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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Thymelaeaceae Stems - Woody shrub to 2m tall, freely branching. Twigs jointed, glabrous, expanding at nodes and buds, flexible. Each node typically with a small spur. Plants rarely found with stems over 6cm in diameter.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate, deciduous. Petioles to +2mm long, pubescent, concealing next season buds. Blades to +8cm long, +6cm broad, elliptic to obovate, entire, lanose at anthesis, becoming glabrous with age.
Inflorescence - Typically 2-3 in a terminal cluster, appearing with the new leaves. Pedicels to 3mm long, glabrous. Flowers - Floral tube 9-10mm long, greenish-yellow, glabrous. Stamens 8, exserted, adnate in the upper half of the corolla tube. Filaments to 3mm long, glabrous, brownish. Anthers orange, .6mm long. Ovary superior, green, ovoid, glabrous, 2.1mm long, 1.2mm i diameter, with a single ovule. Style glabrous, well exserted, 1cm long, white. Stigma small, purplish. Drupes green to purple, to 8mm long.
Flowering - March - April. Habitat - Low wet woods, streambanks, rich wooded slopes. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - Dirca palustris can be found mainly in the Ozark region of Missouri but is also found in a few northern counties. This species is extremely slow growing and Steyermark states that a plant with a trunk 5cm in diameter may be over 100 years old. The plant has been cultivated for many years and was used extensively by natives in the U.S. D. palustris is an emetic and can be toxic if used in large quantities. Some people are allergic to the bark. The fruit is believed to be a narcotic. "palustris" means "growing in a swamp" and the plant does grow in moist to wet soil.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Brassicaceae Stems - To 1m tall, herbaceous, stellate and simple pubescent, from thick taproot, branching above at inflorescence.
Leaves - Alternate, to 14cm long, 6-7cm broad, pinnate, dense stellate pubescent, reduced upward, sessile. Leaflets divided, those divisions again divided or lobed. Ultimate leaf divisions entire. Inflorescence - Terminal racemes, compact in flower, much elongating in fruit to +30cm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, 3-4mm long, 1mm broad, spatulate, recurving slightly at apex. Stamens 6, exserted. Filaments to 4mm long. Ovary terete, 2-3mm long. Sepals 4, yellow-green, glabrous, 3mm long, -1mm broad, linear.
Fruit - Silique to 2.5cm long, 1mm in diameter, many seeded. Pedicel to 1.5cm long, filiform. Flowering - May - July. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - D. sophia is becoming common in this state and others. I first found it in Florida. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of the much divided leaves, densely pubescent stems, and ascending long fruits. D. pinnata, a native species, looks similar but has shorter fruits, glandular pubescent stems, and leaves which are slightly less divided.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Brassicaceae Stems - To +70cm tall, herbaceous, erect, typically multiple from stout taproot, branching above, dense glandular pubescent.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, to +15cm long, 6-7cm broad, reduced upward, pinnate to deeply pinnatifid, pubescence simple, forked, or branching, also glandular. Leaflets typically pinnatifid. Leaf rachis channeled above. Inflorescence - Terminal raceme, very compact in flower, much elongating in fruit, to + 25cm long (tall). Flowers on short pedicels to 4mm long, typically glabrous. Pedicels elongating in fruit.
Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, -2mm long, 1mm broad, glabrous, spreading to recurving slightly at apex, obtuse at apex. Stamens 6. Filaments to 1.5mm long, yellow, glabrous. Anthers yellow, .2mm long. Ovary terete, subcylindric, 1mm long. Siliques to +/-1cm long, 2mm in diameter, subterete to 4-angled, many seeded. Seeds brown, 1mm in diameter. Fruiting pedicel to 1.5cm long.
Flowering - March - June. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, open woods, prairies, glades, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species is common in Missouri and can be found throughout the state. Another species, D. sophia (L.) Webb, which is introduced from Europe, is becoming common. The two can be distinguished by fruit size and leaf character. I didn't get pics of the flowers of D. pinnata, but they are very close to those of D. sophia, so check out that page to see the flowers.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - To +30cm tall, erect, herbaceous, from a single large taproot, branching, densely antrorse pubescent, turning purple in strong sun, terete, single or multiple from the base.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 3mm long, antrorse pubescent. Blades to +7cm long, 1.5cm broad, with a single midrib, entire, blunt to acute at the apex, dull green above, grayish-green below, densely antrorse pubescent (pilose), rounded at the base. Lower leaves more elliptic than the upper.
