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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Oxalidaceae Stems - Absent. Scaly bulb present below ground. Leaves - Basal, trifoliolate, petiolate. Petioles to +10cm long, purplish, glabrous to pubescent. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, to +2cm long, +2.5cm broad, glabrous to sparse pubescent, entire, deep green to purplish-green above, purple below.
Inflorescence - Scapose umbels of +10 flowers arising from bulb. Scapes to +15cm tall, erect, longer than the leaves, whitish-green or with a pinkish tinge, glabrous to pubescent. Ray of umbel (pedicels) to +1cm long, glabrous or sparse pubescent.
Flowers - Petals 5, joined at base, purplish, with yellow and green at base, to 2cm long, 7mm broad, obtuse to truncate at apex, glabrous. Stamens 10, two sets of different sizes. Filaments connected at base. Anthers yellow. Pistil 5-carpellate. Styles 5. Sepals 5, greenish, subulate, to +5mm long, with orange mass(callosity) at apex, entire, typically glabrous. Capsule to 6mm long, elastically dehiscing from vertical sutures.
Flowering - April - July and often again in the fall. Habitat - Rocky open woods, glades, prairies, roadsides. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a common plant throughout the state. It forms large colonies where conditions are favorable. Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant based on pubescence. Variety tirchophora Fassett has gland tipped hairs on the petioles. Variety violacea has petioles which are glabrous. A white flowered plant is O. violacea var. violacea f. albida Fassett. Many people, like my dad, eat Oxalis. This can be bad because the plant contains oxalic acid which is secreted as calcium oxalate crystals. These crystals can give the plant a glaucous appearance. The sharp, jagged crystals botch your kidneys if ingested in large quantity, so eat the plant with moderation. Averrhoa carambola L. or "Star Fruit" is a member of the Oxalidaceae, and should also be eaten in moderation.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To +/-50cm tall, prostrate to erect, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, glabrous, terete, single or multiple from base, typically simple or branching.
Leaves - Leaves of flowering stems alternate, linear, sessile, to +3.5cm long, +/-3mm broad, glabrous, entire, glandular punctate. Margins slightly thickened. Inflorescence - Terminal compact raceme, elongating in fruit to +20cm long(tall). Axis sparse glandular pubescent to glabrous. Each flower subtended by a single bract. Bracts to 3mm long. Pedicels to 4mm long, glandular pubescent to glabrous.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, with lighter palate, spurred, bilabiate, glabrous externally, pubescent(bearded) internally. Upper lip erect, 2-lobed, to 5-6mm long. Lower lip to 8mm long, 1.3cm broad, glabrous, 3-lobed. Spur to 10mm long. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma capitate. Ovary glabrous, 2-locular. Calyx 5-lobed, accrescent. Lobes to 3mm long, 1mm broad (in flower), linear-oblong, acute, green, glandular pubescent. Capsules to 3mm long and broad, many seeded, glabrous.
Flowering - April - September. Habitat - Open ground, glades, bluffs, prairies, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This attractive little species can be found in the southern half of Missouri. The plant can be identified by its irregular blue flowers which have a big basal spur. The spur of the corolla is filled with nectar to attract pollinating insects. The spur is longer than the calyx in this species and is typically 5-10mm long. Another species, N. canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton, is similar but has smaller flowers with a spur 2-6mm long. This latter species is much less common in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Liliaceae Stems - Underground stem a bulb. Flowering stem (scape) to 30cm tall, glabrous, often glaucous, single from base, simple, herbaceous, erect, green below, purplish in inflorescence. Leaves - Basal, linear, entire, glabrous, to +20cm long, +5mm broad, grooved or broadly "U" shaped in cross section. Inflorescence - Terminal dense indeterminate raceme to +/-6cm long (tall). Pedicels to 5mm long, glabrous, slightly elongating in fruit.
