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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To -1m tall, erect, multiple from base, simple to branching above, herbaceous, scabrous, antrorse strigose, carinate, angled, from taproot.
Leaves - Alternate, deeply pinnatifid, petiolate below, sessile above, to +10cm long, +5cm broad, scabrous, antrorse strigose. Lobes often divided. Ultimate divisions linear to linear-oblong, to 3mm broad, entire, acute.
Inflorescence - Single flower head terminating stem. Peduncle naked, to +20cm long, antrorse strigose. Involucre - Phyllaries typically in two series of long outer bracts and inner series of minute bracts. Outer phyllaries linear-attenuate, to 6mm long, spreading, antrorse strigose. Inner phyllaries ovate, to +1mm long, densely pubescent.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Typically 6, yellow or with brownish-purple and yellow apices, to +2cm long, +1.5cm broad, pubescent below, glabrous above, spreading to reflexed, notched at apex. Achene black, 1.5mm long, 3-sided, pubescent above. Pappus typically absent or a minute crown. Disk flowers - Fertile. Corolla 5-lobed, purple. Tube to 1.8mm long, glabrous. Achenes white in flower, compressed, 2.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, with some pubescence. Pappus typically absent or a minute crown. Receptacle columnar, 1.5mm in diameter, to -2cm long. Chaff with deep purple spot near apex, equaling or exceeding the achenes, ciliate-margined. Flowering - June - September. Habitat - Prairies, waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This striking plant is locally common in some parts of the state but is not wild throughout. It is, however, commonly cultivated and will not doubt escape and spread. The two forms of the plant are shown above. Form columnifera has the completely yellow ligules. Form pulcherrima (DC.) Fern. has the ligules which are purplish-brown with yellow at the apex. The disk flowers bloom in an indeterminate fashion along the receptacle. The name "columnifera" means "column producing", and indeed, the flower does have the distinct columnar receptacle.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - From fleshy roots, to 40cm tall (long), ascending, herbaceous, branching, multiple from the base, villous (the hairs spreading to slightly antrorse or retrorse and becoming appressed towards the apical end of the stems).
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, trifoliolate. Petioles to +15cm long, glabrous to pubescent, with an adaxial groove, purple to brownish at the base. Blades to +7cm long, +6cm broad. Leaflets petiolulate, 3-lobed to divided again, serrate in the apical 1/2, pubescent abaxially. Petiolules of the terminal leaflets longer than those of the lateral leaflets.
Inflorescence - Single pedunculate flowers from the upper leaf axils. Peduncles to 3cm long, antrorse strigose, angled, grooved. Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, shiny above, dull below, rounded at the apex, glabrous, 1-1.5cm long, 7-9mm broad, with small nectaries at the base. Stamens many. Filaments yellow-green, glabrous, 2-3mm long. Anthers yellow, 1.8mm long. Receptacle pubescent. Sepals 5, yellow-green with darker green veins, spreading to reflexed, lanceolate-ovate, 8-9mm long, 3-4mm broad, pubescent externally, glabrous internally, cupped. Achenes greenish, +3mm in diameter, with a beak 2-3mm long, highly compressed, glabrous.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Low ground along streams, valleys, ravines, base of bluffs, rich and moist woods. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a common species throughout Missouri. It can be identified by its moist habitat and sprawling habit. The plant is, however, highly variable in it stem and leaf pubescence and may not always be easily recognized. The ascending stems and trifoliolate basal leaves are good characters to use for an identification. Steyermark breaks the species into three varieties based on pubescence and achene size. I won't go into those here as they are no longer considered valid. In recent taxonomy, R. septentrionalis has been absorbed into the R. hispidus complex. The three varieties mentioned by Steyermark are now varieties of R. hispidus.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - To 80cm tall, glabrous, hollow, branching above, thick below but easily broken, herbaceous, from fibrous roots, erect. Leaves - Basal and lowest leaves on long petioles. Petioles to -20cm long, glabrous. Blades 3-lobed, to 8cm long, 6cm broad, glabrous. Lobes somewhat divided again, with rounded teeth. Upper leaves alternate, becoming sessile near apex of stem, typically 3-lobed, glabrous, +10cm broad, 8-9cm long.
Inflorescence - Single flowers on short or long peduncles terminating branches, often appearing axillary. Peduncles glabrous or with few sparse hairs, subtended by simple to lobed foliaceous bracts (uppermost leaves).
Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, shiny above, dull below, free, 3-4mm long, 2mm broad, broadly oblong to elliptic, glabrous, with cup-like nectary at base. Stamens +/-20, from base of pistils. Filaments to 2mm long, glabrous, pale yellow. Anthers yellow, .3mm long. Pistils in a cylindric head expanding in fruit to +2cm long, 1cm in diameter. Achenes glabrous, tuberculate, to 1.3mm long, slightly compressed, with minute beak. Sepals 4, ovate, reflexed to spreading, falling early, free, 2.5-3mm long, 2mm broad, pubescent externally, cupped, yellow-green.
Flowering - May - August. Habitat - Streambanks, muddy shores, ditches, moist ground. Origin - Native to U.S. and Eurasia. Other info. - This is one of the first plants I photographed in this state. The plant is a fast growing annual which produces a multitude of small yellow flowers. The fruits are quite large for the size of the flowers and make the plant easy to identify. Our plant belong to variety sceleratus f. sceleratus. There is another form which is aquatic and not yet found in this state. This is form natans Gluck. This species can be found along the Missouri, Mississippi, and a few other rivers. The plant is somewhat toxic and can cause skin irritation to people allergic to it.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - To +25cm tall, multiple from base, densely pubescent (hirsute) below, less-so above, erect to decumbent, simple to branching above, herbaceous, from many fibrous roots (sometimes slightly thickened).
Leaves - Basal leaves often wilted by anthesis, long-petiolate, ternate. The lobes often divided again. Cauline leaves with slightly larger blades than basal leaves but with shorter petioles, becoming sessile near apex of stems, ternate. Petioles hirsute. Lobes of blades often divided or lobed again, ultimate lobes acute, entire, pubescent to glabrous. Lateral lobes typically sessile or on very short petiolules. Terminal lobe with a noticeable petiolule. Upper most leaves reduced to bracts.
Inflorescence - Single terminal flower. Peduncles expanding in fruit to +3.5cm long, with appressed pubescence. Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, glabrous, obovate, 7mm long, 5mm broad, shiny above, sometimes notched at apex to obtuse or truncate. Stamens many (+/-40). Filaments to 2.5mm long. Anthers yellow, 1.5mm long, 1mm broad. Achenes smooth-sided or minutely papillose, with small curved beak to +.2mm long. Sepals yellowish, reflexed in flower, lance-ovate, to +5mm long, 3mm broad at base, pubescent to hirsute externally, scarious-margined, falling early (fugacious).
Flowering - May - August. Habitat - Fields, meadows, roadsides, typically in moist soil. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This species is still fairly uncommon in Missouri but is slowly becoming established throughout the state. It is a striking little plant but it should not be willing spread. This and many other species of Ranunculus look very similar and a proper ID can sometimes be difficult.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculuaceae Stems - To 30cm tall, erect, single from base, herbaceous, hirsute, from fleshy roots and a bulbous crown, branching, hollow (especially at the apex).
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Basal leaves with petiole to 15cm long. Petioles hirsute, sheathing at the base, reduced upward on the stem. Blades divided nearly to the base, 3-lobed, +/-10cm long, 8cm long. Divisions cleft or divided again, serrate (the apex of the teeth with minute whitish tips). Leaves with impressed veins above, dull green and sparsely pubescent above, shiny green and glabrous to sparsely pubescent below. Margins ciliate to antrorse strigose. Blade divisions of upper leaves tapered to the base, serrate in the apical 1/2.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers. Peduncles antrorse apressed pubescent to glabrous, short in flower, quickly elongating in fruit, to +/-3cm long. Flowers - Petals 5, yellowish, +/-3mm long, 1mm broad, glabrous, oblong, with a fornicle-like nectary near base adaxially. Stamens many, +/-20, from base of pistil. Filaments whitish, glabrous, 2-3mm long. Anthers yellow, .6mm long. Achenes compressed, green, glabrous, uncinate-beaked. Receptacle with white straight hairs. Fruiting heads globose, 5-6mm in diameter. Beaks of achenes 1-1.2mm long. Achenes -2mm in diameter. Sepals 5, reflexed, cupped, 5mm long, 1.5mm broad, glabrous, with scarious margins. Margins sometimes involute.