Inflorescence - Racemes from the side of the stems in the internodes. Peduncle subtended by a large stipule which wings the stem. Stipule pubescent, colored as the leaves, tapering to the base, widest at the apex, pointed at the apices. The apices acute to acuminate, to 5-8mm long. Axis of inflorescence densely strigose. Pedicels short in flower, expanding in fruit to +7mm long, antrorse strigose. Pedicels with one linear-lanceolate bract at the base and one or two at the summit subtending the calyx. Bracts to 5-6mm long, +1mm broad. Flowers - Corolla yellow, papilionaceous, glabrous, shorter than the calyx. Standard to +7mm broad, 7-8mm long. Wings yellow, free, to 7mm long. Keels green, connate, mostly glabrous but minutely pubescent on the basal (ventral) margin, upcurved and tapering at the apex. Stamens united into a green tube t 2.5mm long, the tube glabrous. Free portions of stamens white, +/-4mm long, glabrous. Anthers yellow, -1mm long. Style white and green, with some secund antrorse hairs, deflexed sharply. Ovary superior, glabrous, 4mm long, cylindric. Calyx accrescent, 5-lobed. Sepals subequal but the most dorsal two being the largest (to 9mm long, 2-3mm broad in flower), green, densely antrorse pubescent externally, glabrous internally, entire, with ciliate margins, linear-lanceolate to subulate. Fruits inflated, glabrous.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Prairies, glades, open wooded slopes, sandy or rocky open ground, fields, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. and South and Central America. Other info. - This little species can be found throughout most of Missouri but is mostly absent from the north-central portion of the state. The plant is simple to identify in the field because of its large stipules and yellow flowers. Steyermark wrote that the plant is toxic to horses.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fumariaceae Stems - To 30cm tall, multiple from base or simple, from stout taproot, branching above, sub-succulent, angled, erect to ascending, glaucous, reddish.
Leaves - Alternate, glabrous, glaucous, dull green. Lowest leaves petiolate (the petioles to +7cm long), pinnately divided. Ultimate divisions entire, acute to mucronate. Upper leaves sessile or short petiolate, reduced, pinnately lobed. Lobes entire, acute to mucronate. Inflorescence - Axillary racemes to 8cm long, elongating in fruit. Flowers on pedicels 7-10mm long. Pedicels elongating and drooping in fruit, glabrous. Each pedicels subtended by a glabrous foliaceous bract. Bracts to 1cm long, 7mm broad, acute.
Flowers - Corolla yellow, irregular. Petals 4, unequal, slightly joined at base. Uppermost petal spurred, to 1cm long, glabrous. Apex of upper petal toothed, undulate, to 5mm broad. Spur to -3mm long, curved downward slightly. Inner 2 petals connate around the 6 stamens. Stamens diadelphous. Sepals 2, early deciduous.
Fruit - Terete to slightly compressed capsule to 2.5cm long, 2.5mm in diameter, glabrous, pendant. Seeds black, shiny, 2mm in diameter, with a tuberculate keel. Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Moist slopes, low woods, ravines. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - The woodland plants are some of the earliest to bloom in Missouri. This plant is no exception. The little yellow flowers are easy to find along slopes and ravines in spring. You will most likely find this plant accompanied by others such as Dicentra, Asarum, Phlox, and Ranunculus.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fumariaceae Stems - From a thick taproot, multiple from base, erect, herbaceous, to +17cm tall, typically simple, hollow, angled, glabrous.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, glabrous, pinnately divided. The base of the petiole decurrent onto the stem. Leaves to +6cm long (including the petiole), +/-2cm broad. Pinnae alternate, divided again. Ultimate divisions rounded to subacute, silvery-green below, green above, oblanceolate to elliptic.