Flowers - Perianth subglobose to urcreolate, blue-purple, glabrous, of united parts, to 6mm long, with 6 small lobes at apex. Lobes white, 1mm long. Stamens 6, adnate to base of perianth, included. Style 1, included. Stigma 3-lobed. Ovary superior, 3-locular. Capsules 3-angled, glabrous, glaucous, 5mm long and broad. Seeds 2 per locule, black.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Typically cultivated but also escaped to fields, pastures, old homesites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This is a very popular plant in cultivation because it is easy to grow and quite striking. The small blue inflated flowers are hard to miss. There are actually sterile and fertile flowers in the inflorescence. The sterile flowers are smaller and at the apex of the inflorescence.
This species can be found growing wild in a number of counties scattered throughout Missouri. There are at least two other species of Muscari in cultivation that have escaped into the wilds of the state.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Boraginaceae Stems - To +60cm tall, erect to ascending, multiple from base or sometimes single, glabrous, herbaceous, branching near apex, green with some purple at base, with a loose pith, from a caudex.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, sessile above, glabrous. Petioles winged, to +/-8cm long. Lowest blades ovate, entire, rounded to slightly emarginate at apex, to 20cm long, +11cm broad, dull green above, silvery-green below. Upper leaves reduced and becoming bracts at the base of the peduncles near apex of stem.
Inflorescence - Lateral cymes, compact in flower, elongating in fruit, glabrous. Pedicels to 3mm long in flower, elongating in fruit to +1.2cm. Flowers - Corolla bluish, salverform, to +3cm long, glabrous, tubular portion to +2cm long, expanded limb to -2cm broad. Stamens 5, adnate at base of expanded portion of corolla tube, included. Filaments to 5mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers bluish-tan when fresh, to +2mm long. Style bluish-white, glabrous, to +/-3cm long, filiform, included. Ovary superior, 2-lobed, with nectar ring at base, glabrous, light green. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 9mm long, greenish-purple, glabrous. Calyx lobes lanceolate-ovate, entire, green, 4mm long, 2.1mm broad(in flower). Nutlets rugose, 4.
Flowering - March - June. Habitat - Moist rich woods, bottoms, low slopes. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This striking plant is found nearly throughout Missouri but is probably absent from the extreme southwest corner of the state. The stems of the plant are subsucculent and nearly hollow so the plant is fragile. It grows well from seed and should be cultivated more. If left undisturbed, this species will thrive and form large colonies. Pink and white-flowered forms are mentioned by Steyermark and are rare in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - To 1m tall, 4-angled, erect or ascending, glabrous to pubescent, multiple from base, branching, herbaceous, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, to +1cm long, toothed to entire. Leaflets typically oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, toothed to entire, to +2cm long, -1cm broad, typically mucronate, glabrous to sparse arachnoid pubescent below. Inflorescence - Compact axillary pedunculate racemes, with up to 40 flowers. Peduncle to +/-3cm long, typically pubescent. Cluster globose to subglobose.
Flowers - Corolla purple to whitish, papilionaceous, to 1cm long. Standard to 1cm long, 5mm broad. Stamens diadelphous. Calyx tube to 5mm long, 2mm in diameter, 5-lobed, typically glabrous. Lobes attenuate, to 4mm long, equal to subequal.
Fruits - Coiled pods to 8mm long. Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated. Origin - Native to Eurasia. Other info. - M. sativa is the only species of Medicago in Missouri with purple flowers. As you can see from the above photos, the flowers are variable in color. The flowers of some cultivated plants can be greenish-yellow also. Some plants may also have fruits which are only slightly coiled to straight. The plant is also quite variable in its pubescence. Alfalfa is a very important crop because of its high protein content.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Malvaceae Stems - Herbaceous, erect, branching, from a woody caudex, to 1m tall, pilose, scabrous due to pustulate bases of trichomes, glaucous. Trichomes often with purplish bases.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate. Stipules entire, subulate, +/-6mm long, 2-3mm broad. Petioles with an adaxial groove, pubescent. The trichomes of the petioles sometimes forked and with purple bases. Leaf blades 3-5 lobed, ovate to orbicular in outline, +6cm long, 5-6cm broad, sparse pubescent adaxially, stellate pubescent abaxially. Lobes deeply dissected or not. Ultimate divisions of divided lobes ~2mm broad, acute.