Flowering - May - July. Habitat - Moist areas along spring branches, margins of small streams, moist to wet ground, moist bluffs, rich open woods. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found throughout Missouri wherever streams, creeks, and rivers flow. The plant is fairly easy to ID in the field because of the hirsute stem, distinctive achenes, and habitat.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - From fibrous roots, multiple from the base, branching, terete, densely pilose to villous, herbaceous, to +/-15cm tall, erect to ascending.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petiole sheathing at the base, to +/-10cm long, pubescent as the stem, with a thin and shallow adaxial groove. Blades 3-5 palmately lobed, 3-4cm broad and long, sparse villous above and below. Lobes dentate, the teeth often with minute whitish tips.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flower from the base of the newest leaves, flowers hidden by the larger leaves of the plant. Flowers sessile at first but quickly becoming pedunculate. Peduncle to +/-2.5cm in fruit, villous, erect. Flowers - Petals absent or reduced, spatulate, yellow, glabrous, to 2mm long, 1mm broad, rounded at the apex. Stamens +/-10, erect, from the base of the carpels, clavate. Anthers yellow, -1mm long. Receptacle naked. Carpels compressed, antrorse puberulent in the center. Sepals yellowish, reflexed, villous abaxially, glabrous adaxially, to 2mm long, +1mm broad, acute, lanceolate to ovate. Achenes to 3.5mm long, 2mm broad, pale green but with darker green margins near the apex, with a short beak to .5mm long. Beak straight or slightly curved.
Flowering - March - June. Habitat - Open ground, waste ground, rocky pastures, dry soils, roadsides. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This little introduced species can be found in a handful of Missouri counties. It is likely that the plant will spread with time as it grows well in disturbed areas. R. parviflorus is an easy plant to identify in the field because of its minute flowers (parviflorus in Latin) and hairy stems. Another species, R. plattensis, is similar but has sessile flowers and fruits. R. plattensis is not found in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - Typically around 40cm tall, erect, herbaceous, with thick roots, villous(at least below), branching above to simple, single or multiple stems from base.
Leaves - Basal leaves petiolate. Petiole to +8cm long, villous. Blade typically with truncate or subcordate base, suborbicular to broadly ovate or reniform, mostly glabrous but with a few villous hairs below, to +3cm broad, +2.5cm long. Cauline leaves becoming sessile above, 3 to 5-lobed, sparse villous above and below. Lobes often divided again, ultimate divisions entire or crenate.
Inflorescence - Terminal single flowers on long peduncles. Peduncles sparsely to densely villous, to 5-6cm long but typically less. Flowers - Petals 5, yellow to pale yellow or with some white, lanceolate, spreading, to 4mm long, 1.5cm broad, glabrous. Stamens many (+20), borne below the pistils. Filaments minute, -2mm long. Anthers yellow. Pistils grouped into a globose head to 5mm long, 3.5mm in diameter. Sepals 5, reflexed to spreading, cupped, sparsely villous on exterior, ovate to elliptic, 3mm long, 2mm broad. Achenes subrotund, surface pitted, to +/-1.5mm in diameter, with beak to .3mm long.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Slopes, ravines, bottoms, open rocky woods, disturbed sites. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This plant is very similar to another species, R. abortivus L., but the latter has glabrous stems, typically strictly reniform basal leaves, and less divided cauline leaves. R. micranthus can be found in moist soils of the habitats listed above. This little plant is fairly common in most of the state but seems to be more frequent in the lower half. This is one of the first plants to bloom in the spring.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - To +/-20cm tall, multiple from base, from fleshy roots, pilose below, glabrous above, hollow, herbaceous, erect, branching. Leaves - Basal leaves long-petiolate. Petioles to +7cm long, glabrous. Blades reniform to rotund, glabrous, crenate, green above, silvery green below, +/-3cm broad, +/-2.5cm long. Lower leaves becoming trifoliolate and with pilose petioles. Blades with a few pilose hairs. Upper leaves short-petiolate to sessile, trifoliolate. Lobes spatulate, pilose, green above, silvery green below, with evident venation below.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers in the upper stems. Pedicels to +/-2.5cm long, glabrous, erect.
