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Miss Chen
2017年08月05日
Description: This perennial plant is usually 1-2' tall, but sometimes it becomes considerably higher; this plant often branches in the upper half. The stems are are pale green, terete, and pubescent-hairy; they have vertical lines of fine hairs. Both alternate and opposite leaves occur along the length of the central stem. The leaves are up to 5" long and 2" across; they are lanceolate in outline, but their structure is primarily simple-pinnate (although some leaves may be double-pinnate with secondary lobes that are few in number and small in size). The primary lobes are narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate in shape and shallow to moderately deep, tapering to blunt narrow tips; the sinuses between the lobes are either flat or concave. Depending on the local ecotype, these lobes are widely spaced along the leaf margins, or they are more abundant and crowded. The leaf margins are toothless or nearly so, and they are either flat or somewhat elevated. Both the upper and lower leaf surfaces are grayish green or whitish green and more or less covered with short fine pubescence.
Western Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) is monoecious, producing spike-like racemes of staminate (male) florets from the upper stems, while cyme-like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are produced below. The staminate racemes are 1-4" in length (becoming longer as they mature), cylindrical in outline, and whitish to yellowish green. The staminate flowerheads are produced along the entire length of their racemes, facing in all directions. Each staminate flowerhead spans 2-5 mm. across, becoming short-campanulate (short bell-shaped) during the blooming period. Each staminate flowerhead has 3-5 phyllaries (floral bracts) that are broadly ovate and pubescent; they are arranged in a single series and joined together along their lower halves. The interior of each staminate flowerhead has 4 or more staminate florets; these florets have stamens with yellow anthers. The peduncles of staminate flowerheads are 1-4 mm. long and pubescent; these flowerheads often droop from their short peduncles. Underneath a cluster of pistillate flowerheads there is a leafy outer bract up to 1¼" long. In addition, pairs of smaller outer bracts are located immediately below individual pistillate flowerheads. Each pistillate flowerhead has a cup-shaped involucre about 8 mm. long and 3 mm. across that has several tooth-like projections; this involucre consists of fused phyllaries (floral bracts) and it is pubescent. The interior of this flowerhead contains a single pistillate floret. The blooming period can occur from mid-summer to autumn, lasting about 1-3 weeks for a colony of plants. The florets are cross-pollinated by the wind. Afterwards, the pistillate florets are replaced by achenes. Mature achenes are 2.5–4 mm. long, dark brown, and obovoid in shape; each achene usually has a short beak at its apex and about 4 tiny tubercles around the edge of its upper margin. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. This plant often forms clonal colonies of varying size from its rhizomes.
Cultivation: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and poor soil. Although this plant can grow perfectly well in moist fertile soil, in Illinois it is usually found on drier soil that contains significant amounts of clay, sand, or gravelly material, as this reduces competition from other ground vegetation. This plant is easy to grow, but it can become aggressive in situations that are well-drained and sunny. It doesn't appear to be bothered much by foliar disease.
Range & Habitat: Western Ragweed occurs occasionally in northern and western Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). It is unclear if this plant is adventive from the west, or native to Illinois. Habitats include upland areas of prairies, old cemeteries, areas along railroads, roadsides, abandoned fields, pastures, and barren waste areas. Western Ragweed is more common in disturbed areas, especially if the soil contains clay, sand, or gravel. Sometimes this plant is used in prairie restorations, or it shows up unexpectedly in prairie restorations as a result of contaminated seed.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are wind-pollinated and rarely attract pollen- or nectar-seeking insects. Caterpillars of the Common Pinkband (Ogdoconta cinereola), Ragweed Flower Moth (Schinia rivulosa), and other moths feed on Western Ragweed and other ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.); see the Moth Table) for a listing of these species. Such grasshoppers as the Little Pasture Grasshopper (Melanoplus confusus), Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum), and Migratory Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) feed on the foliage of Western Ragweed (see Grasshopper Table). These grasshoppers are an important source of food to some insectivorous songbirds and upland gamebirds. Other insects that feed on Western Ragweed include the Brown Ambrosia Aphid (Uroleucon ambrosiae), the stink bugs Chlorochroa persimilis and Chlorochroa uhleri, and such leaf beetles as Exema dispar, Microrhopala xerene, and Zygogramma suturalis. Like Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), the seeds of Western Ragweed are a popular source of food for many kinds of granivorous songbirds and upland gamebirds (see Bird Table). The seeds are nutritious and remain available through the winter months. Some rodents eat the seeds, including the Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel (Martin et al., 1951/1961). Mammalian herbivores eat the bitter foliage of this and other ragweeds to a limited extent.
Photographic Location: Photographs were taken at the Windsor Road Prairie in Champaign, Illinois.
Comments: Like other ragweeds, the airborne pollen of Western Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) can cause allergic reactions in people during the late summer and fall. This plant has high ecological value to birds, grasshoppers, and other insects. Across its range, there is some variability in the pubescence of its foliage, and in the number and shape of the primary lobes of its leaves. Western Ragweed resembles Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) to some extent. However, the leaves of Western Ragweed are usually simple-pinnate, while the leaves of Common Ragweed are double-pinnate and more deeply lobed. Plants that display mixed characteristics may be hybrids of these two species.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月05日
Description: This perennial plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves that are about 6-12" long and 2-3 mm. across. These erect to semi-erect leaves are linear, flat, and often slightly arching; they are medium green and glabrous. Each leaf has a poorly defined keel along its midvein, while its margins are smooth. Occasionally, flowering stalks emerge from the ground that are about the same height as the leaves, or slightly higher. These stalks are terete (round in cross-section), rather than flat, and they are held stiffly erect. Each stalk terminates in an inflorescence that has a sack-like covering spanning about ¾" across. This sack-like covering is white-membranous and ovoid in shape, tapering into a long beak at its apex. This covering splits open and withers away to reveal an umbel of about 6-12 pedicellate flowers or a similar number of sessile bulblets (frequently some combination of both).
The star-shaped flowers are about ½" across. Each flower has 6 tepals, 6 stamens, and a light green ovary with a style. The tepals are lanceolate to elliptic in shape and white, light pink, or pink. The bulblets are about ¼" long, ovoid in shape, and light green to pinkish red. Wild Garlic is especially likely to flower or have reddish bulblets in a sunny situation. The pedicels of the flowers are about ¾" long, medium green, glabrous, and terete. The blooming period occurs during early summer and lasts about 3-4 weeks. There is no noticeable floral scent, although the foliage exudes a typical onion scent. After the blooming period, the flowers are replaced by seed capsules; each capsule contains several small dark seeds. The root system consists of a bulb with thick fibrous roots, from which offsets may occasionally develop. This plant can also reproduce by its seeds and/or aerial bulblets.
