文章
Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Convolvulaceae
Stems - Twining, herbaceous, glabrous to hairy, from rhizomes, angled or terete.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Blades to 10cm broad at base, to +10cm long, ovate to lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate, glabrous to pubescent, cordate to sagittate at base with auricles either squarish or rounded.
Inflorescence - Single axillary pedunculate flowers. Peduncles to +10cm long, glabrous to puberulent.
Flowers - Corolla to +/-5cm long, funnelform, white, glabrous or sparse puberulent externally. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, erect. Filaments to +2.5cm long, with glandular pubescence at base, whitish. Anthers to 5mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, green, 2-locular. Style to 2cm long, glabrous, whitish. Stigmas 2, slightly compressed. Sepals 5, lance-ovate, to 1.5mm long, 5mm broad, acute to blunt at apex, mucronate and with small cilia at apex. Calyx surrounded by two large green bracts. Bracts to 2cm long, -2cm broad, broadly ovate, glabrous.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, thickets, moist ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is synonymous with Calystegia sepium R. Br., which is the more excepted name now. "Calystegia" meaning "covered calyx".
This species, and indeed many species from this family, are seen as weedy or intrusive. "Convolvulus" meaning "to entwine", which is exactly how the plants grow, entwining themselves on any sturdy support.
Steyermark breaks the species down into three varieties, one of these varieties having three forms. The varieties are distinguished mainly on leaf size, shape, hairiness, and basal extension shape. One plant, C. sepium var. sepium f. coloratus Lange, has a rose colored corolla.
I will not break down the other varieties and forms here.
Stems - Twining, herbaceous, glabrous to hairy, from rhizomes, angled or terete.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Blades to 10cm broad at base, to +10cm long, ovate to lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate, glabrous to pubescent, cordate to sagittate at base with auricles either squarish or rounded.
Inflorescence - Single axillary pedunculate flowers. Peduncles to +10cm long, glabrous to puberulent.
Flowers - Corolla to +/-5cm long, funnelform, white, glabrous or sparse puberulent externally. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, erect. Filaments to +2.5cm long, with glandular pubescence at base, whitish. Anthers to 5mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, green, 2-locular. Style to 2cm long, glabrous, whitish. Stigmas 2, slightly compressed. Sepals 5, lance-ovate, to 1.5mm long, 5mm broad, acute to blunt at apex, mucronate and with small cilia at apex. Calyx surrounded by two large green bracts. Bracts to 2cm long, -2cm broad, broadly ovate, glabrous.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Disturbed sites, waste ground, thickets, moist ground, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is synonymous with Calystegia sepium R. Br., which is the more excepted name now. "Calystegia" meaning "covered calyx".
This species, and indeed many species from this family, are seen as weedy or intrusive. "Convolvulus" meaning "to entwine", which is exactly how the plants grow, entwining themselves on any sturdy support.
Steyermark breaks the species down into three varieties, one of these varieties having three forms. The varieties are distinguished mainly on leaf size, shape, hairiness, and basal extension shape. One plant, C. sepium var. sepium f. coloratus Lange, has a rose colored corolla.
I will not break down the other varieties and forms here.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Convolvulaceae
Stems - Trailing, twining, herbaceous, glabrous to pubescent, appearing 4-5 angled because of twisting of stem.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, variable in shape from ovate to elliptic, to 10cm long, +/-5cm broad, hastate to sagittate or cordate. Petiole to +3cm long, with adaxial groove, pubescent to glabrous. Blade glabrous or pubescent. Basal lobes acute to obtuse. Leaf margins often undulate.
Inflorescence - Flowers either single or in loose cymes of up to 3 flowers. Peduncle to +6cm long, with opposite to subopposite pair of bracts at apex(subtending pedicels), pubescent. Bracts to +4mm long. Pedicels to -2cm long, with pair of opposite to subopposite bracts in middle, pubescent to tomentose. Bracts to +/-3mm long, linear.
Flowers - Corolla funnelform, white or tinged with pink, to +/-3cm broad, -2cm long, glabrous internally, glabrous to sparse puberulent externally. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments to 1cm long, flattened and broad at base(to 1.2mm broad), terete above, clavate pubescent near base, white. Anthers whitish-pink, to 3mm long. Style white, glabrous, 1cm long. Stigmas 2, 3-4mm long, white to pale yellow. Ovary subtended(surrounded) by orange nectar ring. Ovary white, glabrous to pubescent, superior, 2mm long, 2-locular. Sepals 5, green and often with tiny brownish tip, glabrous, 4mm long, 2.1mm broad, scarious near apex, distinct. Fruit a glabrous 4-valved capsule to +/-6mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe and Asia.
Other info. - According to Steyermark there are two forms in Missouri. Form arvensis (pictured above) has lobes at the base of the leaves being pointed (acutely), the leaf blade itself can be from sagittate to ovate-triangular. Form cordifolius has lobes which are rounded and a broad cordate leaf blade.
This species is quite common and weedy. It primarily stays low or on the ground but can climb by twining. The species name "arvensis" means "from cultivated fields" or "of cultivated fields" telling of the plants pioneering and invasive nature.
The pubescence of the plant is highly variable.
Stems - Trailing, twining, herbaceous, glabrous to pubescent, appearing 4-5 angled because of twisting of stem.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, variable in shape from ovate to elliptic, to 10cm long, +/-5cm broad, hastate to sagittate or cordate. Petiole to +3cm long, with adaxial groove, pubescent to glabrous. Blade glabrous or pubescent. Basal lobes acute to obtuse. Leaf margins often undulate.