Flowers - Petals yellow, +/-7mm long, 3.1mm broad, glabrous, rounded to emarginate at apex, obovate to oblanceolate. Stamens many. Filaments yellow, -2mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellow, 1mm long. Achenes green, glabrous. Sepals 5, 3mm long, rotund, pilose externally, glabrous internally, cupped, with scarious margins, typically with some reddish tinge externally.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Rocky acidic ground of woods, bluffs, slopes, outcrops, and ridges. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This little species is found in the lower half of Missouri. The plant is one of the easier members of the genus to ID when in flower because it is small, grows in dry rocky areas, and has distinctive leaves which are undivided at the base and become divided further up the stem. This species may be confused with R. abortivus L., but the latter is generally taller and has much smaller flowers.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - Absent. Leaves and flowering stalks all basal. Roots somewhat thickened, short, fleshy. Leaves - Leaves of the basal rosette long petiolate. Petioles to 15cm long, purplish, with a thin adaxial groove, sericeous, expanded and sheathing at the base. Lateral divisions of the leaves on petiolules to 1cm long. Petiolule of terminal division to +2cm long. All petiolules sericeous as the petiole. Blades ovate in outline. Ultimate divisions of the blades green, oblong to linear-oblong, mostly entire or with one or two teeth, sericeous, 4-9mm broad. Cauline leaves few if any, linear, undivided or 3-parted with linear divisions, sessile to short petiolate.
Inflorescence - Single flowers terminating the long peduncles or sometimes the stalks branching. Peduncles sericeous, purplish, angled, to 18-20cm long, erect.
Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, +/-2cm long, 7-10mm broad, shiny above, pale below, entire, rounded at the apex, oblong, distinct, often with a small appendage dorsally at the base. Stamens many, from below the carpels, ascending. Filaments yellowish, glabrous, thin at the base, expanded towards the apex. Anthers yellow, curved to straight, 2-3mm long, -1mm broad, longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels many, with long beaks, to 4mm long (total) in flower, glabrous. Receptacle pubescent at least at the apex. Sepals 5, spreading, sericeous externally, glabrous internally, whitish-yellow, lanceolate, entire, acute, often with a reddish midrib, to 1cm long, 3-5mm broad. Achenes compressed, glabrous, the main body rounded, 2-3mm in diameter. Beak of achenes 2-3mm long, yellow.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Dry and open upland woods, glades, prairies, dry roadsides with acidic soil. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found mainly in the southern half of Missouri but it is also common in the northeastern corner of the state. This species can be identified in the field by its sericeous stems and leaves, its divided leaves, its beaked achenes, and its big yellow flowers. Large groups of plants can be seen along dry clay roadside cuts in the late spring.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月01日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ranunculaceae Stems - To +60cm tall, erect, single or typically multiple from the base, fistulose, herbaceous, typically purplish, branching, antrorse appressed pubescent or slightly spreading pubescent, from a thickened corm-like base and thickened roots.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate below, becoming sessile above, the bases of the basal leaves spreading and surrounding the corm-like base of the plant. Petioles to +15cm long, long antrorse pubescent, with a deep adaxial groove. Stipule-like appendages at the base of the leaves scarious, sometimes with two squarish auricles at the apical end. Leaf blades pubescent above and below, trifoliolate, ovate in outline, to +6cm long, +7cm long. Leaflets of the basal leaves often 3-lobed again. Ultimate divisions of leaves acute. Terminal leaflet on petiolule to +2cm long. Lateral leaflets on petiolule to 6-7mm long. Terminal leaflet slightly larger and more deeply lobed. Leaves reduced upward, becoming sessile and just 3-lobed. Lobes entire, linear to oblanceolate, subacute, pubescent.
Inflorescence - Axillary and terminal pedunculate flowers. Peduncles to +15cm long, appressed pubescent, green, carinate or not, a small leaf occasionally present on peduncle or not. Flowers - Petals 5, shiny yellow adaxially, pale yellow below, glabrous, to 1.5cm broad and long, broadly obovate to orbicular. Stamens many (+50), borne below the carpels. Filaments to +7mm long, glabrous, yellowish. Anthers yellow, to 3mm long, oblong. Carpels glabrous, compressed, green, to 3mm long in flower, quickly expanding in fruit. Receptacle pubescent. Sepals 5, reflexed in flower, greenish yellow, to 1.5cm long, 5mm broad at the base, pilose adaxially, glabrous adaxially, subulate-triangular, often reddish at the apex and/or with a red midvein.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Wet open pastures, orchards, grassy open fields, roadsides. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This weedy species was reported by Steyermark in just one county but it has since spread into much of the state. The plant can be identified by its bulbosus base and slightly thickened roots. The divided leaves and reflexed sepals are also good characteristics to help with a proper ID. This is a variable plant in the amount of pubescence of the stem and leaves.
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