Cultivation: The preference is full sun or partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and a fertile loam. This plant also grows in light shade in wooded areas, but it is less likely to flower (instead, only aerial bulblets are produced). While growth is best in a fertile loam, other kinds of soil are tolerated. Periods of dry weather are also tolerated. While Wild Garlic spreads readily by means of offsets and bulblets, it often fails to produce viable seeds. This is one of the first plants to develop leaves during the spring.
Range & Habitat: Wild Garlic occurs in every county of Illinois, where it is native and quite common. Habitats include moist to mesic black soil prairies, upland and floodplain woodlands, moist meadows near rivers and woodlands, thickets, banks of streams, thinly wooded bluffs, abandoned fields, pastures, areas along railroads, roadsides, and waste areas. Wild Garlic has low fidelity to any particular habitat; it is often observed in degraded prairies and woodlands. This plant doesn't compete well against taller forbs, such as Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), preferring areas with less ground cover.
Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract the Onion Bee (Heriades carinatum), mason bees (Hoplitis spp.), Stelid bees (Stelis spp.), Halictid bees (Lasioglossum spp.), plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), masked bees (Hylaeus spp.), Syrphid flies, bee flies (Bombylius spp.), and wasps. Other insects suck plant juices, feed on bulbs, and other parts of Wild Garlic and other Allium spp. These species include the Green Stink Bug (Acrosternum hilaris), the Onion Plant Bug (Lindbergocapsus allii), larvae of the False Japanese Beetle (Strigoderma arbicola), the Onion Maggot (Delia antiqua), larvae of the Black Onion Fly (Tritoxa flava), larvae of the Onion Bulb Fly (Eumerus strigatus), and Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci). During the early spring when little else is green, the vernal basal leaves of Wild Garlic are occasionally browsed by White-tailed Deer (personal observation). Other hoofed mammalian herbivores, such as cattle, will consume Wild Garlic along with grass and other plants. This can cause the milk of such animals to have an off-flavor. Rabbits avoid consumption of this plant because they appear to dislike the onion scent and spicy taste of the foliage. The foliage and bulbs are edible to humans, although the consumption of large amounts may be slightly toxic.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at Red Bison Railroad Prairie in Savoy, Illinois.
Comments: This is the most common species of native onion (Allium sp.) in Illinois. Wild Garlic (Allium canadense) can be readily distinguished from other native onions, such as the Cliff Onion (Allium stellatum) and Nodding Onion (Allium cernuum), by the presence of aerial bulblets in its inflorescence. An introduced onion in Illinois, Field Garlic (Allium vineale), also produces such bulblets. However, the leaves of Field Garlic are elliptic in cross-section with a hollow interior (at least at their bases), while Wild Garlic has leaves that are flat and solid throughout. There is a variety of the Wild Garlic (Allium canadense var. mobilense) that produces only flowers, rather than bulblets and flowers, or only bulblets. However, it is less common than the typical variety, as shown in the photographs.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月05日
Description: This perennial plant is 2-3½' tall, branching occasionally near the apex. The four-angled stems are light green and glabrous to finely pubescent. The opposite leaves are up to 4" long and 2" across, and they have short petioles. The leaves are cordate to broadly lanceolate in shape and their margins are crenate to crenate-serrate. The upper surface of the leaves is conspicuously veined and dull green, while the lower surface is white and finely canescent. The foliage has an anise scent.
The upper stems terminate in spikes of flowers about 3-6" long. The small flowers are arranged in dense whorls that are crowded along the spike, although sometimes the whorls are less crowded and more interrupted. The calyx of a flower is tubular and has five teeth; it is usually dull blue-violet or a similar color, becoming more colorful toward its tips. The tubular flowers are about 1/3" (8 mm.) long, extending beyond the calyx. They are blue-violet. The corolla of a flower is divided into a short upper lip and a longer lower lip. The lower lip has 2 small lateral lobes and a larger central lobe. Exerted from the throat of the flower are 4 stamens with blue-violet anthers, and a style that is cleft toward its tip. The flowers bloom in scattered locations along the spikes for about 1-2 months from mid- to late summer. During this time, calyx of each flower remains somewhat colorful. There is no floral scent. The flowers are replaced by nutlets that are oval-shaped and smooth. The root system produces a taproot.
Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, and mesic to dry conditions. The soil can consist of loam, clay-loam, or contain some rocky material. Foliar disease isn't a significant problem, although some of the lower leaves may drop from the central stem in response to a drought. Occasionally, slugs and insects will feed on the leaves, creating holes. This member of the Mint family is more resistant to drought than many others.
Range & Habitat: In the wild, Anise Hyssop is rare in Illinois; it is known to occur in only Menard county in central Illinois (see Distribution Map). This species is more common in areas that lie northwest of Illinois. Typical habitats include openings in dry upland forests, upland areas of prairies, scrubby barrens, and thickets. Cultivated forms of Anise Hyssop are often grown in flower gardens; these cultivars are often hybrids and vary in their fidelity to the wild forms of this plant. In Menard county, the population of plants was likely introduced. Other populations in the wild, if they exist, are likely to be plants that have escaped cultivation.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by honeybees, bumblebees, digger bees (Melissodes spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees (Lasioglossum spp., etc.), and Masked bees (Hylaeus spp.), which seek nectar or pollen. The flowers are also visited by an oligolectic bee, Dufourea monardae, which has extended its range into Illinois. Other occasional floral visitors are Syrphid flies, bee flies, and various butterflies, skippers, and moths. Mammalian herbivores normally avoid consumption of this plant as the anise scent of the foliage is repugnant to them. The anise scent may also deter some leaf-chewing insect species.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken of plants growing in the wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: Because of its rarity, Anise Hyssop is not normally thought of as a prairie species in Illinois, nor does it appear in many field guides of prairie plants for the tallgrass prairie. This plant does occur in the northwestern area of the tallgrass prairie, however, with a few scattered remnant populations elsewhere. Other members of this genus are woodland species. One of them, Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Purple Giant Hyssop), has flowers with similar coloration to Anise Hyssop. However, the foliage of Purple Giant Hyssop doesn't have an anise scent and the the undersides of its leaves are green, rather than white. Purple Giant Hyssop is more pubescent or hairier than Anise Hyssop, and it tends to be a taller plant. The calyx of each flower remains green for this species, unlike Anise Hyssop, where each calyx assumes a coloration that is more similar to the flowers. This latter characteristic can cause Anise Hyssop to look like it is in flower, even when it is not.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月05日
Description: This plant is a summer annual about 1-2' tall that usually branches abundantly. It is more or less erect. The slender stems are rather angular with flat ridges, green to reddish purple, and hairless to mostly hairless. The opposite leaves are up to 3" long and 1/8" (3 mm.) across; they are green to purplish/reddish green, linear, glabrous, and sessile.
