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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - To +2m tall ,erect, herbaceous, from taproot, branching above, glabrous to sparse pubescent, with musky scent when cut or crushed.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, stipulate. Stipules to 5mm long, subulate. Leaflets with petiolules. Center leaf with petiolule to 5mm long. Lateral leaflets with petiolules to +/-1mm long. All leaflets variable in shape from oblong to oblanceolate, serrulate, typically truncate at apex and mucronate, glabrous to sparse pubescent.
Inflorescence - Axillary racemes near apex of stems. Peduncles sparsely appressed pubescent. Raceme to +/-8cm long, indeterminate, +/-50 flowered. Pedicels 2.5mm long, pilose, subtended by tiny lanate subulate bract to 1.5mm long. Flowers - Corolla yellow, papilionaceous. Standard 3.5-4mm broad, 5-6mm long. Stamens diadelphous, 4mm long. Filaments glabrous. Anthers yellow. Ovary green, 1.2mm long, glabrous. Style glabrous, 2.7mm long. Calyx tubular, +2mm long, 5-toothed. Teeth subequal, +/-1mm long. Fruit to 5mm long, compressed, glabrous.
Flowering - May - October. Habitat - Fields, pastures, disturbed sites, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Eurasia. Other info. - It's hard to miss this plant in early summer as it is growing nearly everywhere. The yellow flowers are a big favorite of bees and the genus name means "Honey Lotus". As noted above, the plant produces a musky scent when cut or crushed and the scent can make some people nauseous. This scent is caused by coumarins contained in the plant. Personally, I get a headache if I pass through a dense area of the plants that has recently been cut. At one time the plant was used as an insect repellent on textiles.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - To 45cm tall but typically less, erect to ascending, multiple from base, branching, from a taproot, typically purple at the base and on stems that face the sun, pilose, herbaceous, 4-angled.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, stipulate, trifoliolate. Stipules large, foliaceous, generally ovate, acuminate, to 1.5cm long, 5mm broad, glabrous adaxially, pilose abaxially, with 1-2 pointed lobes at the base or not. Petioles to +3cm long, sparse pilose. Lateral leaflets with petiolules to 1mm long and pilose. Petiolule of terminal leaflet to 4mm long. Leaflets elliptic to obovate or rhombic, entire or shallow serrate or sinuate in the apical 1/2, emarginate at the apex and with a short mucro. Lateral veins parallel. Blades sparse pilose adaxially, pilose abaxially.
Inflorescence - Axillary pedunculate racemes. Peduncle longer then the subtending leaf and pubescent as the stem, some hairs glandular. Raceme to 1cm long, dense in flower. Each flower subtended by a single minute bract. Bract linear, -1mm long. Pedicels to -1mm long in fruit, pilose. Flowers - Corolla yellow, papilionaceous, to 5mm long. Standard to 3mm broad, mostly glabrous, typically with apical margins revolute. Keels apically fused. Wings connate basally to keels. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers pale yellow, to .1mm broad. Ovary green, glabrous, +1mm long, compressed. Style short, green. Calyx 5-lobed. Lobes attenuate, the longest to 1mm long, pilose externally, glabrous internally. Fruits dark brown to black when mature, reniform or cochleate, 3-4mm long, 2mm broad, compressed, sparse pilose, reticulate.
Flowering - February - December. Habitat - Lawns, fields, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Eurasia and Africa. Other info. - This little species is a big time weed found throughout Missouri. The plant spreads easily and can form large colonies when left untouched. The small fruits of this plant turn black when ripened and look like small kidneys.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Berberidaceae Stems - To -1.5m tall, woody, multiple from base, erect to prostrate, few branched, stoloniferous. Leaves - Alternate, odd pinnate, evergreen. Leaflets typically 3-9, sessile, lance-ovate, serrate(teeth spinose), glabrous, dark green above, dull green to glaucous below, to +7cm long, +4cm broad, acute.
Inflorescence - Axillary and terminal racemes to 15cm long. Pedicels glabrous, elongating in fruit to +/-1.3cm long, subtended by one small bract to 4mm long.
Flowers - Petals 5-10, in 2-4 whorls, yellow, glabrous, 6-8mm long, 5mm broad, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 6-10. Filaments to 3.5mm long glabrous. Ovary superior, green, glabrous. Stigma capitate. Style wanting. Sepals to 3mm long, 2mm broad, dense pubescent externally, with scarious margins, yellow. Fruit - Globose to subglobose berry, blue-black, glaucous, to -1cm in diameter.