Inflorescence - Terminal bracteate umbellate cluster of 2-7 flowers. Bracts reduced, foliaceous. Pedicels 8-10mm long, with forked long pubescence. Calyx closely subtended by 3 linear-lanceolate bracts. Bracts 5-7mm long, 1-2mm broad, pubescent as the calyx. Flowers - Petals 5, white to blue, glabrous, united at the base and forming the staminal column. Petals truncate to emarginate at the apex, 2-2.5cm long, +/-2cm broad. Staminal column 8mm long, glandular pubescent. Anthers +/-50, white to pink, -1mm broad. Styles +/-15, surrounded by staminal column. Free portion of styles pinkish-purple, -1cm long, compressed and dorsally pubescent. Ovary 15 carpellate. Carpels green, with a floccose tuft of hairs at the apex in flower. Each individual carpel ~1mm long. Calyx densely tomentose internally, 5-lobed. Calyx tube 4-5mm long, stellate (forked) pubescent. Lobes 7-8mm long, acute, triangular.
Flowering - May - October. Habitat - Waste places, cultivated ground, disturbed sites. Often cultivated. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This introduced species is uncommon in the wilds of Missouri but is commonly cultivated. The flower color of the species is variable, ranging from pure white to pink or blue. The leaves of this species can be variable also. The form found most commonly is form laciniata (Desr.) Hayek, which has finely dissected leaves. This form is shown above. Form heterophylla (Vis.) Hayek, has only the uppermost leaves dissected. Form moschata has leaves which are simply lobed and undivided.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Campanulaceae Stems - To 1m tall, angular, glabrous to pubescent on angles, herbaceous, with milky sap.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2-6cm broad, to 15cm long, crisped or toothed(or both) on margins, typically pubescent on both surfaces, acute at the apex.
Inflorescence - Terminal raceme with +20 flowers. Flowers subtended by foliaceous bracts. Flowers - Resupinate. Corolla purple-blue, tubular, 2-3cm long, with perforations (fenestrate), 5-lobed. Filaments united into a tube to 1.5cm long and surrounding style. Pedicels with pair of small bracteoles at or above the middle. Calyx pubescent to glabrous, +/-1.5cm long. Calyx lobes 5-6mm broad, with auricles at base.
Flowering - August - October. Habitat - Wet areas. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - Steyermark splits the species into two varieties. The most common being variety siphilitica. A white flowered form of var. siphilitica, f. albiflora, is presented on the "White flowers alternate" portion of this website. Another form, form purpurea Palmer &Steyermark, has very deep purple flowers. The second variety is variety ludoviciana A. DC., which has fewer flowers in the inflorescence and leaves and stems which are mostly glabrous. The two varieties intergrade and may not be valid. This species is quite common along pond margins and and in wet woods and meadows. The brilliant flowers have earned the plant a place in cultivation and it is becoming quite common. The plant is somewhat toxic.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Linaceae Stems - To .75m tall, herbaceous, glabrous, reclining to erect, multiple from base, branching above.
Leaves - Alternate, linear, entire, glabrous, glaucous, sessile, to 3cm long, 3mm broad. Inflorescence - Loose panicles terminating stems. Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, rotate. Petals 5, to 2cm long, free, cuneate, glabrous, yellowish at base. Stamens 5. Filaments to -4mm long, connected and forming ring around ovary at base, white and fading into light blue-purple at apex. Anthers pale yellow, to 2mm long. Styles 5, to 5mm long, purplish. Ovary globose to subcylindric, glabrous, 10-carpellate.