Inflorescence - Flowers either single or in loose cymes of up to 3 flowers. Peduncle to +6cm long, with opposite to subopposite pair of bracts at apex(subtending pedicels), pubescent. Bracts to +4mm long. Pedicels to -2cm long, with pair of opposite to subopposite bracts in middle, pubescent to tomentose. Bracts to +/-3mm long, linear.
Flowers - Corolla funnelform, white or tinged with pink, to +/-3cm broad, -2cm long, glabrous internally, glabrous to sparse puberulent externally. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments to 1cm long, flattened and broad at base(to 1.2mm broad), terete above, clavate pubescent near base, white. Anthers whitish-pink, to 3mm long. Style white, glabrous, 1cm long. Stigmas 2, 3-4mm long, white to pale yellow. Ovary subtended(surrounded) by orange nectar ring. Ovary white, glabrous to pubescent, superior, 2mm long, 2-locular. Sepals 5, green and often with tiny brownish tip, glabrous, 4mm long, 2.1mm broad, scarious near apex, distinct. Fruit a glabrous 4-valved capsule to +/-6mm long.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to Europe and Asia.
Other info. - According to Steyermark there are two forms in Missouri. Form arvensis (pictured above) has lobes at the base of the leaves being pointed (acutely), the leaf blade itself can be from sagittate to ovate-triangular. Form cordifolius has lobes which are rounded and a broad cordate leaf blade.
This species is quite common and weedy. It primarily stays low or on the ground but can climb by twining. The species name "arvensis" means "from cultivated fields" or "of cultivated fields" telling of the plants pioneering and invasive nature.
The pubescence of the plant is highly variable.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Liliaceae
Stems - Creeping underground rhizomes. Aerial stems to +15cm long.
Leaves - 2-3 per node, oblong to elliptic, entire, glabrous, to +15cm long, +4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Raceme terminating aerial stem, to 7cm long. Pedicels to 1cm long, glabrous, with scarious bract at base to 8mm long.
Flowers - Nodding. Perianth campanulate, white, glabrous, to +6mm long, +8mm broad, 6-lobed. Lobes 2.5mm broad, 3mm long, fragrant. Stamens 6, borne at base of perianth tube. Anthers pale yellow, to 2mm long, tapering to point at apex. Filaments short, -1.5mm long, pinkish-purple at base. Ovary glabrous, superior, 3-carpellate. Style 2.2mm long.
Fruit - Globose, red, fleshy, to -1cm in diameter.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Cultivated and rarely escaped to roadsides or waste ground.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This species can be found sporadically escaped throughout much of Missouri. The plant is often found around old homesites or businesses.
C. majalis can form large colonies when left untouched. It is a toxic plant that contains cardiac glycosides.
Traditionally the plant was used as a Digitalis substitute to treat heart disease. A flower and root tea was used to treat fevers, as a diuretic, sedative, and emetic. A root ointment was used to treat burns to prevent scaring.
Stems - Creeping underground rhizomes. Aerial stems to +15cm long.
Leaves - 2-3 per node, oblong to elliptic, entire, glabrous, to +15cm long, +4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Raceme terminating aerial stem, to 7cm long. Pedicels to 1cm long, glabrous, with scarious bract at base to 8mm long.
Flowers - Nodding. Perianth campanulate, white, glabrous, to +6mm long, +8mm broad, 6-lobed. Lobes 2.5mm broad, 3mm long, fragrant. Stamens 6, borne at base of perianth tube. Anthers pale yellow, to 2mm long, tapering to point at apex. Filaments short, -1.5mm long, pinkish-purple at base. Ovary glabrous, superior, 3-carpellate. Style 2.2mm long.
Fruit - Globose, red, fleshy, to -1cm in diameter.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Cultivated and rarely escaped to roadsides or waste ground.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This species can be found sporadically escaped throughout much of Missouri. The plant is often found around old homesites or businesses.
C. majalis can form large colonies when left untouched. It is a toxic plant that contains cardiac glycosides.
Traditionally the plant was used as a Digitalis substitute to treat heart disease. A flower and root tea was used to treat fevers, as a diuretic, sedative, and emetic. A root ointment was used to treat burns to prevent scaring.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Apiaceae
Stems - To 3m tall, herbaceous, green with purple or black spots, sometimes entirely purple, often glaucous, glabrous, erect, from large taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, large, to 40cm long, about as broad as long, ternate, glabrous, broadly ovate in outline. Leaflets pinnatifid. Lobes serrate.
Inflorescence - Multiple compound umbels terminating the stems. Umbels and umbellets subtended by attenuate bracts to 5mm long. Rays glabrous. Flowers +/-15 per umbellet.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, subequal but typically with one petal larger than the others, glabrous, to 1.2mm long, 1mm broad, cuneate at base. Apex of petal apiculate with the apiculus curving adaxially. Margins of petal folding slightly downward. Stamens 5, alternating with petals. Filaments to 1mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers pale yellow to whitish, .15mm broad. Stylopodium present, slightly flattened, greenish.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Waste groung, disturbed sites, pastures, open fields, low ground, railroads, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - Although this plant may smell like fennel (Foeniculum sp.) , or Finocchio in Italian, when bruised or crushed, it should not be eaten as it is very toxic.
No other species in the family has such large and divided leaves as C. maculatum, so the plant can be easily distinguished from a distance. It is a very common weed in Missouri.
Stems - To 3m tall, herbaceous, green with purple or black spots, sometimes entirely purple, often glaucous, glabrous, erect, from large taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, large, to 40cm long, about as broad as long, ternate, glabrous, broadly ovate in outline. Leaflets pinnatifid. Lobes serrate.