Flowering - May - July. Habitat - Cultivated. Origin - Native to U.S., cultivated in Missouri. Other info. - This plant is native to the Northwestern U.S. where it grows in shaded forests. In Missouri the plant begins to bloom around May but in other states in can bloom throughout the year depending on the location. The berries are edible and are eaten by wildlife and humans alike. This is the state flower of Oregon. There are a few varieties in cultivation. Besides being eaten as a fruit,Mahonia has been used medicinally for centuries. The plant contains many alkaloids. Recently the plant has shown great promise in the treatment of psoriasis. Stay tuned.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Onagraceae Stems - To 1m tall, branching, erect, herbaceous, angled (angles minutely winged), antrorse pubescent, single or multiple from base, from thickened roots.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile to short-petiolate, lanceolate to lance-elliptic, acute, tapering at base, sparse pubescent, entire, to +12cm long, 2cm broad. Margins antrorse strigillose. Lateral veins from midrib converging with longitudinal veins before margin.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers from upper leaves. Pedicles to 5mm long in flower, longer in fruit, 4-angled, antrorse pubescent, with 2 subopposite bracts. Bracts to 3mm long. Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, free, 5-7mm long and broad, emarginate to rounded at apex, glabrous. Stamens 4, alternating with petals. Filaments brownish-yellow, glabrous, 1.5mm long. Anthers 2.2.5mm long, yellow. Style green, 2-3mm long, glabrous. Stigma green, capitate. Ovary inferior, 4-locular. Placentation axile. Floral tube 4-angled, 4mm long and broad, winged on angles, appressed pubescent. Wings 1.5mm broad, antrorse pubescent on margins. Sepals 4, -1cm long, 6mm broad (slightly larger in flower), ovate, acute, glabrous, ciliate-margined. Nectaries between sepals (at base of stamens) to .5mm long.
Flowering - June - August. Habitat - Wet ground, borders of stream and bodies of water. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found scattered throughout the state of Missouri. The flowers are fairly showy and larger than in any other Missouri species from the genus. The species name comes from the fact that the leaves are alternate but there are also 3 other species found in the state which have alternate leaves. The flowers petals fall off very easily if the plant is shaken or disturbed. I was taught to use this characteristic as a field identification trick for the Onagraceae in college. The plant varies in the amount of pubescence on the stems and leaves. Some plants can be completely glabrous.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Apiaceae Stems - Flowering stems to +/-25cm tall, branching or simple, single or multiple from the base, fragrant, carinate, villous to hirsute, herbaceous, erect, from a thick bulbous taproot. Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, 3-4 times pinnately divided. Petioles sheathing at base and often purplish at base. Entire leaf to -20cm long, 10-15cm broad, pilose. Primary divisions opposite, all other divisions alternate. Ultimate divisions linear to linear-oblanceolate, mucronate with a small whitish tip (use a lens to see), 3-4mm long, -1mm broad, with ciliate margins.
Inflorescence - Single terminal compound umbel per stem. Rays to 2cm long, densely pilose. Umbellets subtended by an involucre densely pilose bractlets. Bractlets linear-attenuate, to 4-5mm long, -1mm broad, +/-13 in number. Flowers +/-15 per umbellet. Pedicels to 2mm in flower, longer in fruit.
Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, glabrous, with an inflexed acuminate tip, 1.6-2mm long, .7mm broad. Stamens 5, spreading to erect. Filaments yellowish, +2mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellow, .6mm long. Styles 2, erect, 2.5mm long, curled, yellowish, glabrous, surrounded by an inflated nectary at base. Ovary inferior, green, glabrous, 1.5mm long, 2-locular. Sepals 5, whitish-green, acuminate, to .7mm long, glabrous. Fruits to 4mm long, 2.5mm broad, ellipsoid, pubescent, 2-seeded.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Prairies, glades, rocky open ground. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This little species is found in just a few counties in west-central Missouri. This species is easy to ID in the field. The fragrance and overall look of the plant (called gustalt by Doug Ladd), clearly place it in the Apiaceae. The big taproot is also a good indicator.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Boraginaceae Stems - To +30cm tall, multiple from base, branching above, herbaceous, hirsute, from thick taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, linear-oblong, to +5cm long, 1cm broad, entire, sessile, ciliate-margined, pubescent above and below, reduced above.