Individual flowers and their buds are produced from the axils of the leaves on the upper and outer stems; these flowering stems can be regarded as leafy racemes. The swollen flower buds are conspicuously white. Each flower is about ½–¾" across, consisting of a short tubular corolla with 5 petal-like lobes and a tubular calyx with 5 short teeth. The corolla is pink, purplish pink, or medium purple; its 5 rounded lobes are quite large in relation to its tubular base. The lobes are finely ciliate along their margins. The lower interior of the corolla has dark purple spots and a pair of faint yellow lines. Near the upper interior of the corolla, there are 4 stamens with hairy white anthers and an undivided white style (sometimes with a pale yellow tip). The slender pedicels of the flowers are green to reddish purple; they are usually as long or longer than the flowers (at least ½" long). The blooming period occurs during the late summer or early fall and lasts about 2-3 weeks. Each flower lasts only a day or two before its corolla falls to the ground. There is no noticeable floral scent. Each flower is replaced by a globoid seed capsule containing many small seeds that can be blown about by the wind. The root system is fibrous. Slender False Foxglove is partially parasitic on other plants.
Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist to slightly dry conditions, and a rather loose, friable soil containing silt or sand that is slightly to moderately acidic. This species also adapts to thin rocky soil. Its growth is more robust when a suitable host plant is present nearby.
Range & Habitat: Slender False Foxglove is occasional throughout Illinois, where it is native. Habitats include moist to mesic prairies, sand prairies, savannas, sandy savannas, woodland borders, sandstone glades, thickets, low sand flats, silty or sandy roadside ditches, and edges of fields. This species tends to occur in slightly disturbed habitats with infertile soil and sparse ground vegetation. It has low fidelity to any particular habitat.
Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts long-tongued bees (bumblebees, honeybees, and Large Leaf-Cutting bees), Panurgine bees (Calliopsis andreniformis & others), and butterflies. Some Halictid bees collect pollen, while Syrphid flies occasionally feed on the pollen. Large Leaf-Cutting bees (Megachile spp.) sometimes cut the petals (lobes) of the flowers for nesting material. Among these various insects, the long-tongued bees and Panurgine bees are more effective at cross-pollination of the flowers (see Robertson, 1929). The caterpillars of the butterfly Junonia coenia (Buckeye) feed on the foliage. Mammalian herbivores may browse on the foliage of Slender False Foxglove, although it is reportedly toxic to sheep.
Photographic Location: The edge of a field in Vermilion County, Illinois. This species was also growing along the roadside in the same area.
Comments: Slender False Foxglove is very showy during the short period in which it is in full bloom. This is the most common and widespread Agalinus sp. in Illinois, probably because it can adapt to a broad range of habitats. There is some variation in the length of the leaves, the presence or absence of fascicled leaves, the size of the flowers, and the color of the flowers across different local populations. Such minor variations have led to the description of different varieties and even different species by some authorities. Generally, Slender False Foxglove differs from many other Agalinus spp. by having flowers with shorter corolla tubes and longer pedicels. In contrast, Agalinus purpureus (Purple False Foxglove) has more elongated flowers (up to 1" long) and shorter pedicels (less than ¼"). Slender False Foxglove also has darker foliage (green to reddish purple) and darker seeds than some Agalinus spp. Members of this latter group (e.g., Agalinus skinneriana) have pale green to yellowish green foliage and pale-colored seeds.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月05日
Description: This annual plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. It has a tendency to sprawl in the absence of supportive vegetation. The dark green stems are grooved and hairless. The opposite leaves are 1-3" long, dark green, and linear. They have smooth margins and a prominent midvein. The leaves are usually hairless, although new growth may be slightly pubescent. Secondary leaves may develop from the axils of the primary leaves along the central stem, but they are smaller in size than the latter. Some of the upper stems develop racemes of flowers. These flowers are up to 1" long and across, and vary in color from lavender to purple.
The corolla of each flower is tubular and has 5 spreading lobes that are ciliate, consisting of 2 upper lobes, 2 sides lobes, and a lower lobe. Within the throat of the corolla there are specks of dark purple and 2 patches of pale yellow. There are abundant white hairs within the corolla where the reproductive organs are located. The anthers are pale yellow and the narrow style is white. The green calyx is tubular and divided into 5 triangular lobes. These lobes are one-half the length of the calyx tube or less. The calyx is hairless and has little or no reticulation. The blooming period occurs from late summer until the fall, and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral scent. After the flowers are fertilized and wither away, there develops rounded capsules that are a little longer than the calyx tube. These capsules contain numerous tiny seeds. When the capsules split open at the top, gusts of wind can distribution the seeds a considerable distance. The root system is fibrous and possibly parasitic on other species of plants. Purple False Foxglove spreads by reseeding itself, and does not reproduce vegetatively.
Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, and moist soil that is sandy or peaty. Because the seeds are small, young plantlets may wither away if they are allowed to become too dry. A soil with an acid pH is preferred.
Stem & Leaves
Range & Habitat: Purple False Foxglove occurs occasionally throughout Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. This is one of the more common Agalinis spp. in the state. Habitats include moist sand prairies, sandy savannas, paths and openings in sandy woodlands, boggy areas, and interdunal sandflats near Lake Michigan. This plant appears to thrive in areas with occasional disturbance as this removes some of the competing vegetation.
Faunal Associations: Bumblebees, digger bees (Melissodes spp.), and leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.) visit the flowers for nectar and pollen. The caterpillars of the butterfly Junonia coenia (Buckeye) feed on the foliage. A flea beetle, Kuschelina fallax, feeds on a very similar species, Agalinis fasciculata (Beach False Foxglove), and it is possible that this flea beetle feeds on other Agalinis spp., including Purple False Foxglove. Very little appears to be known about the relationships of these plants to mammalian herbivores as sources of food.
Photographic Location: Along a path in a sandy savanna at Hooper Branch Savanna Nature Preserve in Iroquois County, Illinois, where this plant species is locally abundant.