Inflorescence - Multiple compound umbels terminating the stems. Umbels and umbellets subtended by attenuate bracts to 5mm long. Rays glabrous. Flowers +/-15 per umbellet.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, subequal but typically with one petal larger than the others, glabrous, to 1.2mm long, 1mm broad, cuneate at base. Apex of petal apiculate with the apiculus curving adaxially. Margins of petal folding slightly downward. Stamens 5, alternating with petals. Filaments to 1mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers pale yellow to whitish, .15mm broad. Stylopodium present, slightly flattened, greenish.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Waste groung, disturbed sites, pastures, open fields, low ground, railroads, roadsides.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - Although this plant may smell like fennel (Foeniculum sp.) , or Finocchio in Italian, when bruised or crushed, it should not be eaten as it is very toxic.
No other species in the family has such large and divided leaves as C. maculatum, so the plant can be easily distinguished from a distance. It is a very common weed in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Santalaceae
Stems - To +30cm tall, simple to branching, erect, glabrous, herbaceous, from underground rhizomes.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile or on very short petiole to -1mm, entire, glabrous or glaucous, oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate, to -1cm broad, +3cm long.
Inflorescence - Loose, paniculate, terminal clusters of 4-6 flowered cymules. Pedicels 1-4mm long, glabrous.
Flowers - Apetalous. Calyx tube green, to 3mm long, campanulate, glabrous, with 4-5 lobes. Lobes to 2mm long, white, glabrous externally, sparse pubescent internally. Stamens 5, opposite the calyx lobes. Filaments to -1mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellow. Style glabrous, 2.5mm long.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Open woods, slopes, glades, ridges, prairies, bluffs.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little plant is parasitic on neighboring plants by means of its rhizomes. The rhizomes are tan, thin, and fairly long.
The plant can be found in dry rocky areas of the habitats mentioned above. It ranges throughout the state except in a few counties of the bootheel.
A common synonym is C. umbellata (L.) Nutt.
Stems - To +30cm tall, simple to branching, erect, glabrous, herbaceous, from underground rhizomes.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile or on very short petiole to -1mm, entire, glabrous or glaucous, oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate, to -1cm broad, +3cm long.
Inflorescence - Loose, paniculate, terminal clusters of 4-6 flowered cymules. Pedicels 1-4mm long, glabrous.
Flowers - Apetalous. Calyx tube green, to 3mm long, campanulate, glabrous, with 4-5 lobes. Lobes to 2mm long, white, glabrous externally, sparse pubescent internally. Stamens 5, opposite the calyx lobes. Filaments to -1mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellow. Style glabrous, 2.5mm long.
Flowering - April - July.
Habitat - Open woods, slopes, glades, ridges, prairies, bluffs.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little plant is parasitic on neighboring plants by means of its rhizomes. The rhizomes are tan, thin, and fairly long.
The plant can be found in dry rocky areas of the habitats mentioned above. It ranges throughout the state except in a few counties of the bootheel.
A common synonym is C. umbellata (L.) Nutt.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To +3m, glabrous, not completely winged by extended leaf tissue.
Leaves - Glabrous or slightly hairy above, hairy below, no spines on upper surface, alternate, larger below, reduced towards inflorescence. Margins toothed or lobed or not, flat, spiny.
Inflorescence - Single flower-head terminating each branch of the inflorescence.
Involucre - 2-3.5cm long(high). Bracts imbricate, tightly appressed, ending in spine-like prickle.
Flowers - All discoid, no rays present. Pappus of plumose bristles.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Slopes, thickets, roadsides, railroads, open woodland.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This form of C. altissimum is not often found in Missouri. The more common C. altissimum f. altissimum, with pink-rose flowers, is the plant most often seen. This plant can be found on the "Pink Flowers" page of this web site.
"altissimum" means "tall" or "the tallest" in Latin and this plant certainly is, being the tallest member of this genus in Missouri.
Stems - To +3m, glabrous, not completely winged by extended leaf tissue.
Leaves - Glabrous or slightly hairy above, hairy below, no spines on upper surface, alternate, larger below, reduced towards inflorescence. Margins toothed or lobed or not, flat, spiny.
Inflorescence - Single flower-head terminating each branch of the inflorescence.
Involucre - 2-3.5cm long(high). Bracts imbricate, tightly appressed, ending in spine-like prickle.
Flowers - All discoid, no rays present. Pappus of plumose bristles.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Slopes, thickets, roadsides, railroads, open woodland.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This form of C. altissimum is not often found in Missouri. The more common C. altissimum f. altissimum, with pink-rose flowers, is the plant most often seen. This plant can be found on the "Pink Flowers" page of this web site.
"altissimum" means "tall" or "the tallest" in Latin and this plant certainly is, being the tallest member of this genus in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Ranunculaceae
Stems - Flowering stems to +2m tall, erect, glabrous, glaucous, from a woody caudex, herbaceous, green but purple at the nodes.
Leaves - Basal and alternate, petiolate, glabrous, to 1m broad, -1m long, ternately divided, purple at the joints. Ultimate leaflets serrate, green adaxially, silvery-green abaxially, with a few hairs abaxially on the veins. Serrations of margin with a lighter green or yellowish apex. Veins of leaflets impressed adaxially. Leaves of the flowering stem reduced to bracts.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +/-50cm long. Axis of the inflorescence tomentoulose. Pedicels to 6cm long in flower, slightly longer in fruit, whitish tomentose. Each pedicel subtended by a minute bract. Bracts attenuate, 1-3mm long.
