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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Hypericaceae Stems - Multiple from base, from thick rhizomes, to +1m tall, dichotomously branching (branches decussate), glabrous, glaucous. Midrib of leaf decurrent on stem and with black glandular punctations.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile, lance-ovate to oblong or elliptic, entire, to +1.8cm long, +7mm broad, entire, acute to obtuse, glabrous, glaucous (mostly below), with black glandular punctations on margins and a few scattered on the leaf tissue, perforate. Inflorescence - Terminal bracteate cymes. Pedicels to 2mm long, glabrous (or flowers sessile).
Flowers - Petals (4)5, yellow, spreading, to 1.3mm long, 6mm broad, oblong, obtuse, with black glandular punctations. Stamens many (+50), erect to spreading. Filaments yellow, 7-8mm long, glabrous. Anthers biglobose, .7mm broad. Styles 3, spreading, 6mm long, glabrous, yellow. Ovary superior, glabrous, 3.5mm long, 2.1mm in diameter, ovoid, 3-locular, ovules (seeds) many. Sepals 5, linear, 5-6mm long, 1.1mm broad, acuminate, glabrous, with perforations adjacent and parallel to midrib.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Pastures, fields, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - Feeling depressed? Chew on this. Not! Seriously though, this is the species known commonly as "St. John's Wort", which has recently been over-used as an herbal remedy for the symptoms of depression. Traditionally the plant was used as an antibacterial, an anti-inflammatory, and a host of other ailments. One of the active ingredients, hypericin, causes photodermatitis in some people and animals. The plant can be identified in the field by the transparent (pellucid) perforations on the leaves and sepals, and the black punctate glands on the leaves and stems. The punctations are not as dense as in H. punctatum Lam., which has much smaller flowers.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To 1.5m tall, branching, herbaceous, erect (reclining with age), with scattered appressed antrorse pubescence but pubescence mostly in two opposing vertical lines, scabrous, from caudex. Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petiole to 3cm long, dense antrorse pubescent. Blade to +/-11cm long, +/-6cm broad, ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, serrate, scabrous and deep dull green above, pubescent below.
Inflorescence - Single flower heads terminating stems. Peduncles long, to +20cm, expanded and hollow just below involucre. Involucre - +/-7mm tall, 12mm in diameter, cylindric. Phyllaries in 2(3) series. Outer phyllaries longer, to 1.4cm long, 3mm broad, slightly expanded at base, densely appressed pubescent, often recurved. Inner phyllaries broader but shorter than outer phyllaries, densely appressed pubescent, reduced inward.
Ray flowers - Typically fertile, 10-16 in number. Ligule yellow to yellow-orange, to +/-3cm long, oblong-elliptic, notched at apex(2-3). Achene reddish-purple, 3-angled, sparse pubescent, +3mm long in flower. Pappus absent. Disk flowers - Disk to 1.5cm broad. Flowers fertile. Corolla orange, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 5mm long. Achenes smaller than in ray flowers but otherwise similar. Pappus absent. Receptacle conic. Chaff to 6mm long, folded around flowers.
Flowering - May - October. Habitat - Rocky open woods, thickets, prairies, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species is found throughout Missouri and is quite common. The plant is easy to identify because of its orangish ray and disk flowers and its conical disk. H. helianthoides has a longer blooming period than probably any other aster in Missouri and should be cultivated more. Steyermark lists two varieties of the plant based on leaf and disk size but these integrade and may not be valid, so I won't mention them here.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To 2m tall, simple, glabrous( but sometimes scabrous in inflorescence), erect, from thick rhizomes, greenish below, purple above. Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, shallow toothed to entire, lanceolate, scabrous, to +5cm broad, +15cm long, acuminate at apex, stigilose on margins, rounded to tapering at base. Petioles to +1.5cm long.
Inflorescence - Single flower heads on short peduncles from upper leaf axils. Involucre - To -1cm tall(long), 1.5cm in diameter. Phyllaries imbricate, attenuate, with spreading tips, innermost phyllaries to 1.6cm long, 4mm broad at base, glabrous with strigillose or minutely fimbriate margins.
Ray flowers - Ligule yellow, to +3cm long, 1cm broad, sparse pubescent externally, glabrous internally. Flower sterile. Achene white in flower, 3.3mm long, glabrous, 3-sided. Pappus of 2 short awns to 1mm long. Disk flowers - Disk to 1.6cm in diameter. Corolla yellow, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to 4mm long, scabrous. Lobes 1.2mm long, acute. Style bifurcate, pubescent at apex (stigma). Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube. Anthers brownish-black, 3.5mm long, connate around style. Achenes to +4mm long, glabrous. Pappus a pair of awns to 2mm long. Receptacle slightly convex. Chaff to 1cm long, white below, yellow at apex, 3-lobed at apex, with large acute central lobe and two small rounded side lobes. All lobes fimbriate.