Comments: The flowers are quite attractive and produced in abundance during the late summer or fall. At one time the scientific name for this species was Gerardia purpurea, but the purple-flowered false foxgloves were reassigned to the genus Agalinis, while the yellow-flowered false foxgloves were reassigned to the genus Aureolaria. Distinguishing the different Agalinis spp. can be tricky as they have similar foliage and flowers. Purple False Foxglove has larger flowers (up to 1" long and across) than some other Agalinis spp. and they occur on pedicels (flowering stalks) that are shorter than the tubular calyx (the pedicels are about 1/8" long). The flowers are always some shade of purple or lavender, while the flowers of some Agalinis spp. are often pinkish in appearance. Purple False Foxglove is quite similar in appearance to Agalinis fasciculata (Beach False Foxglove), however this latter species has secondary leaves that are nearly as large as the primary leaves (i.e., the leaves appear to be whorled along the major stems). If they are present, such secondary leaves are smaller in size than the primary leaves in Purple False Foxglove.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月04日
Aphids
Aphids can weaken peanut plants as well as spread disease. The 1/16-inch-long light green bugs multiply rapidly, and by sucking sap from plants can cause considerable damage in a short time. Check the plants regularly and control aphids with insecticidal soap sprays.
Leaf Spot
Leaf spot is a fungus that's especially prevalent in areas where the weather is warm and moist. Small spots with light centers appear on plant leaves, eventually causing the leaves to turn yellow and drop off. To control leaf spot, rotate crops, plant certified disease-free seeds, remove and burn damaged leaves, and stay away from plants when they're wet.
Nematodes
Nematodes are microscopic eel-like creatures that can be beneficial or harmful. Several species of nematodes plague southern gardeners, stunting plant growth, killing root systems and cutting down yields. In addition to feeding on plant roots, they may also carry and spread disease. Stunted, yellowed and wilted plants are symptomatic of nematode damage. Preventive measures include crop rotation and adding loads of organic matter to your garden before planting. For information on nematode control in your area, contact your Extension Service agent.
Leafhoppers
Potato leafhoppers suck on the undersides of leaves, spreading diseases and causing the tips of peanut leaves to turn yellow. These tiny green insects are sometimes referred to as "sharpshooters" because of their wedgelike shape. To prevent leafhopper damage, control weeds around your garden and cover plants with floating row covers. If leafhoppers succeed in infesting your plants, spray with pyrethrum.
Rootworms
Southern corn rootworms bore into young plants and feed on peanut pegs and pods in the soil. These insects can slow healthy growth or even kill entire peanut plants. They're about 1/2 inch long, slender and yellowish white with a brown head. This pest is the larval stage of the spotted cucumber beetle. To control corn rootworms, treat your soil with beneficial nematodes.
Thrips
Thrips are microscopic pests that can transmit diseases among vegetables - especially in hot, humid climates. If you notice damage in the form of whitish patches on leaves, control with insecticidal soap or destroy severely infested plants.
Grubs
White grubs live in the soil and feed on the underground parts of peanut plants. The larvae are smooth and grayish white with hard brown heads. Mature grubs have curved 1/2- to one-inch-long bodies with six prominent legs. Control grub damage by growing green manure crops and by not planting peanuts where grass recently grew. Treat the soil with beneficial nematodes or milky spore powder.
Wireworms
Wireworms vary in color from dark brown to pale yellow and reach 1/2 to 1-1/4 inches long when fully grown. Their segmented bodies are hard and shiny, and like white grubs, wireworms feed on roots and other underground parts of peanut plants. Control wireworms with beneficial nematodes.
Aphids can weaken peanut plants as well as spread disease. The 1/16-inch-long light green bugs multiply rapidly, and by sucking sap from plants can cause considerable damage in a short time. Check the plants regularly and control aphids with insecticidal soap sprays.
Leaf Spot
Leaf spot is a fungus that's especially prevalent in areas where the weather is warm and moist. Small spots with light centers appear on plant leaves, eventually causing the leaves to turn yellow and drop off. To control leaf spot, rotate crops, plant certified disease-free seeds, remove and burn damaged leaves, and stay away from plants when they're wet.
Nematodes
Nematodes are microscopic eel-like creatures that can be beneficial or harmful. Several species of nematodes plague southern gardeners, stunting plant growth, killing root systems and cutting down yields. In addition to feeding on plant roots, they may also carry and spread disease. Stunted, yellowed and wilted plants are symptomatic of nematode damage. Preventive measures include crop rotation and adding loads of organic matter to your garden before planting. For information on nematode control in your area, contact your Extension Service agent.
Leafhoppers
Potato leafhoppers suck on the undersides of leaves, spreading diseases and causing the tips of peanut leaves to turn yellow. These tiny green insects are sometimes referred to as "sharpshooters" because of their wedgelike shape. To prevent leafhopper damage, control weeds around your garden and cover plants with floating row covers. If leafhoppers succeed in infesting your plants, spray with pyrethrum.
Rootworms
Southern corn rootworms bore into young plants and feed on peanut pegs and pods in the soil. These insects can slow healthy growth or even kill entire peanut plants. They're about 1/2 inch long, slender and yellowish white with a brown head. This pest is the larval stage of the spotted cucumber beetle. To control corn rootworms, treat your soil with beneficial nematodes.
Thrips
Thrips are microscopic pests that can transmit diseases among vegetables - especially in hot, humid climates. If you notice damage in the form of whitish patches on leaves, control with insecticidal soap or destroy severely infested plants.
Grubs
White grubs live in the soil and feed on the underground parts of peanut plants. The larvae are smooth and grayish white with hard brown heads. Mature grubs have curved 1/2- to one-inch-long bodies with six prominent legs. Control grub damage by growing green manure crops and by not planting peanuts where grass recently grew. Treat the soil with beneficial nematodes or milky spore powder.
Wireworms
Wireworms vary in color from dark brown to pale yellow and reach 1/2 to 1-1/4 inches long when fully grown. Their segmented bodies are hard and shiny, and like white grubs, wireworms feed on roots and other underground parts of peanut plants. Control wireworms with beneficial nematodes.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Asteraceae
Stems - Erect, to +2m tall, branching, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, hirsute to strigose, reddish-green.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, sessile above, scabrous, strigose. Lower leaves 3-lobed, scabrous, to +/-15cm long, +/-10cm broad. Upper leaves becoming simple, coarse serrate, attenuate, wih ciliate margins, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Tissue of leaves abruptly contracted at base and winging petiole.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of single flower heads terminating stem branches.
Involucre - Phyllaries to +/-1cm long, 2.5mm broad at base, in single series, recurving, ciliate-margined, typically 8 in number, scabrous, pubescent to strigose.
Ray flowers - Ligule yellow, to +/-2cm long, 7mm broad, notched at apex, glabrous to sparse appressed pubescent below, glabrous above. Achenes to 1.1mm long in flower, glabrous, white, somewhat compressed. Pappus absent or a minute crown. Flowers sterile.
Disk flowers - Disk to 1.2cm in diameter. Corolla deep purple, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 2.5mm long, glabrous. Lobes acute, .8mm long. Style bifurcate, deep purple. Achene 2mm long in flower, white, glabrous, 4-angled, black in fruit. Pappus absent or a minute crown. Receptacle conic. Chaff whitish below, deep purple at apex, glabrous, to 5.5mm long, acuminate.Flowering - June - November.