Inflorescence - Terminal bracteate raceme, compact in flower, elongating in fruit to +10cm. Each flower subtended by a single ovate bract. Bracts to +6mm long, 4mm broad, acute, entire. Pedicels to 2mm long in flower, elongating slightly in fruit to +/-3mm, erect, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers - Perianth yellow, to 2cm long. Lower petal 1.1cm long, expanded at apex, glabrous. Margins wavy to erose at the apex. Upper petal to 2cm long, with gibbous base, (base slightly curved downward), expanded at the apex, with a dorsal keel and slightly erose margins. Lateral petals to 4mm long, glabrous, connate at the apex and surrounding pistil and staminal fascicles. Stamens in fascicles, adnate to upper petal near point of attachment to pedicel, upper and lower staminal fascicles surrounding pistil. Filaments united until near their apices and then becoming 3-lobed, glabrous, with nectariferous basal spurs which empty into petal spur. Anthers pale yellow, .5mm long. Anther connective keeled, scarious, 6mm long. Ovary 4-5mm long, 1.1mm in diameter, mealy. Placentation parietal. Style green, 3-4mm long, glabrous. Stigma green, 2-lobed, each lobe with small protuberances. Sepals 2, +/-2mm long, green, bract-like, fugacious. Fruit sericeous and mealy, with persistent style, erect. Seeds few, tuberculate.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Glades, prairies, open rocky ground. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is an attractive plant which can be found in the western 1/3 of the state and mostly south of the Missouri River. This species is easily distinguished from others in the genus by its mealy fruits. The flowers of this genus (and family) are very interesting morphologically and can be difficult to interpret at first.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月31日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To -1m tall, erect, single from base but branching in upper half, densely pilose with long and short hairs(short hairs often glandular and viscid), herbaceous, with light green vertical lines, from thin branching taproot or fibrous roots. Leaves - Alternate, sessile, oblong to oblong-linear, pilose, entire (lower leaves sometimes dentate), to +4cm long, -1cm broad, acute to mucronate, dense on stem.
Inflorescence - Loose clusters of terminal flower heads. Each flower head long pedunculate. Involucre - To 7mm tall(long), 6.5mm in diameter. Phyllaries imbricate, pilose externally, glabrous internally, linear, the longest to 6mm, with scarious margins.
Ray flowers - Fertile, pistillate. Ligules yellow, 8mm long, 2.2mm broad, glabrous. Tube pubescent. Achenes (in flower) pubescent, 1.1mm long, compressed. Pappus of outer series of scales to 1mm long and inner series of capillary bristles to 5mm long. Disk flowers - Disk 5-6mm in diameter. Corolla tubes to 3mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed. Lobes acute, .5mm long. Stamens 5, adnate at base of corolla tube, included. Anthers yellow, connate around style, 2mm long. Style bifurcate. Stigmas barbellate. Achenes (in flower) pubescent, ovoid and compressed, 2mm long. Pappus same as in ray flowers. Fruiting head brownish-tan and globose. Fruiting achenes 10-nerved.
Flowering - June - October. Habitat - Rocky dry prairies, fields, glades, roadsides. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found in the southern Ozark region of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field. The pilose stems and bright golden flowers are good characteristics to look for. The species is sometimes used in native landscaping and deserves more attention in cultivation.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - From a taproot, widely branching above the base, herbaceous but stout at the base, erect to ascending, to +/-50cm tall, antrorse pubescent.
Leaves - Alternate, stipulate, even-pinnate, with +/-11 pairs of leaflets. Stipules erect, appressed, lanceolate, striate-nerved, to 6mm long, green but often with a reddish apex, antrorse strigose (at least on the margins). Gland of the petiole stalkless, to about .6mm in diameter, purplish. Petiole and rachis antrorse pubescent. Leaflets sessile, opposite, entire, to 1.4cm long, 4mm broad, linear-oblong, oblique at the base, rounded and mucronate at the apex, with antrorse strigose margins, glabrous and deep green adaxially, light green and glabrous abaxially, lateral veins evident abaxially.
Inflorescence - Fascicles of 4-5 flowers from the side of the stem (within the internode). Each flower subtended by a linear-lanceolate bract. Bracts exceeding the pedicel. Pedicels short, to 1.2mm long. Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, unequal, glabrous, distinct. Lowest petal enlarged, to -9mm long, 7-8mm broad, rotund. Upper petals smaller than the lowest, cupped around the other floral organs, at least one of the lateral petals with erose margins. Stamens 5, distinct, glabrous. Filaments whitish, short (to 1.2mm long). Anthers purplish to reddish, apically dehiscent, 2.5mm long. Ovary green, superior, 3mm long, densely appressed pubescent. Style up-curved, -2mm long, greenish, glabrous. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the tube sparse pubescent, green, -1mm long. Lobes spreading, yellowish, linear-lanceolate, entire, sparse antrorse pubescent externally, glabrous internally, +/-5mm long, 1.2mm broad, often folded slightly.