Flowers - Apetalous, Asepalous, fetid. Stamens many, +/-100. Filaments white, filiform, glabrous, to 5mm long. Anthers white, 1mm long. Ovary superior, white, tomentose, obliquely ovoid, 2.5mm long in flower, unilocular, with +/-10 ovules. Style wanting, forming a slight beak in fruit. Seeds semicircular in shape.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Low rocky woods, base of bluffs.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This distinctive species can be found in the Ozark region of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its big leaves and long inflorescences. The plant also has a fowl odor, especially when in flower.
This species has many medicinal uses. Traditionally, a tincture of the plant was used for bronchitis, chorea, fevers, rheumatism, snakebites, and many other ailments. Modern medicine has found the plant useful for strengthening female reproductive organs in lab rats. The plant has also shown anti-inflammatory properties.
Stems - Flowering stems to +2m tall, erect, glabrous, glaucous, from a woody caudex, herbaceous, green but purple at the nodes.
Leaves - Basal and alternate, petiolate, glabrous, to 1m broad, -1m long, ternately divided, purple at the joints. Ultimate leaflets serrate, green adaxially, silvery-green abaxially, with a few hairs abaxially on the veins. Serrations of margin with a lighter green or yellowish apex. Veins of leaflets impressed adaxially. Leaves of the flowering stem reduced to bracts.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +/-50cm long. Axis of the inflorescence tomentoulose. Pedicels to 6cm long in flower, slightly longer in fruit, whitish tomentose. Each pedicel subtended by a minute bract. Bracts attenuate, 1-3mm long.
Flowers - Apetalous, Asepalous, fetid. Stamens many, +/-100. Filaments white, filiform, glabrous, to 5mm long. Anthers white, 1mm long. Ovary superior, white, tomentose, obliquely ovoid, 2.5mm long in flower, unilocular, with +/-10 ovules. Style wanting, forming a slight beak in fruit. Seeds semicircular in shape.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Low rocky woods, base of bluffs.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This distinctive species can be found in the Ozark region of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its big leaves and long inflorescences. The plant also has a fowl odor, especially when in flower.
This species has many medicinal uses. Traditionally, a tincture of the plant was used for bronchitis, chorea, fevers, rheumatism, snakebites, and many other ailments. Modern medicine has found the plant useful for strengthening female reproductive organs in lab rats. The plant has also shown anti-inflammatory properties.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Apiaceae
Stems - To -2m tall, erect, herbaceous, glabrous, glaucous, fistulose, purplish at nodes, typically simple to branching, from a tuberous base and fleshy roots, single or multiple from base.
Leaves - Alternate, 2-3-pinnate. Lowest leaves long petiolate, to +60cm long(including petiole). Upper leaves with shorter petioles. Petioles with involute margin. Leaf divisions purple at axils. Ultimate leaflets serrate(the teeth mucronate), lanceolate, glabrous.
Inflorescence - Axillary and terminal compound umbels. Main rays of umbels not subtended by bracts, to -3cm long(in flower), +/-15 in number. Secondary rays(raylets) 5-6cm long(in flower), subtended by bracts. Bracts with scarious margins, to 3mm long, attenuate-lanceolate, glabrous.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, unequal to subequal, margins deflexed, to 1.3mm broad, 1.1mm long, apiculate and inflexed at apex. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, erect to spreading. Filaments white, 1.2mm long, glabrous. Anthers whitish, .2mm long. Ovary inferior, 2-locular. Styles 2, .1mm long. Calyx tube .9mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, scarious, .4-.5mm long. Fruits to +4mm long, oval to orbicular, glabrous.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Wet to moist areas.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This plant is one of the more toxic species of the Apiaceae or of any plant family for that matter. The plant has a pleasant licorice or anise scent when crushed but obviously it should not be eaten. It is easy to ID in the field because of its habitat, its glabrous and glaucous stems (which are purplish at the nodes), and its 2-3-pinnately divided leaves.
The Missouri plants are all variety maculata. A couple of other varieties are found in the U.S. but not in Missouri. The plant is common throughout Missouri.
Stems - To -2m tall, erect, herbaceous, glabrous, glaucous, fistulose, purplish at nodes, typically simple to branching, from a tuberous base and fleshy roots, single or multiple from base.
Leaves - Alternate, 2-3-pinnate. Lowest leaves long petiolate, to +60cm long(including petiole). Upper leaves with shorter petioles. Petioles with involute margin. Leaf divisions purple at axils. Ultimate leaflets serrate(the teeth mucronate), lanceolate, glabrous.
Inflorescence - Axillary and terminal compound umbels. Main rays of umbels not subtended by bracts, to -3cm long(in flower), +/-15 in number. Secondary rays(raylets) 5-6cm long(in flower), subtended by bracts. Bracts with scarious margins, to 3mm long, attenuate-lanceolate, glabrous.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, unequal to subequal, margins deflexed, to 1.3mm broad, 1.1mm long, apiculate and inflexed at apex. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, erect to spreading. Filaments white, 1.2mm long, glabrous. Anthers whitish, .2mm long. Ovary inferior, 2-locular. Styles 2, .1mm long. Calyx tube .9mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, scarious, .4-.5mm long. Fruits to +4mm long, oval to orbicular, glabrous.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Wet to moist areas.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This plant is one of the more toxic species of the Apiaceae or of any plant family for that matter. The plant has a pleasant licorice or anise scent when crushed but obviously it should not be eaten. It is easy to ID in the field because of its habitat, its glabrous and glaucous stems (which are purplish at the nodes), and its 2-3-pinnately divided leaves.
The Missouri plants are all variety maculata. A couple of other varieties are found in the U.S. but not in Missouri. The plant is common throughout Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To 1.5m tall, glabrous to sparsely strigose and scabrous, herbaceous, branching, erect, with milky sap, from a massive taproot.