Inflorescence - Single flowers from leaf axils. Pedicels short, to 1.5mm long. Flowers - Corolla salverform, orange, pubescent externally, glabrous internally, 5-lobed. Lobes 3.5mm long and broad, rounded. Expanded portion of corolla 1-1.5cm broad, 1.2cm long. Tube of corolla 7mm long, 2.5mm in diameter. Stamens 5, adnate to corolla tube near its base. Filaments very short. Anthers brown, 1mm long. Ovary 4-parted, glabrous. Style 1, filiform, 5-10mm long, often exserted. Sepals 5, barely connected at base, rounded to acute at the apex, 3-6mm long, 1mm broad, hirsute. Nutlets(ovaries) becoming very hard, shiny, and yellowish with maturity.
Flowering - March - June. Habitat - Prairies, glades, rocky open ground, rocky woods, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - The genus name of the plant means "stone-seeded" and the plant is appropriately named. The nutlets are very hard when mature and resemble small polished stones. Different flowers of the plant can actually have different sized styles (heterostylous), some shorter, some longer. The size I gave is a good average for the plants I have examined. This little plant is very common throughout most of the state and is quite striking. The plant was used by natives as a leaf tea for fevers and seizures.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Linaceae Stems - To +/-60cm tall, erect, herbaceous, from a taproot, ribbed from decurrent leaf tissue, glabrous, glandular (use lens to see), mostly simple but branching near apex, purplish at base, single or multiple from base.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, linear-oblong, entire, acuminate, to 2cm long, +2mm broad, with single midrib, glabrous, glandular (use lens to see), with pair of opposing blackish glands at leaf base.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary loose panicles or racemes. Each flower subtended by a foliaceous bract. Bracts glandular-serrulate. Pedicels glabrous, 2-3mm in flower, slightly elongating in fruit to 4-5mm. Flowers - Corolla yellow, +1cm broad, 7-8mm long. Petals 5, glabrous externally, pubescent near base internally, rounded at apex, with short basal retrorse lobes (lobes acute and triangular), connate basally for 1-2mm. Stamens 5, erect. Filaments scarious, compressed and united at base into short tube under the ovary, glabrous, 4mm long, slightly yellowish near the apex. Styles 5, 3mm long, united at base, glabrous, whitish-yellow. Ovary superior, green, 5-locular, (1-2 ovules per locule), glabrous, globose-ovoid, 1.5mm in diameter. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, scarious but with a green midrib, glandular-serrulate, glabrous, to 4mm long, 1.5mm broad, acuminate, persistent in fruit. Capsule globose, glabrous, 3mm in diameter, 5-valved, dehiscing into 5, 2-parted segments.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Glades, prairies, sometimes in open woods. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This little plant is inconspicuous when not in flower but is still easy to identify because of the pair of opposing, blackish glands at the base of each leaf. The plant is common throughout most of Missouri except in the extreme southeastern and northwestern corners of the state.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Lauraceae Stems - Stems to 5m tall, multiple from the base. Twigs glabrous, olive-brown, with small lenticels.
Inflorescence - Staminate flowers in a few-flowered (4-8) fascicle, emerging with the new leaves. Pedicels glabrous, to 3mm long (slightly longer in fruit). Flowers - Petals absent. Sepals 6, greenish-yellow to scarious-yellow, 2.3mm long, 1.5mm broad, glabrous, rounded at the apex, oblong-obovate. Stamens 9 (in staminate flowers), alternating with smaller capitate staminodes. Filaments glabrous, to 1.8mm long. All floral organs united at the base. Reduced ovary in staminate flowers to -1mm long. Drupe bright red, ovoid, to 1cm long, 5mm broad.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Low moist woods, bottoms, thickets along streams, base of bluffs, seeps along wooded slopes. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This shrubby species is easy to identify in the field because of its habitat and its pleasant fragrance. When crushed, the leaves give off a lemon scent that is reminiscent of "Pledge" furniture polish. The small flowers of the plant are some of the first to be seen in the spring. They are short lived and the plant is typically seen with just leaves or in fruit. This is a dioeceous species, meaning plants will have either male or female flowers. Staminate plants typically have many more flowers than pistillate plants.