Habitat - Low wet woods, thickets, rocky slopes, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This is a tall, much-branched plant. The flowers are smaller than any other Rudbeckia in Missouri but the plant is still striking. It would do well in cultivation but it has a tendency to drop its leaves at anthesis and can look pretty ragged. A slightly moist soil will prevent this.
Our plants belong to var. triloba. A southeastern variety, var. pinnatiloba T.& G., has lower leaves with 5-7 lobes.
Stems - Erect, to +2m tall, branching, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, hirsute to strigose, reddish-green.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, sessile above, scabrous, strigose. Lower leaves 3-lobed, scabrous, to +/-15cm long, +/-10cm broad. Upper leaves becoming simple, coarse serrate, attenuate, wih ciliate margins, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Tissue of leaves abruptly contracted at base and winging petiole.
Inflorescence - Loose cymose arrangement of single flower heads terminating stem branches.
Involucre - Phyllaries to +/-1cm long, 2.5mm broad at base, in single series, recurving, ciliate-margined, typically 8 in number, scabrous, pubescent to strigose.
Ray flowers - Ligule yellow, to +/-2cm long, 7mm broad, notched at apex, glabrous to sparse appressed pubescent below, glabrous above. Achenes to 1.1mm long in flower, glabrous, white, somewhat compressed. Pappus absent or a minute crown. Flowers sterile.
Disk flowers - Disk to 1.2cm in diameter. Corolla deep purple, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 2.5mm long, glabrous. Lobes acute, .8mm long. Style bifurcate, deep purple. Achene 2mm long in flower, white, glabrous, 4-angled, black in fruit. Pappus absent or a minute crown. Receptacle conic. Chaff whitish below, deep purple at apex, glabrous, to 5.5mm long, acuminate.Flowering - June - November.
Habitat - Low wet woods, thickets, rocky slopes, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This is a tall, much-branched plant. The flowers are smaller than any other Rudbeckia in Missouri but the plant is still striking. It would do well in cultivation but it has a tendency to drop its leaves at anthesis and can look pretty ragged. A slightly moist soil will prevent this.
Our plants belong to var. triloba. A southeastern variety, var. pinnatiloba T.& G., has lower leaves with 5-7 lobes.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Brassicaceae
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, from rhizomes, glabrous, green or becoming purple in the strong sun, ribbed, to +/-35cm tall, branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid. Basal leaves to -10cm long, 2-2.5cm broad, with +/-6 main divisions per side. Cauline leaves similar but reduced. All leaves glabrous or with very few short hairs. Divisions of the leaves toothed. Upper leaves with thinner and fewer divisions than the lower. Tissue connecting the divisions of the leaves .2-.3mm broad (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +10cm long. Axis glabrous. Pedicels to 4mm long in flower, expanding to +/-1cm long in fruit, glabrous. Inflorescence compact in flower, quickly expanding. Siliques to 1cm long, 1mm in diameter, cylindric but slightly compressed, glabrous, with a beak to 1mm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, distinct, spatulate, yellow, glabrous, to +4mm long, 1.5mm broad, rounded at the apex. Stamens 6, erect, 4 larger and 2 smaller. Filaments yellow, glabrous, to 3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary cylindric, green-yellow, glabrous, 2mm long in flower, superior. Style .5mm long. Stigmas globose-capitate, .7mm broad. Sepals 4, distinct, yellow, erect to spreading, cupped, mostly glabrous but often with a few hairs at the apex externally, entire, 2-2.5mm long, to 1mm broad, subulate.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Moist low ground, streambanks, wet fields and meadows.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This little species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its yellow flower petals, which are 4-8mm long, and its pinnately divided leaves, which have toothed margins. The wet habitat of the plant and its creeping stems with fibrous roots are other good characteristics to look for.
Stems - Herbaceous, erect, from rhizomes, glabrous, green or becoming purple in the strong sun, ribbed, to +/-35cm tall, branching.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid. Basal leaves to -10cm long, 2-2.5cm broad, with +/-6 main divisions per side. Cauline leaves similar but reduced. All leaves glabrous or with very few short hairs. Divisions of the leaves toothed. Upper leaves with thinner and fewer divisions than the lower. Tissue connecting the divisions of the leaves .2-.3mm broad (use a lens to see).
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary racemes to +10cm long. Axis glabrous. Pedicels to 4mm long in flower, expanding to +/-1cm long in fruit, glabrous. Inflorescence compact in flower, quickly expanding. Siliques to 1cm long, 1mm in diameter, cylindric but slightly compressed, glabrous, with a beak to 1mm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, distinct, spatulate, yellow, glabrous, to +4mm long, 1.5mm broad, rounded at the apex. Stamens 6, erect, 4 larger and 2 smaller. Filaments yellow, glabrous, to 3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Ovary cylindric, green-yellow, glabrous, 2mm long in flower, superior. Style .5mm long. Stigmas globose-capitate, .7mm broad. Sepals 4, distinct, yellow, erect to spreading, cupped, mostly glabrous but often with a few hairs at the apex externally, entire, 2-2.5mm long, to 1mm broad, subulate.
Flowering - May - September.
Habitat - Moist low ground, streambanks, wet fields and meadows.
Origin - Native to Europe.
Other info. - This little species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its yellow flower petals, which are 4-8mm long, and its pinnately divided leaves, which have toothed margins. The wet habitat of the plant and its creeping stems with fibrous roots are other good characteristics to look for.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Salicaceae
Stems - Multiple from the base, woody, erect to ascending or reclining. A shrub to +5m tall. Twigs glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, terete, with spongy white pith, green or reddish in strong sun. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 3mm long, whitish green, glabrous or with some sericeous hairs. Blades linear-oblong, , mostly glabrous above, sericeous or not below, deep shiny green above, dull green below, acute, with unevenly-spaced shallow teeth on the margins (the teeth small and less than 13 per inch).
Inflorescence - (pistillate) - Terminal spike on new season's growth. Spike to +/-4cm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +8cm long. Axis of the inflorescence sericeous to tomentose, light green. Each flower subtended by and partially enclosed by one cupped bract. Bracts enclosing the flowers for about 2/3 of the total flower length. Bracts light green, ovate, sericeous, rounded at the apex, 2-3mm long in flower, -2mm broad. Flowers ascending, tightly overlapping, spiraled around the axis.