Leaves - Alternate. Basal leaves lyrate pinnatifid, resembling those of the genus Taraxacum, to +30cm long, +6cm wide, toothed, pubescent above and below, hirsute on midrib below. Cauline leaves lanceolate to linear, clasping, entire, much reduced.
Inflorescence - Typically 1-3 axillary flowers in upper portion of stems. Some flowers terminal. Lower flowers with reduced leaf(bract) subtending. Upper flowers with no bract or bract reduced and scalelike.
Involucre - Outer phyllaries 5-6mm long, acute, glabrous, +/-2mm broad, bulbous at base, green. Inner phyllaries to 1.1cm long, 2mm broad, linear, acute, typically with scarious margins and lacerate at apex, green.
Ray flowers - Ligule white, 5-toothed at apex, to -2cm long, 5-6mm broad, pubescent externally. Flowers fertile. Anthers pale-yellow to white, 4mm long, connate around style. Style white, bifurcate. Stigmas white. Achenes -2mm long in flower. Pappus of short scales. Receptacle flat.
Disc flowers - Absent.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Roadsides, railroads, disturbed sites, waste ground. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - Chicory is an extremely common roadside weed. At the zoo we feed the plant to many of the animals as a treat. The flowers and leaves go great in salads. The root is used as a flavoring in coffee.
During the hot summer months the flowers only stay open a short time in the morning. As the days cool the flowers stay open nearly all day.
The typical flower color is blue. These blue-flowered plants are form intybus. You can see this form in the "Blue Flowers Alternate" section of this website.
Stems - To 1.5m tall, glabrous to sparsely strigose and scabrous, herbaceous, branching, erect, with milky sap, from a massive taproot.
Leaves - Alternate. Basal leaves lyrate pinnatifid, resembling those of the genus Taraxacum, to +30cm long, +6cm wide, toothed, pubescent above and below, hirsute on midrib below. Cauline leaves lanceolate to linear, clasping, entire, much reduced.
Inflorescence - Typically 1-3 axillary flowers in upper portion of stems. Some flowers terminal. Lower flowers with reduced leaf(bract) subtending. Upper flowers with no bract or bract reduced and scalelike.
Involucre - Outer phyllaries 5-6mm long, acute, glabrous, +/-2mm broad, bulbous at base, green. Inner phyllaries to 1.1cm long, 2mm broad, linear, acute, typically with scarious margins and lacerate at apex, green.
Ray flowers - Ligule white, 5-toothed at apex, to -2cm long, 5-6mm broad, pubescent externally. Flowers fertile. Anthers pale-yellow to white, 4mm long, connate around style. Style white, bifurcate. Stigmas white. Achenes -2mm long in flower. Pappus of short scales. Receptacle flat.
Disc flowers - Absent.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Roadsides, railroads, disturbed sites, waste ground. Also cultivated.
Origin - Native to Eurasia.
Other info. - Chicory is an extremely common roadside weed. At the zoo we feed the plant to many of the animals as a treat. The flowers and leaves go great in salads. The root is used as a flavoring in coffee.
During the hot summer months the flowers only stay open a short time in the morning. As the days cool the flowers stay open nearly all day.
The typical flower color is blue. These blue-flowered plants are form intybus. You can see this form in the "Blue Flowers Alternate" section of this website.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - Glabrous, to 90cm tall, typically simple, carinate, erect.
Leaves - Alternate, dentate, glabrous, linear to linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves clasping, basal leaves petiolate.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating stem.
Involucre - Phyllaries lanceolate, imbricate, glabrous, with scarious brownish margins near apex, to +3mm long, -2mm broad at base.
Ray flowers - Ligule white, 2-3 notched at apex, +/- 4cm long, +/-1cm broad.
Disk flowers - Disk 1.5-2.5cm broad. Corolla yellow, 5-lobed, fertile.
Flowering - June - August.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Europe and Asia.
Other info. - This is the plant commonly called the "Shasta Daisy". It is frequently cultivated but probably not escaped, yet. The plant is not naturally occurring and was developed in cultivation.
Stems - Glabrous, to 90cm tall, typically simple, carinate, erect.
Leaves - Alternate, dentate, glabrous, linear to linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves clasping, basal leaves petiolate.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating stem.
Involucre - Phyllaries lanceolate, imbricate, glabrous, with scarious brownish margins near apex, to +3mm long, -2mm broad at base.
Ray flowers - Ligule white, 2-3 notched at apex, +/- 4cm long, +/-1cm broad.
Disk flowers - Disk 1.5-2.5cm broad. Corolla yellow, 5-lobed, fertile.
Flowering - June - August.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Europe and Asia.
Other info. - This is the plant commonly called the "Shasta Daisy". It is frequently cultivated but probably not escaped, yet. The plant is not naturally occurring and was developed in cultivation.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - To +1m tall, herbaceous, multiple from base, from rhizomes and fibrous roots, simple or branched above, glabrous, angled.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile above, petiolate below, clasping or not, irregular serrate to lobed near base, glabrous, to +10cm long, +2cm broad. Some leaves with lobes extending almost to midrib. Lower leaves spatulate.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating stem.
Involucre - To 2cm broad, 4-5mm tall. Phyllaries imbricate, glabrous, lanceolate, with scarious margins, green with brown near margins.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligules white, toothed at apex, to +2cm long, 5mm broad. Achenes glabrous. Pappus absent.
Disk flowers - Disk to +2cm broad. Corolla 5-lobed, yellow. Tube to 3mm long. Achenes brown, 10-nerved (ribbed), glabrous, 2.1mm long. Pappus absent. Receptacle convex.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Fields, pastures, waste places, roadsides, railroads, prairies, slopes, disturbed sites.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This extremely common plant can be seen growing along roadsides and in waste places throughout Missouri in the early summer. It is simple to identify as nothing else in our wild flora gets such a large white flower head.