Natives used a tea made from all parts of the plant to treat ailments such as coughs, cramps, measels, and anemia. Oil from the fruits was applied to bruises. A tea made from the bark was used to expel parasitic worms. The tea is quite good, if a sweetener is added. (give me a break, I'm from the south) A similar species, L. melissaefolium (Walt.) Blume, is extremely rare in Missouri and is endangered in North America. This latter species occurs in just one southern Missouri County (Ripley). L. melissaefolium has larger fruits than L. benzoin and more rhombic leaves. The leaves are shown below:
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To +2m tall, erect, single from the base, glabrous above, typically hispid near the base, glaucous or not, with pure white milky sap, herbaceous, from a taproot, fistulose, typically simple except in the inflorescence.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, lobed or not, to +/-15cm long, 7cm broad, with a distinct white midrib, glabrous, glaucous, auriculate, clasping. Margins spinulose. Midrib with spines abaxially. Sinuses of lobes rounded. Lobes typically retrorse. Terminal lobe larger than the lateral lobes, acute. Entire leaves typically oblong. Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary paniculate clusters of multiple flower heads. Inflorescence to +/-45cm long (tall). Axis of inflorescence glabrous. Each division of inflorescence subtended by a clasping bract. Involucre - To 9mm tall, 2-3mm in diameter. Phyllaries imbricate, unequal, innermost the longest, subulate, to 8mm long, green to reddish in strong sun, glabrous except for a minute tuft of white hairs at the apex (sometimes), with thin scarious margins.
Ray flowers - Flowers +/-12 per head, fertile. Ligule yellow, 5-notched at the apex, glabrous, 7-8mm long, 2mm broad. Corolla tube whitish, 4mm long, glabrous but with a ring of hairs at the apex. Stamens 5, adnate at the apex of the corolla tube, glabrous, 1.5mm long, pale yellow. Anthers yellow, connate around the style, -1.2mm long, exserted. Style exserted beyond the anthers, pubescent in the apical 1/3, pale yellow, bifurcate. Pappus of many capillary bristles, to 5mm long. Achene in flower beaked, slightly compressed, ovoid, -1mm long. Achene dark brown to black in fruit, beaked, to 4mm long. Beak 4mm long.
Disk flowers - Absent. Flowering - June - October. Habitat - Waste ground, fields, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This weedy species can be found throughout Missouri. The plant is easy to identify because of its pure white sap, prickly leaves, and yellow flowers. Two varieties occur in Missouri. Variety integrifolia (Bogenh.) G. Beck has leaves which are entirely unlobed. Variety scariola has leaves which are pinnately lobed. This latter variety is more common in Missouri. The leaves of this species are edible and quite good. Natives used a tea made from the leaves to stimulate milk flow and as a diuretic. The sap of the plant can be irritating. A synonym is L. serriola L.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - Scapes to +15cm tall, glabrous or with glandular pubescence, terete, +/-1.2mm in diameter, multiple from base, from fibrous roots, with much milky sap. Leaves - Nearly all basal, +/-8cm long, +1cm broad, spatulate to oblanceolate, coarsely toothed to pinnately lobed or entire, glabrous or with glandular pubescence. Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating each scape. Involucre - 6-8mm tall, 4-5mm broad. Phyllaries glabrous or with very sparse glandular pubescence externally, glabrous internally, in essentially two series, linear to subulate, 5mm long, to 1.5mm broad. The inner phyllaries with scarious margins at least in the basal 2/3.
Ray flowers - Ligules yellow-orange, to 7-8mm long, 1-2mm broad, glabrous, 4-5-notched at the apex. Achenes chocolate-brown at maturity, -2mm long, with 15 ribs, retrorse strigillose. Pappus of 5 barbellate bristles to 4mm long and 5 erose scales to -1mm long.
Flowering - April - August. Habitat - Prairies, meadows, rocky or sandy open ground, glades. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This little species can be found mainly in the southern half of Missouri. This species can easily be grown from seed and would look good in a cultivated rock garden. It is an annual plant. The plant can be identified in the field because of its small size, bright yellowish-orange flowers, and coarsely toothed leaves. K. virginica can be confused with a similar species, K. dandelion (L.) Nutt., but the latter has larger flower heads, more bristles and scales making up the pappus, and potato-like tubers on the roots. K. dandelion is a perennial plant. K. occidentalis Nutt. is also similar but occurs in only a handful of southeast Missouri counties. This species differs from K. virginica in having only 5-8 phyllaries per flower head that remain erect in fruit.
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