Flowers - (pistillate) - Green, sericeous, to +4mm long in flower, longer in fruit. Stigmas 2, each divided and appearing as 4, white in flower, -1mm long, spreading, sessile. Styles wanting. Ovary with many ovules. Staminate flowers not seen. Fruits brown, splitting into 2 halves vertically. Seeds comose. Coma white, like silk, 5-8mm long. Seeds brown, -1mm long, .2mm broad, cylindric.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Sand bars, gravel bars, mud flats, streambanks, oxbow lakes, river bottoms, flood plains.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Willow is common throughout nearly all of Missouri except in the bootheel of the state, where it is apparently absent. This species is typically found as a small shrub on gravel bars and mudflats. The plant spreads by underground stems and can form large colonies if left unchecked.
The pubescence of all parts of the plant is variable.
Stems - Multiple from the base, woody, erect to ascending or reclining. A shrub to +5m tall. Twigs glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, terete, with spongy white pith, green or reddish in strong sun. New growth sericeous, green.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 3mm long, whitish green, glabrous or with some sericeous hairs. Blades linear-oblong, , mostly glabrous above, sericeous or not below, deep shiny green above, dull green below, acute, with unevenly-spaced shallow teeth on the margins (the teeth small and less than 13 per inch).
Inflorescence - (pistillate) - Terminal spike on new season's growth. Spike to +/-4cm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +8cm long. Axis of the inflorescence sericeous to tomentose, light green. Each flower subtended by and partially enclosed by one cupped bract. Bracts enclosing the flowers for about 2/3 of the total flower length. Bracts light green, ovate, sericeous, rounded at the apex, 2-3mm long in flower, -2mm broad. Flowers ascending, tightly overlapping, spiraled around the axis.
Flowers - (pistillate) - Green, sericeous, to +4mm long in flower, longer in fruit. Stigmas 2, each divided and appearing as 4, white in flower, -1mm long, spreading, sessile. Styles wanting. Ovary with many ovules. Staminate flowers not seen. Fruits brown, splitting into 2 halves vertically. Seeds comose. Coma white, like silk, 5-8mm long. Seeds brown, -1mm long, .2mm broad, cylindric.
Flowering - May - June.
Habitat - Sand bars, gravel bars, mud flats, streambanks, oxbow lakes, river bottoms, flood plains.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species of Willow is common throughout nearly all of Missouri except in the bootheel of the state, where it is apparently absent. This species is typically found as a small shrub on gravel bars and mudflats. The plant spreads by underground stems and can form large colonies if left unchecked.
The pubescence of all parts of the plant is variable.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Poaceae
Stems - To 1.2m tall, erect, simple, multiple from base, forming tufts, typically glabrous, glaucous, annual.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-30cm long, +/-9mm broad, glabrous or somewhat strigose, entire, bluish-green. Auricles (when present) with a slightly wavy margin, scarious. Ligule a short membrane to +/-1mm tall. Leaf sheath open, glabrous or with the lowermost pubescent.
Inflorescence - Single terminal cylinder of spikelets to +10cm long. Spikelets single at each node of the inflorescence, somewhat depressed into the bent axis. Axis glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets light green with darker green lines, to 10mm long, ovoid. Glumes either with a short tooth at the tip or sometimes with an awn up to 6cm long. Lemmas typically with an awn reaching 8cm in length, sometimes without the awn and just with one or two short teeth.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Widely cultivated but also planted along roadsides and in disturbed areas. Escaped to waste ground, railroads.
Origin - Developed through cultivation possibly in the Middle East.
Other info. - Triticum is the common "wheat" of cultivation. Many cultivars and subspecies of wheat exist, which is why the plant can be so variable.
The plant can be found scattered throughout Missouri and is commonly planted for erosion control along roadsides, as well as in food plots for animals. Wild plants are not long persistent.
Stems - To 1.2m tall, erect, simple, multiple from base, forming tufts, typically glabrous, glaucous, annual.
Leaves - Leaf blades to +/-30cm long, +/-9mm broad, glabrous or somewhat strigose, entire, bluish-green. Auricles (when present) with a slightly wavy margin, scarious. Ligule a short membrane to +/-1mm tall. Leaf sheath open, glabrous or with the lowermost pubescent.
Inflorescence - Single terminal cylinder of spikelets to +10cm long. Spikelets single at each node of the inflorescence, somewhat depressed into the bent axis. Axis glabrous.
Flowers - Spikelets light green with darker green lines, to 10mm long, ovoid. Glumes either with a short tooth at the tip or sometimes with an awn up to 6cm long. Lemmas typically with an awn reaching 8cm in length, sometimes without the awn and just with one or two short teeth.
Flowering - May - July.
Habitat - Widely cultivated but also planted along roadsides and in disturbed areas. Escaped to waste ground, railroads.
Origin - Developed through cultivation possibly in the Middle East.
Other info. - Triticum is the common "wheat" of cultivation. Many cultivars and subspecies of wheat exist, which is why the plant can be so variable.
The plant can be found scattered throughout Missouri and is commonly planted for erosion control along roadsides, as well as in food plots for animals. Wild plants are not long persistent.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Cyperaceae
Stems - Flowering stems to +/-40cm tall, erect, sharply 3-angled, glabrous, light bluish-green, often glaucous, typically single from the base, from creeping rhizomes.
Leaves - Alternate, sheathing, to +/-10cm long, 3-7mm broad, glabrous.
Inflorescence - Staminate spikes superior to the pistillate, to 4cm long, -5mm in diameter. Pistillate spikes on short stalks or sessile, to +/-3cm long, 5-9mm in diameter, with 8-30 fruits.
Flowers - Perigynia light green to yellowish or brownish, plump, widest above the middle (obovate), +/-4mm long, -3mm broad, with a slightly bent beak. Styles 3, withering in fruit.
Flowering - March - June.
Habitat - Limestone and dolomite glades, bluffs, upland prairies, openings of dry upland forests, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Although this species can be found throughout much of Missouri, it is most common in the Ozark region where it is a characteristic glade and dry upland species. The plant is easy to identify because of its habitat, its light green-blue stems, and its long rhizomes. The plump, light-colored fruits are another good character to use for identification. The plant is sometimes found in more mesic areas and will grow taller and less erect than in the dry locations.
Stems - Flowering stems to +/-40cm tall, erect, sharply 3-angled, glabrous, light bluish-green, often glaucous, typically single from the base, from creeping rhizomes.
Leaves - Alternate, sheathing, to +/-10cm long, 3-7mm broad, glabrous.
Inflorescence - Staminate spikes superior to the pistillate, to 4cm long, -5mm in diameter. Pistillate spikes on short stalks or sessile, to +/-3cm long, 5-9mm in diameter, with 8-30 fruits.
Flowers - Perigynia light green to yellowish or brownish, plump, widest above the middle (obovate), +/-4mm long, -3mm broad, with a slightly bent beak. Styles 3, withering in fruit.