According to Steyermark there are two varieties in Missouri. Variety leucanthemum has middle and upper cauline leaves with teeth at base that are larger than the other teeth on leaf. Also, the basal leaves are regularly toothed.
Variety pinnatifidum has middle and upper cauline leaves with conspicuous lobes extending nearly to midrib(pinnatifid). The basal leaves are also pinnatifid to irregularly toothed.
A synonym for the species is Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Stems - To +1m tall, herbaceous, multiple from base, from rhizomes and fibrous roots, simple or branched above, glabrous, angled.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile above, petiolate below, clasping or not, irregular serrate to lobed near base, glabrous, to +10cm long, +2cm broad. Some leaves with lobes extending almost to midrib. Lower leaves spatulate.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating stem.
Involucre - To 2cm broad, 4-5mm tall. Phyllaries imbricate, glabrous, lanceolate, with scarious margins, green with brown near margins.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligules white, toothed at apex, to +2cm long, 5mm broad. Achenes glabrous. Pappus absent.
Disk flowers - Disk to +2cm broad. Corolla 5-lobed, yellow. Tube to 3mm long. Achenes brown, 10-nerved (ribbed), glabrous, 2.1mm long. Pappus absent. Receptacle convex.
Flowering - May - August.
Habitat - Fields, pastures, waste places, roadsides, railroads, prairies, slopes, disturbed sites.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This extremely common plant can be seen growing along roadsides and in waste places throughout Missouri in the early summer. It is simple to identify as nothing else in our wild flora gets such a large white flower head.
According to Steyermark there are two varieties in Missouri. Variety leucanthemum has middle and upper cauline leaves with teeth at base that are larger than the other teeth on leaf. Also, the basal leaves are regularly toothed.
Variety pinnatifidum has middle and upper cauline leaves with conspicuous lobes extending nearly to midrib(pinnatifid). The basal leaves are also pinnatifid to irregularly toothed.
A synonym for the species is Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Apiaceae
Stems - From a taproot, erect, single or multiple from the base, to +50cm tall, herbaceous, striate (green and reddish), with a slight carrot fragrance, terete, hispid-hirsute, simple to branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, bipinnately divided, hispid-hirsute. Petioles sheathing at the base, to 15cm long, with a shallow adaxial groove, hispid-hirsute. Blades to 7-8cm long, 5-6cm broad, ovate in outline. Divisions pinnatifid. Ultimate divisions 2-3mm long, 1-2mm broad, acute, elliptic-oblong, often with a reddish margin and a minute orange spot near the tip (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Axillary, loose, compound umbels of a few flowers. Rays +/-3 per umbel, angled, to +3cm long, sparse pubescent. Involucre of umbellet of +/-5 bracts. Bracts ovate to oblong, green, ciliate-margined (but otherwise glabrous), accrescent, to +2mm broad, +3mm long. Flowers +/-5 per umbellet, subsessile but pedicels expanding in fruit to +4mm long. Pedicels broadening at the apex, not a uniform width throughout their length.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, glabrous, orbicular, acute at the apex, spreading, to 1mm in diameter. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments white, glabrous, .8mm long. Anthers globose, yellow, .3mm long. Styles 2, expanded at the base to conic stylopodia, .6mm long. Stigma translucent. Ovary inferior. Calyx tube green, glabrous, 1.5-2mm long in flower, accrescent, quickly expanding in fruit. Calyx lobes wanting. Fruits glabrous (or rarely with small hairs), to +5mm long, ribbed.
Flowering - March - May.
Habitat - Rocky open glades, fallow fields, waste ground, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species can be found in the southern half of Missouri. The plant is weedy in habit and is often overlooked because of this. It can be differentiated from the similar C. procumbens (L.) Crantz by its pedicels, which get wider toward the apex. The pedicels of C. procumbens have the same width throughout their length.
Steyermark breaks C. tainturieri into three varieties based on fruit characteristics. I will not go into those here.
Stems - From a taproot, erect, single or multiple from the base, to +50cm tall, herbaceous, striate (green and reddish), with a slight carrot fragrance, terete, hispid-hirsute, simple to branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, bipinnately divided, hispid-hirsute. Petioles sheathing at the base, to 15cm long, with a shallow adaxial groove, hispid-hirsute. Blades to 7-8cm long, 5-6cm broad, ovate in outline. Divisions pinnatifid. Ultimate divisions 2-3mm long, 1-2mm broad, acute, elliptic-oblong, often with a reddish margin and a minute orange spot near the tip (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Axillary, loose, compound umbels of a few flowers. Rays +/-3 per umbel, angled, to +3cm long, sparse pubescent. Involucre of umbellet of +/-5 bracts. Bracts ovate to oblong, green, ciliate-margined (but otherwise glabrous), accrescent, to +2mm broad, +3mm long. Flowers +/-5 per umbellet, subsessile but pedicels expanding in fruit to +4mm long. Pedicels broadening at the apex, not a uniform width throughout their length.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, glabrous, orbicular, acute at the apex, spreading, to 1mm in diameter. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments white, glabrous, .8mm long. Anthers globose, yellow, .3mm long. Styles 2, expanded at the base to conic stylopodia, .6mm long. Stigma translucent. Ovary inferior. Calyx tube green, glabrous, 1.5-2mm long in flower, accrescent, quickly expanding in fruit. Calyx lobes wanting. Fruits glabrous (or rarely with small hairs), to +5mm long, ribbed.