Flowering - July - September. Habitat - Low woods, thickets, open woods, prairies, wet meadows, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - Some of the sunflowers, genus Helianthus, can be very hard to distinguish from one another. H. strumosus is no exception. The plant greatly resembles another, H. hirsutus, and the two are probably indistinct. For more on this read the notes on the H. hirsutus page. H. strumosus is fairly common in the state but not as common as other species in the genus such as H. annuus L., H. mollis Lam., or H. grosseserratus Martens.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To +1.2m tall, erect to reclining, herbaceous, from rhizomes, single or multiple from base, simple to branching above, hirsute to canescent. Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile, clasping, cordate, ovate, acute to acuminate, serrate, canescent, +12cm long, +8cm broad, quickly turning black when bruised or dried.
Inflorescence - Single flower heads terminating stems. Involucre - To 1.3cm tall, 2cm in diameter. Phyllaries imbricate, acuminate, pubescent to canescent, not tightly appressed, with loose but erect apices. Innermost phyllaries to +1.6cm long, 4-5mm broad at base. Phyllaries sometimes viscid.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligules yellow, 2.5-3cm long, -1cm broad, typically 2-notched at apex, pubescent and viscid below, less so above. Achenes 3-angled, 4mm long, glabrous, whitish (in flower). Pappus of 3 scalelike awns to 3mm long. Disk flowers - Disk to 2.5cm in diameter, basically yellow. Corolla tubes to 6mm long, glabrous or with few sparse strigose hairs, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, pubescent, 1.1mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube. Filaments whitish, glabrous. Anthers dark brown-purple, connate around style, 4mm long. Style slightly exserted beyond anthers, bifurcate. Stigmas pubescent. Achenes to 4mm long, 3-sided, pubescent on angles and at apex. Pappus of 2 scalelike awns to 4mm long. Receptacle slightly convex. Chaff to +1.1cm long, glandular to pubescent at apex, mostly glabrous near base, folded.
Flowering - July - October. Habitat - Prairies, glades, fields, thickets, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This sunflower is very easy to ID in the field. The densely grey-pubescent stems and ovate opposite leaves are good characteristics to look for. The stems typically recline when mature, especially in times of drought. The plants can form large colonies with their spreading rhizomes. Oddly enough, I have noticed that the flowers of this plant sometimes face AWAY from the sun. I do not know why. Most sunflowers exhibit heliotropism.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - Erect, herbaceous but stout, from stout thickened roots, to +2m tall, glabrous, glaucous, terete, purple in strong sun, single from the base, typically simple below the inflorescence, with some antrorse strigose hairs in the inflorescence, typically 5-6(10)mm in diameter.
Leaves - Opposite, alternate in the upper stems, petiolate. Petioles to +/-2.5cm long, slightly winged by decurrent leaf tissue, glabrous (mostly below), with arachnoid hairs on the adaxial side of the upper stems. Blades linear-lanceolate, to +20cm long, -3cm broad, typically folded, with coarse shallow teeth, attenuate, scabrous and dark green adaxially, pale greenish-white and with dense matted hairs abaxially. Veins expressed below. Main veins anastomosing about 1-2mm before the edge of the leaf.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating axillary and branches. Peduncles antrorse strigose, typically with one or two linear bracts. Involucre - To +1.5cm broad, 1cm tall. Phyllaries long attenuate, spreading in the apical 1/2 to 2/3, green, with densely antrorse ciliolate margins, otherwise mostly glabrous on the surface, sparse pubescent internally or not, to 1.5cm, 2-3mm broad at the base, somewhat viscid. Ray flowers - +/-16 per head, sterile. Corolla tube +/-2mm long, antrorse pubescent, yellow. Ligule to 3cm long, -1cm broad, glabrous except at the base abaxially, yellow. Achene (in flower) white, 3.5mm long, 3-sided, glabrous, with one or two awned scale(s). Scales to -2mm long (including awn). Disk flowers - Disk to 1.5cm broad. Corollas yellow, constricted in the basal 1/4, antrorse pubescent externally, glabrous internally, 6mm long, 5-lobed. Lobes yellow, erect, acute, 1.3mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at the apex of the constricted portion of the corolla tube. Filaments compressed, pale yellow, 3-4mm long. Anthers dark purple-brown, 2.5mm long, exserted, connate around style. Style exserted beyond the anthers, bifurcate, pale basally, yellow apically, glabrous, divided for about 2mm. Achenes white in flower, 4mm long, glabrous, 3-sided. Awns 2, white, lanceolate, 2-2.2mm long, .5mm broad at the base. Receptacle slightly conic to convex. Chaff translucent but green at the apex, to 1cm long, acute, ciliolate at the apex, to 1.5mm broad, partially folded around the disk florets. Achenes black at maturity, glabrous.