Flowering - March - June.
Habitat - Limestone and dolomite glades, bluffs, upland prairies, openings of dry upland forests, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - Although this species can be found throughout much of Missouri, it is most common in the Ozark region where it is a characteristic glade and dry upland species. The plant is easy to identify because of its habitat, its light green-blue stems, and its long rhizomes. The plump, light-colored fruits are another good character to use for identification. The plant is sometimes found in more mesic areas and will grow taller and less erect than in the dry locations.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月03日
Family - Aspleniaceae
Stems - Short scaly rhizomes, dark brown. With fibrous, dark roots.
Leaves - To 10cm long, pinnately divided twice or three times, green, glabrous. Pinnae alternate, 1-3cm long. Pinnules spatulate, erose or just toothed at the apical margin.
Inflorescence - Sori one to many on the abaxial surface of the pinnae, linear. Indusium attached along one side of the sori.
Flowers - No flowers produced. Sporangia black, with 32 spores each.
Flowering - Spores produced May - September.
Habitat - Dolomite and limestone bluffs, in cracks and holes in the rock.
Origin - Native to U.S. and Europe.
Other info. - This neat little fern can be found in the southeastern Ozark region of Missouri. The plant is very easy to ID in the field as nothing else looks like it and it has a very limited habitat. The species is, however, rarely seen by casual observers as it grows along high bluffs and on rocky outcrops.
This is a small plant which would look great in a shaded limestone rock garden.
Stems - Short scaly rhizomes, dark brown. With fibrous, dark roots.
Leaves - To 10cm long, pinnately divided twice or three times, green, glabrous. Pinnae alternate, 1-3cm long. Pinnules spatulate, erose or just toothed at the apical margin.
Inflorescence - Sori one to many on the abaxial surface of the pinnae, linear. Indusium attached along one side of the sori.
Flowers - No flowers produced. Sporangia black, with 32 spores each.
Flowering - Spores produced May - September.
Habitat - Dolomite and limestone bluffs, in cracks and holes in the rock.
Origin - Native to U.S. and Europe.
Other info. - This neat little fern can be found in the southeastern Ozark region of Missouri. The plant is very easy to ID in the field as nothing else looks like it and it has a very limited habitat. The species is, however, rarely seen by casual observers as it grows along high bluffs and on rocky outcrops.
This is a small plant which would look great in a shaded limestone rock garden.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月02日
Family - Anacardiaceae
Stems - Woody, single or multiple from base, branching, to 3m tall, reddish, glabrate, with lenticels. New seasons growth puberulent to tomentose.
Leaves - Alternate, odd-pinnate, petiolate. Petiole reddish above(adaxially), green below(abaxially), puberulent to tomentose, to 6cm long. Rachis between leaflets winged. Wings to 4mm broad, shiny green. Leaflets 5-11, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate, often slightly oblique at base, puberulent on midrib and veins above, pubescent below, deep green above, dull green below, to +7cm long, +3.5cm broad. Terminal leaflet sometimes divided, abruptly contracted at base and appearing to have a petiolule.
Inflorescence - Terminal thryse to +15cm long. Axis and branches of thryse tomentose. Plants polygamodioecious.
Flowers - Petals 5, greenish-yellow, 2.1m long, 1.2mm broad, with minutely ciliolate margins, spreading to reflexed. Sepals 5, pubescent, broadly ovate, green, 1mm long, 1mm broad. Pistillate flowers - Style 3-parted, .5mm long, yellow, thick, sparse pubescent. Stigmas capitate, yellow-orange. Ovary globose, tomentose to puberulent, .9mm in diameter. Staminal vestiges often present in pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers - Stamens 5, erect, exserted, alternating with petals. Filaments white, to 1.5mm long. Anthers yellow-orange, 1mm long. Drupes to 4mm in diameter, reddish, with simple and glandular pubescence.
Flowering - May - November.
Habitat - Prairies, thickets, open woods, glades, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is common throughout most of Missouri with the exception of most of the northern counties. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its winged leaves and the fact that it is a more compact species than any other Rhus in this state. The leaves turn a brilliant crimson red in the fall. Like many of the genus, this plant was used by indians to treat ailments such as dysentery and mouth sores.
Stems - Woody, single or multiple from base, branching, to 3m tall, reddish, glabrate, with lenticels. New seasons growth puberulent to tomentose.
Leaves - Alternate, odd-pinnate, petiolate. Petiole reddish above(adaxially), green below(abaxially), puberulent to tomentose, to 6cm long. Rachis between leaflets winged. Wings to 4mm broad, shiny green. Leaflets 5-11, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate, often slightly oblique at base, puberulent on midrib and veins above, pubescent below, deep green above, dull green below, to +7cm long, +3.5cm broad. Terminal leaflet sometimes divided, abruptly contracted at base and appearing to have a petiolule.
Inflorescence - Terminal thryse to +15cm long. Axis and branches of thryse tomentose. Plants polygamodioecious.
Flowers - Petals 5, greenish-yellow, 2.1m long, 1.2mm broad, with minutely ciliolate margins, spreading to reflexed. Sepals 5, pubescent, broadly ovate, green, 1mm long, 1mm broad. Pistillate flowers - Style 3-parted, .5mm long, yellow, thick, sparse pubescent. Stigmas capitate, yellow-orange. Ovary globose, tomentose to puberulent, .9mm in diameter. Staminal vestiges often present in pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers - Stamens 5, erect, exserted, alternating with petals. Filaments white, to 1.5mm long. Anthers yellow-orange, 1mm long. Drupes to 4mm in diameter, reddish, with simple and glandular pubescence.
Flowering - May - November.
Habitat - Prairies, thickets, open woods, glades, roadsides, railroads.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This species is common throughout most of Missouri with the exception of most of the northern counties. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its winged leaves and the fact that it is a more compact species than any other Rhus in this state. The leaves turn a brilliant crimson red in the fall. Like many of the genus, this plant was used by indians to treat ailments such as dysentery and mouth sores.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月02日
Family - Euphorbiaceae
Stems - From a single taproot, multiple from the base, branching, prostrate, herbaceous, terete, pilose at the base, moderately pilose to hirsute above, green to (more commonly) red, with milky sap, to +30cm long, forming mats.
Leaves - Opposite, short-petiolate. Petioles to 1mm long, pubescent as the stem. Blades oblique at the base, typically oblong to oblong-ovate, dull dark green above, whitish-green below, sometimes with a dark red splotch in the center, with few to many hairs above, much more hairy below, appearing entire but actually with shallow teeth along the entire margin, rounded at the apex, to +/-1.4cm long, +/-5mm broad. Main veins of the leaf all arising at the base of the blade, typically 3.