Flowering - March - May.
Habitat - Rocky open glades, fallow fields, waste ground, roadsides.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species can be found in the southern half of Missouri. The plant is weedy in habit and is often overlooked because of this. It can be differentiated from the similar C. procumbens (L.) Crantz by its pedicels, which get wider toward the apex. The pedicels of C. procumbens have the same width throughout their length.
Steyermark breaks C. tainturieri into three varieties based on fruit characteristics. I will not go into those here.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Apiaceae
Stems - From a taproot, multiple from the base, ascending to erect, branching, herbaceous, angled, typically with retrorse pubescence on angles, slightly fragrant with a scent like parsley, to +/-30cm tall.
Leaves - Alternate, typically sessile or with a short flattened sheathing petiole, pinnately divided, to +/-6cm long, +/-5cm broad. Rachis and petiolules with and adaxial groove and very sparse pubescent. Leaflets deeply lobed to pinnatifid. Ultimate divisions oblong-elliptic, entire, rounded to subacute at apex. Margins sparse strigillose. Leaves green above and light green below.
Inflorescence - Axillary compound umbels. Peduncle to 6cm long, sparsely to moderately hispidulous. Rays typically 3 per inflorescence. Umbellets subtended by 4-5 ovate to rotund bractlets. Bractlets with ciliate margins, to -2mm long, spreading to erect in fruit. Pedicels, (raylets), 2-3mm long in flower, 5-6mm long in fruit, glabrous, with the same diameter throughout.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, glabrous, -1mm long, .6mm broad, elliptic, acute, spreading, with single visible midvein. Stamens 5, spreading, alternating with the petals. Filaments glabrous, white, .6mm long. Anthers brownish-yellow, .1mm long. Styles very short, expanded at base into thick stylopodia. Ovary glabrous, green, inferior, 1 - 1.1mm long in flower, 2-carpellate. Sepals minute to absent. Fruits to 7mm long, green, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, with one seed per carpel.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Rich open woods, alluvial soils, thickets, glades, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species is easy to overlook because of its small, indistinct flowers and relatively "common" appearance. The plant is common throughout Missouri and is attractive if grown in large quantity. Some species of butterfly larvae will eat the foliage of this species.
This species can be distinguished from the similar C. tainturieri Hook. by its pedicels, which are the same width throughout their lengths. The pedicels of C. taintureri expand toward the apex.
Stems - From a taproot, multiple from the base, ascending to erect, branching, herbaceous, angled, typically with retrorse pubescence on angles, slightly fragrant with a scent like parsley, to +/-30cm tall.
Leaves - Alternate, typically sessile or with a short flattened sheathing petiole, pinnately divided, to +/-6cm long, +/-5cm broad. Rachis and petiolules with and adaxial groove and very sparse pubescent. Leaflets deeply lobed to pinnatifid. Ultimate divisions oblong-elliptic, entire, rounded to subacute at apex. Margins sparse strigillose. Leaves green above and light green below.
Inflorescence - Axillary compound umbels. Peduncle to 6cm long, sparsely to moderately hispidulous. Rays typically 3 per inflorescence. Umbellets subtended by 4-5 ovate to rotund bractlets. Bractlets with ciliate margins, to -2mm long, spreading to erect in fruit. Pedicels, (raylets), 2-3mm long in flower, 5-6mm long in fruit, glabrous, with the same diameter throughout.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, glabrous, -1mm long, .6mm broad, elliptic, acute, spreading, with single visible midvein. Stamens 5, spreading, alternating with the petals. Filaments glabrous, white, .6mm long. Anthers brownish-yellow, .1mm long. Styles very short, expanded at base into thick stylopodia. Ovary glabrous, green, inferior, 1 - 1.1mm long in flower, 2-carpellate. Sepals minute to absent. Fruits to 7mm long, green, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, with one seed per carpel.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Rich open woods, alluvial soils, thickets, glades, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species is easy to overlook because of its small, indistinct flowers and relatively "common" appearance. The plant is common throughout Missouri and is attractive if grown in large quantity. Some species of butterfly larvae will eat the foliage of this species.
This species can be distinguished from the similar C. tainturieri Hook. by its pedicels, which are the same width throughout their lengths. The pedicels of C. taintureri expand toward the apex.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Rosaceae
Stems - Woody, multiple from base, suckering, erect to reclining or clambering, to +2m tall, glabrous, terete, often terminating with a thick thorn.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile to short petiolate, stipulate. Stipules large, foliaceous. Petioles to 5mm long. Blade obovate to elliptic-ovate or oblong, tapering to base, shiny green above, dull grey-green below, obtuse to acute, crenulate, to +/-7cm long, +/-4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Flowers appearing just before or with new seasons leaves. Flowers axillary on previous seasons buds.
Flowers - Corolla rotate, 3.5-4cm broad. Petals 5, free, clawed, glabrous, suborbicular, to 1.6cm in diameter, white. Stamens +40, in few whorls. Filaments glabrous, +1cm long. Anthers 1-2mm long, yellow. Styles 5, slightly thickened below stigmas. Ovary inferior, 5-locular. Placentation axile. Hypanthium campanulate, constricted at base, -8mm in diameter, 7mm long(tall), green, glabrous. Sepals 5, alternating with petals, 5-6mm long, 4-5mm broad, obtuse at apex. Pome ellipsoid to ovoid or pyriform, to +6cm long, greenish-purple, bitter in flavor.
Flowering - March - May.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Native to Asia.
Other info. - This is a very popular plant in cultivation in Missouri and elsewhere. The common name is "Flowering Quince" but true Quince is a different plant, Cydonia oblonga Miller. (Rosaceae).
