession" stands for pure spiritual love. White roses in a bridal bouquet represent a holy union. Red roses stand for sacrifice.
Number
Giving a single white rose expresses forgiveness. A bouquet of a dozen roses means "true love" because 12 is considered by many religions as a complete cycle. Nine roses stand for eternal love.
Mythology
Aphrodite is depicted with roses in her hair. Achilles's shield has a rose emblem. The Greek poet Sappho wrote about roses.
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文章
Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Many insects eat holes in the leaves of rose bushes. The damage can range from ragged leaves to complete defoliation. The damage, while not pretty, is generally not enough to cause the rose bush to die. Remove the affected leaves by pruning the rose bush. Watch for pests as you work. Rose growers who do not grow organically may find that using a rose fertilizer with systemic insecticide solves rose pest problems.
Leaf-Cutter Bees
Hollow rose bush stems attract leaf-cutter bees, according to Texas A & M University. The leaf-cutter bees use the plant material removed from the rose leaves to create walls in the nesting cells where the young bees develop. These bees are important pollinators, according to Clemson University. It is best to simply remove the affected leaves if the holes bother you.
Rose Slug
Large holes in the leaves of rose bushes will not appear until the rose slug larvae mature, according to the University of California. Young larvae, however, will skeletonize the lower surface of the leaf. Although the larvae may look like a caterpillar, they are not. Remove them immediately by handpicking. Spraying the rose bush with a hard stream of water from a hose can dislodge them from the underside of the leaf. The best time to look for them, according to Clemson University, is at night. Soil drenches, insecticidal soap and horticultural oil are additional options for control of rose slugs.
Japanese Beetles
Japanese beetles are one of the worst of the rose pests because they eat both the leaves and the roses. Although it is more common to see leaves skeletonized once the beetles are on them, there are instances where the leaves simply have holes in them. Numerous control options are used for these pests, according to Clemson University. Milky spore will destroy grubs in your lawn but will not do anything for controlling beetles that fly in from other yards. Japanese beetle traps, according to Clemson University, simply attract beetles, so unless you can position it 50 feet from the plants you wish to protect, it is useless. The most effective method is to handpick the beetles during the early evening hours. Brush the beetles into a jar filled with hot soapy water, and put a lid on it. Shake the jar to submerge the beetles. Other natural control methods include poultry, which love to eat these pests, and using netting to keep the beetles off your flowers. Several chemical insecticides, according to Clemson University, work as well.
Leaf-Cutter Bees
Hollow rose bush stems attract leaf-cutter bees, according to Texas A & M University. The leaf-cutter bees use the plant material removed from the rose leaves to create walls in the nesting cells where the young bees develop. These bees are important pollinators, according to Clemson University. It is best to simply remove the affected leaves if the holes bother you.
Rose Slug
Large holes in the leaves of rose bushes will not appear until the rose slug larvae mature, according to the University of California. Young larvae, however, will skeletonize the lower surface of the leaf. Although the larvae may look like a caterpillar, they are not. Remove them immediately by handpicking. Spraying the rose bush with a hard stream of water from a hose can dislodge them from the underside of the leaf. The best time to look for them, according to Clemson University, is at night. Soil drenches, insecticidal soap and horticultural oil are additional options for control of rose slugs.
Japanese Beetles
Japanese beetles are one of the worst of the rose pests because they eat both the leaves and the roses. Although it is more common to see leaves skeletonized once the beetles are on them, there are instances where the leaves simply have holes in them. Numerous control options are used for these pests, according to Clemson University. Milky spore will destroy grubs in your lawn but will not do anything for controlling beetles that fly in from other yards. Japanese beetle traps, according to Clemson University, simply attract beetles, so unless you can position it 50 feet from the plants you wish to protect, it is useless. The most effective method is to handpick the beetles during the early evening hours. Brush the beetles into a jar filled with hot soapy water, and put a lid on it. Shake the jar to submerge the beetles. Other natural control methods include poultry, which love to eat these pests, and using netting to keep the beetles off your flowers. Several chemical insecticides, according to Clemson University, work as well.
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