Flowering - July - September. Habitat - Slopes, ridges, open woods, prairies, thickets, roadsides, railroads. Usually on acid soils. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This little species can be found mainly in the southern 1/2 of Missouri. The plant is easy to ID in the field because of its small yellow flowers and finely pinnate leaves. The leaves are sensitive to the touch and will close when touched or when hit by strong sunlight. This action, however, is not nearly as quick or dramatic as it is in other species from the family. Traditionally the roots of this species were used to make a tea that was believed to relieve fatigue. The fruits of C. nictitans can be glabrous or spreading hairy and are eaten by wildlife.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - To +/-2m tall, multiple from caudex, glabrous, herbaceous, erect, with "zig-zag" growth pattern near apex.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, even-pinnate, to +20cm long, with +/-20 leaflets. Petiole with pair of glands at base. Glands cylindrical, 2.5mm long, 2mm in diameter, brown. Leaflets glabrous, oblong to narrowly ovate, to +5cm long, -2cm broad, mucronate. Margins of leaflets ciliate and yellowish in color. Petiolules to 2.5mm long, sparse pubescent.
Inflorescence - Dense axillary racemes to 6cm long. Peduncle with black glands. Pedicels to 1.5cm long, with black glands, sparse pubescent. Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, spreading, free, subequal, to 1.3cm long, 5mm broad, rounded at apex, glabrous, spatulate. Stamens 10, unequal. Upper 3 stamens much reduced. Lower 3 stamens to 1.2cm long. Filaments glabrous, yellow. Anthers brown, flattened to terete. Style green, 3mm long. Ovary 8mm long, densely pubescent in opposing vertical lines. Sepals 5, yellow, 5-6mm long, 3-4mm broad, acute, ciliate margined, glabrous, reflexed. Fruit a thin flat pod to +/-10 cm long, +/-1cm broad, black.
Flowering - July - August. Habitat - Open rocky woods, thickets, wet meadows, bases of bluffs, slopes. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a common plant in the state. It seems to prefer a moist soil location and bright sun. Being a perennial and having a shrubby growth habit, it seems ideal for cultivation and frequently is planted for ornamental use.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月30日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - From a taproot, herbaceous, to .75m tall, erect, with antrorse pubescence, branching, often purplish. Leaves - Alternate, stipulate, petiolate, even-pinnate, with +/-13 pairs of leaflets. Stipules attenuate, +1cm long, -2mm broad at base, with antrorse pubescence, erect, green. Petiole with a glad on the adaxial surface. Gland stalked, (the stalk to .5mm long), -1mm in diameter. Leaflets opposite, sessile, entire, glabrous, glaucous below, green above, mucronate, oblique at the base, 5mm broad, 2cm long, linear.
Inflorescence - Short pedunculate fascicles of flowers from the internodes of the stem. Fascicles with +/-5 flowers each. Pedicels subtended by an attenuate bract. Bracts much like the stipules in form. Pedicels to +/-2cm long, antrorse pubescent, with a pair of opposite bracts in the apical 1/3. Bracts like the stipules in form.
Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, glabrous, unequal, uppermost being the largest, to 2.5cm long, 2cm broad, orbicular. One of the lateral petals typically cupped over the other floral organs. All petals short-clawed and reddish at the base. Stamens 10, unequal, erect, to 1cm long. Anthers purple. Pistil deflexed. Ovary to 4mm long, with dense white matted hairs. Style to +1cm long, greenish white, becoming glabrous towards apex, curved. Sepals 5, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.7cm long, 4mm brad, spreading, greenish with a yellowish midvein, margins scarious. Fruits compressed, glabrous to short appressed-pubescent, to +6cm long, +5mm broad, elastically dehiscent.
Flowering - June - October. Habitat - Prairies, glades, fields, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is an extremely common plant throughout Missouri. The large yellow flowers are easy to spot along roadways. The fruits of this species are elastically dehiscent and can fling seeds quite a good distance. Hence, the plant spreads quickly and can take over a garden if not controlled carefully. Steyermark lists different varieties and forms for the plants based on stem pubescence and flower color (which can also be white), but I won't go into those here as some may no longer be valid. Many ID books and botanical keys mention that the way to differentiate between this species and the very similar C. nictitans L. is by the presence or absence of a stalk on the gland which is at the base of the leaf petioles. I have found this characteristic to not hold-up in the field at all. The best way to tell the two species apart is by the flower, which is very different in size between the two species. Vegetatively the two species are practically identical. A synonym for the plant is Cassia fasciculata Michx.
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