Flowering - July - October. Habitat - Prairies, low meadows, moist thickets, fields, ditches, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This showy species can be found throughout much of Missouri but is apparently absent from most of the southeastern 1/3 of the state. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its fairly thin, slightly folded, leaves and its glabrous and glaucous stems. No other species of sunflower in Missouri has this combination of leaf shape and stem pubescence. The plant is very common, especially in the western part of the state.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - Thin erect, simple, herbaceous, typically single from the base, from a long horizontal rhizome, typically purplish and somewhat glaucous, mostly glabrous but with a few pustulate based hairs directly below the nodes, terete, 2-4mm in diameter at the base, -1m tall, with +/-10 nodes below the flowers.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile or very-short petiolate. Petioles to 2mm long. Blades lanceolate, attenuate, shallow serrate, very scabrous on the top, less scabrous below, rounded at the base, the lowest to +10cm long, +/-2cm broad at the base, with two lateral veins arising from the base of the blade. Teeth of the margins often with a minute white tip. Inflorescence - Single terminal flower head, typically just one per stem. Involucre - -2cm broad in flower, 2.5cm broad in fruit. Phyllaries lanceolate, scabrous externally, glabrous internally, acuminate, to 1cm long and 5mm broad at the base, spreading with the tips ascending, light green, with ciliolate margins, imbricate. Ray flowers - 8-9 flower per head, sterile. Ligule yellow, oblong, 2.5-3cm long, to 1cm broad, glabrous, acute with a very small single notch at the apex. Corolla tube -1mm long, glabrous. Achenes (in flower) -3mm long. Pappus of ray flowers a pair of serrate awns to 2mm long.
Disk flowers - Disk 1-1.5cm broad in flower, up to 2cm long in fruit. Flowers yellow. Corolla tube 3-4mm long, yellow, mostly glabrous but with some antrorse strigose pubescence externally (mostly in lines), glabrous internally, abruptly contracted at the basal 1mm. Lobes 5, 1-1.3mm long in flower, acute, erect to spreading. Stamens 5, included, adnate at the apex of the constricted portion of the corolla tube. Filaments white glabrous , 3mm long. Anthers maroon 3mm long, connate around the style, mostly included. Style exserted , glabrous, white, bifurcate, +/-5mm long. Stigmas yellow, to +2mm long, pubescent, reflexed. Achenes (in flower) white, glabrous, 3-4mm long. Pappus of 2 awns as in the ray flowers. Awns 2-3mm long. Receptacle hemispheric. Chaff enclosing the disk flowers almost entirely, to -1cm long, glabrous in basal half, pubescent on the margins and apex, slightly yellowish at the apex, acute, with a slightly reddish tip.
Flowering - July - October. Habitat - Rocky woods and thickets. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found in the eastern-most counties of Missouri (essentially in the counties bordering the Mississippi River). The plant can be identified by its opposite, scabrous, sessile to nearly sessile leaves (which have rounded bases), thin stems, and long rhizomes.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To .8m tall, erect, branching, herbaceous, from stout whitish roots, mostly 4-angled, densely glandular pubescent, viscid. Hairs of the stem both long and short.
Leaves - Opposite, short-petiolate to sessile, pinnately lobed, ovate, pubescent as the stem. Lobes divided again. Ultimate divisions acute. Leaves of the flowering branches +/-3cm long, +/-2cm broad. Leaves falling easily and quickly as the plant dries.
Inflorescence - Typically single axillary flowers in the upper stems and branches. Pedicels pubescent as the stem, +1cm long, ascending, expanded at the apex and slightly darker green at the base of the calyx. Flowers - Corolla yellow, +/-3cm long, pubescent externally and internally, lobed. Lobes rounded. Stamens 4, included to partially exserted, didynamous. Filaments to 1.5cm long, one pair mostly glabrous, one pair pubescent to the apex. Anthers 6mm long, bilobed, with pointed bases, dehiscing longitudinally, pubescent along the suture. Ovary superior, glabrous, 2-3mm long and broad in flower, slightly compressed, whitish-green. Style glabrous, light green, to 1.5m long in flower. Stigma darker green than the style, swollen. Calyx accrescent. Calyx tube to 5-6mm long in flower, 4-5-lobed, pubescent as the stem, whitish-green. Calyx lobes foliaceous, 1-1.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit (to +2cm ), green like the leaves.
Flowering - August - September. Habitat - Dry and rocky open woods, borders of glades. On acid substrates. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found in the Ozark region of Missouri and is fairly common. It is easily identified in the field because of its divided, opposite leaves, large yellow flowers, and viscid stems (which are covered with glandular hairs). The plant is worthy of cultivation and would do well in a dry area with little or no care. The species epithet of this plant derives from the fact that its leaves closely resemble those of another genus in the family, Pedicularis.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To 1.3m tall, multiple from base, herbaceous, branching, erect. 4-angled, densely short pubescent.