Inflorescence - Typically a single cyathium per leaf axil, appearing dense because of the short internodes of the upper stems.
Flowers - Involucre of the cyathium green, -2mm long, glabrous or sparse strigose, with 4 glands at the apex. Glands olive green, with small white to pinkish appendages. Appendages to .5mm broad, .3-.4mm long. Cyathia with a few hairs at the apex internally. Stamens 1-2 per cyathium. Filaments white, glabrous, .5-.7mm long. Anthers yellowish with some red, bilobed, .3mm broad. Capsule usually at 90 degrees to the cyathium, strigose, green, to -2mm long, 3-locular. Styles 3, .4-.5mm long, translucent, divided in apical 1/3 - 1/4, glabrous. Seeds 1-1.1mm long, brownish-purple when mature, with weak crossed ridges between the angles. Ridges coarse and few.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, cultivated ground, along sidewalks and streets, roadsides, railroads, glades.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species can be found throughout Missouri and is quite common. It is one of the most common weeds in the state and in the eastern U.S.
The plant is easy to ID because of its prostrate habit, opposite leaves and hairy stems. It can form large, circular mats nearly 1m or more in diameter.
The milky sap of this species and many plants in the family can be irritating or even toxic to some people so be careful when handling the plant.
Stems - From a single taproot, multiple from the base, branching, prostrate, herbaceous, terete, pilose at the base, moderately pilose to hirsute above, green to (more commonly) red, with milky sap, to +30cm long, forming mats.
Leaves - Opposite, short-petiolate. Petioles to 1mm long, pubescent as the stem. Blades oblique at the base, typically oblong to oblong-ovate, dull dark green above, whitish-green below, sometimes with a dark red splotch in the center, with few to many hairs above, much more hairy below, appearing entire but actually with shallow teeth along the entire margin, rounded at the apex, to +/-1.4cm long, +/-5mm broad. Main veins of the leaf all arising at the base of the blade, typically 3.
Inflorescence - Typically a single cyathium per leaf axil, appearing dense because of the short internodes of the upper stems.
Flowers - Involucre of the cyathium green, -2mm long, glabrous or sparse strigose, with 4 glands at the apex. Glands olive green, with small white to pinkish appendages. Appendages to .5mm broad, .3-.4mm long. Cyathia with a few hairs at the apex internally. Stamens 1-2 per cyathium. Filaments white, glabrous, .5-.7mm long. Anthers yellowish with some red, bilobed, .3mm broad. Capsule usually at 90 degrees to the cyathium, strigose, green, to -2mm long, 3-locular. Styles 3, .4-.5mm long, translucent, divided in apical 1/3 - 1/4, glabrous. Seeds 1-1.1mm long, brownish-purple when mature, with weak crossed ridges between the angles. Ridges coarse and few.
Flowering - May - October.
Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, cultivated ground, along sidewalks and streets, roadsides, railroads, glades.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This little species can be found throughout Missouri and is quite common. It is one of the most common weeds in the state and in the eastern U.S.
The plant is easy to ID because of its prostrate habit, opposite leaves and hairy stems. It can form large, circular mats nearly 1m or more in diameter.
The milky sap of this species and many plants in the family can be irritating or even toxic to some people so be careful when handling the plant.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月02日
Family - Cornaceae
Stems - A tree to +/-10m tall. Bark with square fissures. Twigs deep green to red, with malpighian hairs, opposite.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to -1cm long, pubescent as stem and sparse pilose. Blades ovate, entire, acute to acuminate, appressed pubescent above, densely appressed pubescent below with pilose hairs on the veins below, to +/-13cm long, +/-7cm broad, entire. Veins of leaves impressed adaxially, expressed abaxially. A silky thread is present when the leaves are pulled apart lengthwise.
Inflorescence - Single pedunculate flower cluster from between leaves of new seasons growth. Flowers appearing with or just before the leaves. Peduncle to 3.5cm long, densely pubescent as the stem, light green or with some red at base. Flowers +/-20 per cluster.
Flowers - White (sometimes pink) bracts subtending the flowers to +3cm long, 2.5cm broad, obcordate. Floral tube densely pubescent as stem, to 3mm long, 1.5mm in diameter, 5-lobed. Sepals 4, acute, .6-.7mm long. Petals 4, yellow-green, glabrous, 4mm long, pubescent as stem internally, glabrous externally. Stamens 4, exserted, erect, alternating with the petals. Filaments glabrous, whitish-green, 2-2.5mm long. Anthers 1.2mm long. Style green, 2.1mm long, pubescent as stem. Ovary inferior, 2-locular. Placentation axile.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Wooded slopes, ravines, bluffs, ridges, thickets, typically in acid soils.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This striking tree can be found growing wild in the lower 1/2 of Missouri. It is, however, widely cultivated throughout the rest of the state. A form with pink flowers, form rubra (Weston) Palm. & Steyerm., can be seen frequently in cultivation but less so in the wild. Here it is.
Stems - A tree to +/-10m tall. Bark with square fissures. Twigs deep green to red, with malpighian hairs, opposite.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petioles to -1cm long, pubescent as stem and sparse pilose. Blades ovate, entire, acute to acuminate, appressed pubescent above, densely appressed pubescent below with pilose hairs on the veins below, to +/-13cm long, +/-7cm broad, entire. Veins of leaves impressed adaxially, expressed abaxially. A silky thread is present when the leaves are pulled apart lengthwise.
Inflorescence - Single pedunculate flower cluster from between leaves of new seasons growth. Flowers appearing with or just before the leaves. Peduncle to 3.5cm long, densely pubescent as the stem, light green or with some red at base. Flowers +/-20 per cluster.
Flowers - White (sometimes pink) bracts subtending the flowers to +3cm long, 2.5cm broad, obcordate. Floral tube densely pubescent as stem, to 3mm long, 1.5mm in diameter, 5-lobed. Sepals 4, acute, .6-.7mm long. Petals 4, yellow-green, glabrous, 4mm long, pubescent as stem internally, glabrous externally. Stamens 4, exserted, erect, alternating with the petals. Filaments glabrous, whitish-green, 2-2.5mm long. Anthers 1.2mm long. Style green, 2.1mm long, pubescent as stem. Ovary inferior, 2-locular. Placentation axile.
Flowering - April - May.
Habitat - Wooded slopes, ravines, bluffs, ridges, thickets, typically in acid soils.
Origin - Native to U.S.
Other info. - This striking tree can be found growing wild in the lower 1/2 of Missouri. It is, however, widely cultivated throughout the rest of the state. A form with pink flowers, form rubra (Weston) Palm. & Steyerm., can be seen frequently in cultivation but less so in the wild. Here it is.
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