The fruit of C. lagenaria is edible but it is very bitter. The fruit gets more medicinal use than culinary use as it is believed to cure many ailments.
This cultivar has white flowers but the typical flower color of the species is pink to red. You can see a typical plant in the "Red Flowers Alternate" section of this website.
A synonym for the species is C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai
Stems - Woody, multiple from base, suckering, erect to reclining or clambering, to +2m tall, glabrous, terete, often terminating with a thick thorn.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile to short petiolate, stipulate. Stipules large, foliaceous. Petioles to 5mm long. Blade obovate to elliptic-ovate or oblong, tapering to base, shiny green above, dull grey-green below, obtuse to acute, crenulate, to +/-7cm long, +/-4cm broad.
Inflorescence - Flowers appearing just before or with new seasons leaves. Flowers axillary on previous seasons buds.
Flowers - Corolla rotate, 3.5-4cm broad. Petals 5, free, clawed, glabrous, suborbicular, to 1.6cm in diameter, white. Stamens +40, in few whorls. Filaments glabrous, +1cm long. Anthers 1-2mm long, yellow. Styles 5, slightly thickened below stigmas. Ovary inferior, 5-locular. Placentation axile. Hypanthium campanulate, constricted at base, -8mm in diameter, 7mm long(tall), green, glabrous. Sepals 5, alternating with petals, 5-6mm long, 4-5mm broad, obtuse at apex. Pome ellipsoid to ovoid or pyriform, to +6cm long, greenish-purple, bitter in flavor.
Flowering - March - May.
Habitat - Cultivated.
Origin - Native to Asia.
Other info. - This is a very popular plant in cultivation in Missouri and elsewhere. The common name is "Flowering Quince" but true Quince is a different plant, Cydonia oblonga Miller. (Rosaceae).
The fruit of C. lagenaria is edible but it is very bitter. The fruit gets more medicinal use than culinary use as it is believed to cure many ailments.
This cultivar has white flowers but the typical flower color of the species is pink to red. You can see a typical plant in the "Red Flowers Alternate" section of this website.
A synonym for the species is C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月14日
Family - Rhamnaceae
Stems - Woody, multiple from base, to 1m tall, branching, ferruginous, sparse pubescent, rugose. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules 4.5mm long, 1mm broad, pubescent, attenuate. Petioles to 7mm long, pubescent. Blades to 6cm long, -3cm broad, oblong-elliptic to lance-oblong, crenate-serrate, blunt to acute, densely pubescent(villous) and dull below, deep green and pubescent above, rounded to cuneate at base.
Inflorescence - Terminal panicles from new growth. Peduncles shorter then subtending leaf, to 2cm long, lanate. Pedicels white, to 1.4cm long, .6mm in diameter, expanding just below hypanthium.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, long clawed, spreading, glabrous, to 2.5mm long. Limb to 1.2mm broad, cupped. Stamens 5, opposite petals, erect. Filaments to 2mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers .2mm long, yellow. Style 3-lobed, 2mm long, glabrous, white. Ovary 3-locular, green, surrounded by peringynous disk. Calyx lobes 5, in-curved, white, glabrous, to 1.6mm long. Hypanthium white, 1mm long, persistent.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Upland and rocky prairies, loess hills, glades, rocky woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Steyermark lists two varieties for this species in the state. The plant described above is var. pubescens T.&G. ex Wats. A synonym for this variety is C. herbaceous var. pubescens (T.&G.) Shinners. This is the most common variation found in the state. The other variety, var. ovatus, has leaves which are glabrous to only sparse pubescent below.
This species is scattered throughout portions of the state but is most frequent in the western half of the state. Another species, C. americanus L., resembles this species but the former has more ovate leaves, more cylindric inflorescences, and longer peduncles. C. americanus is listed in this same section of this website. Both species are brewed as tea for medicinal uses.
Stems - Woody, multiple from base, to 1m tall, branching, ferruginous, sparse pubescent, rugose. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules 4.5mm long, 1mm broad, pubescent, attenuate. Petioles to 7mm long, pubescent. Blades to 6cm long, -3cm broad, oblong-elliptic to lance-oblong, crenate-serrate, blunt to acute, densely pubescent(villous) and dull below, deep green and pubescent above, rounded to cuneate at base.
Inflorescence - Terminal panicles from new growth. Peduncles shorter then subtending leaf, to 2cm long, lanate. Pedicels white, to 1.4cm long, .6mm in diameter, expanding just below hypanthium.
Flowers - Petals 5, white, long clawed, spreading, glabrous, to 2.5mm long. Limb to 1.2mm broad, cupped. Stamens 5, opposite petals, erect. Filaments to 2mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers .2mm long, yellow. Style 3-lobed, 2mm long, glabrous, white. Ovary 3-locular, green, surrounded by peringynous disk. Calyx lobes 5, in-curved, white, glabrous, to 1.6mm long. Hypanthium white, 1mm long, persistent.
Flowering - April - June.
Habitat - Upland and rocky prairies, loess hills, glades, rocky woods.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Steyermark lists two varieties for this species in the state. The plant described above is var. pubescens T.&G. ex Wats. A synonym for this variety is C. herbaceous var. pubescens (T.&G.) Shinners. This is the most common variation found in the state. The other variety, var. ovatus, has leaves which are glabrous to only sparse pubescent below.
This species is scattered throughout portions of the state but is most frequent in the western half of the state. Another species, C. americanus L., resembles this species but the former has more ovate leaves, more cylindric inflorescences, and longer peduncles. C. americanus is listed in this same section of this website. Both species are brewed as tea for medicinal uses.
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