Leaves - Opposite, lowest leaves pinnately lobed (pinnatifid), upper leaves becoming simple, dense pubescent above with stellate pubescence on midrib and veins, dense pubescent below, serrate to crenate or entire, lowest leaves to +15cm long, +8cm broad.
Inflorescence - Appearing as single flowers from upper leaf axils but actually loose racemes terminating stems. Flowers opposite. Each flower subtended by foliaceous bracts. Pedicels to +8mm long, tomentose, typically upcurved. Flowers - Corolla yellow, campanulate, zygomorphic, 5-lobed. Corolla tube to +2.5cm long, glabrous externally, pubescent internally. Corolla lobes spreading, rounded, 1.2cm long, 1.5cm broad, unequal to subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, adnate near base of corolla tube. Filaments to -2cm long, villous at base and sparse villous near apex, brownish-purple. Anthers to 5mm long, villous, purplish-brown. Style 1.8cm long, yellow, glabrous. Ovary superior, yellow, ovoid, 2-locular, subtended by green nectar ring. Placentation axile. Ovules (seeds) many. Calyx tube to 1cm long, tomentose, campanulate, 5-lobed. Lobes unequal, to 9mm long, dense pubescent. Capsule to 2cm long, pubescent to glabrous.
Flowering - July - September. Habitat - Rocky open woods, slopes, ridges, bluffs, glade margins. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found throughout most of Missouri but is apparently absent from the northwest and southeast corners of the state. The big bright yellow flowers are hard to miss in the field. The plant is semiparasitic on the roots of oak trees but apparently does well if grown in a garden setting. A synonym is Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Penn.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To 1.5m tall, multiple from the base, erect, herbaceous, often purple, glabrous, glaucous, fistulose, branching.
Leaves - Opposite, decussate, pinnatifid, becoming linear near the apex, sessile, to +/-15cm long, +6cm broad, glabrous below, short sparse pubescent above, deep green above, lighter below, easily broken or damaged, sub-succulent.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary bracteate racemes. Each flower subtended by a linear bract. Pedicels to 5-8mm long, glabrous. Racemes to +/-40cm long. Flowers - Corolla yellow, zygomorphic, +/-5cm long, glabrous externally, pubescent at the base internally. Lobes of corolla rounded, to 1.5cm long, +/-2cm broad. Stamens 4, didynamous, adnate near the base of the corolla tube, slightly exserted. Filaments yellow, to +3cm long, with a single vertical strip of curly yellow pubescence. Anthers to 7mm long, spurred at the base. Ovary superior, surrounded by a dark green nectariferous ring, somewhat compressed, glabrous. Style glabrous, greenish, +4cm long. Calyx tube to 7mm long, glabrous, weakly bilabiate, green. Lobes of the calyx linear, green, to 6mm long, 1.1mm broad.
Flowering - June - September. Habitat - Rocky open woods, borders of glades. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This striking species can be found in the southeastern corner of Missouri. The plant is fairly common in the habitats mentioned above. Steyermark separates the species into two varieties based on leaf division thickness. Variety flava has leaf divisions which are 5-15mm broad and the leaves are not cut all the way to the midrib. Variety calycosa (Mackenz. & Bush) Steyerm. has leaf divisions which are 1-5mm broad and leaves which are cut nearly all the way to the midrib. This variety is shown above. Both varieties are equally common in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Rubiaceae Stems - To 25cm tall, 4-angled, 1.5mm broad, antrorse strigose and villous, herbaceous, from thin taproot, multiple from base, simple. Nodes of mature stems fairly evenly spaced at about 2cm apart.
Leaves - In whorls of 4, sessile, 5mm long, 2.5-3mm broad, entire, elliptic to oblong or narrowly lanceolate, antrorse strigose, villous below, ciliate-margined, with prominent midrib. Inflorescence - 1-4 flowers in axillary cymules. Typically two cymules per axil. Peduncles to 1.7mm long, villous.
Flowers - Corolla yellowish, 1.2mm broad, 4-lobed. Lobes .3mm long, elliptic. Stamens 4, alternating with corolla lobes. Filaments to .1mm long. Anthers yellow-orange. Styles 2. Stigmas globose. Ovary 2-carpellate, glabrous. Fruit reflexed, to +1.5mm in diameter, glabrous.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, grassy fields. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This is weedy little plant with minute flowers. It is recently introduced into Missouri but is spreading rapidly. The fruits are smooth so they do not cling to clothing and hair, but still the plant manages to propagate itself readily. Care should be taken not to willingly distribute this species as it is non-native.
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