Fruit - Ovoid capsule to -1cm long, splitting (dehiscing) into 10 portions. Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Also cultivated. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This plant is the common cultivated "Flax" which is used to make linen and linseed oil (a classic wood finish for carpenters). The plant is very high in fatty acid content, especially the unsaturated - linolenic acid. It can be found cultivated throughout the state and is rarely escaped.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To +2.5m tall, purple, glabrous, single from the base, branching in inflorescence, from a taproot, with pure-white milky sap, erect, herbaceous. Leaves - Alternate, sessile. Basal leaves toothed(dentate), pinnately lobed, to +15cm long, +9cm broad, terminal lobe triangular. Cauline leaves toothed, lobed to unlobed, glabrous, with triangular, sagittate terminal lobe.
Inflorescence - Paniculate arrangement of flower heads at the apex of the main stem. Involucre - Vase shaped to cylindric. Phyllaries imbricate, green with purple apices.
Ray flowers - 10-16 flowers per head. Corolla light blue, sometimes whitish. Ligules to 6mm long, apex toothed. Flower head +/-12mm broad, when fully opened. Achenes brown, to 5mm long, ribbed, typically with short beak. Pappus to +/-8mm long, of white capillary bristles in more than one series.
Disc flowers - Absent. Flowering - August - October. Habitat - Open woods, thickets, disturbed sites, waste ground, streambanks, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - Although the inflorescence can have over 100 flower heads at once, these open just a few at a time. The plant will secrete a pure-white milky juice if bruised. There are a few variations which are mostly differentiated on leaf shape and/or flower color. I won't go into those here. Prior to flowering, this species greatly resembles another in the genus, L. canadensis L., but L. canadensis has sap with a salmon color to it. The genus name may remind you of "lettuce" and indeed this genus is wild lettuce and is quite edible although slightly bitter. The next time you slice a head of store-bought lettuce, watch for the milky juice that comes from the leaves.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月28日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Iridaceae Stems - Aerial stems to +60cm tall, longer than the leaves, glabrous, glaucous, erect, herbaceous, simple, from somewhat flattened rhizomes.
Leaves - Basal and cauline. Basal leaves to +/-40cm long, +/-3cm broad, glabrous, glaucous, acute, entire, with a thin scarious margin. Cauline leaves reduced, folded around the stem. Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary sessile flowers. Flowers subtended by a reduced foliaceous bract. Bracts to 6cm long, foliaceous in the basal half and scarious in the apical half, often with a reddish tinge in the apical 1/3.
Flowers - Fragrant. Sepals 3, spreading to recurved, obovate, 8-12cm long, 5-6cm broad at the apex, glabrous except for conspicuous beard of hairs along inner midrib, obovate, white to violet. Beard of papillate hairs. Hairs 3mm long white to yellow or with some purple, segmented. Petals 3, erect and folding over fertile floral organs, to +8cm long, -6cm broad, broadly obovate to rotund, glabrous. Style branches (stigmas) 3, +/-4cm long, +/-2cm broad, with and obvious midvein, receptive only on the adaxial surface. The apical portion 2-lobed, erose. Stamens tucked underneath the style branches (on the abaxial side). Anthers to 1.5cm long. Filaments glabrous, to 2cm long. Floral tube +/-2cm long, glabrous, greenish and typically with some mottled color. Ovary at the base of the floral tube, 6-valved, -2cm long, 7-8mm in diameter, 3-locular. Placentation axile.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Roadsides, railroads, old homesites. Commonly cultivated. Origin - Probably native to southern Europe. Other info. - This striking species can be found escaped in scattered localities throughout Missouri. It is a widely cultivated plant and many cultivars exist. The plants can vary somewhat in size and greatly in flower color. Flowers can range from white to yellow or red to violet. The way to differentiate this species from others is by the well developed aerial stems, the bearded flowers, and the foliaceous bracts that subtended the flowers. The bracts should only be scarious in the apical half at most. Plants which share the other characteristics but have completely scarious bracts are I. pallida Lam.
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