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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To +70cm tall, herbaceous, erect, glabrous, 4-angled, dichotomously branching, from taproot. Leaves - Opposite, petiolate, deeply bipinnatifid, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs, to +/-20cm long, +/-12cm broad. Petiole to 10cm long, slightly winged. Ultimate divisions acute to acuminate.
Inflorescence - Single axillary pedunculate flower head. Peduncles elongating in fruit to -10cm long, glabrous or sparse puberulent. Involucre - 3mm in diameter, -5mm tall (long). Phyllaries deep green, spatulate to oblanceolate or subulate, to 6mm long, acute, unequal, sparse appressed pubescent externally, glabrous internally, with strigillose margins. Some phyllaries with slightly scarious or lighter-colored margins.
Ray flowers - Sterile. Ligule yellow, 2-5 in number (sometimes absent), 4.5mm long, 2mm broad, spatulate, rounded at apex, glabrous. Achene compressed, 1mm long, glabrous. Pappus absent. Disk flowers - Typically +/-10 in number, fertile. Corolla tube 3mm long, 5-lobed, glabrous, orange, near and at apex. Lobes acute, .5mm long, glabrous. Stamens 5, adnate near base of corolla tube. Anthers connate around style, included, reddish, 1.1mm long. Style bifurcate, barely exserted, yellow. Achene (in flower) 2mm long, glabrous, 4-angled. Pappus 4 retrorse barbellate awns to 2.5mm long. Achenes in fruit to 1.3cm long, blackish-green, typically unequal, with persistent pappus. Receptacle flat. Chaff to 4mm long, 1mm broad, scarious, greenish, glabrous.
Flowering - August - October. Habitat - Open woods, glades, pastures, open rocky ground, thickets, waste ground, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S., and tropical regions around the globe. Other info. - The genus name Bidens means "two teeth", referring to the awns of the pappus and fruit (other species only have two awns). Because of the awns, the fruits will cling to most anything, thus distributing the plant quickly to new locations. The plant is not stout and wilts when hit with direct hot sun. Ray ligules are not always present in the flower heads.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Hypericaceae Stems - Woody, sprawling to erect, much branched, multiple from base, bark shredding, to 30cm tall, from thick roots. New growth glabrous, winged. Bark bronze to reddish in color. Leaves - Opposite, decussate, sessile, punctate, glabrous, oblanceolate, rounded at apex, entire, to +/-2cm long, +/-6mm broad.
Inflorescence - Terminal and axillary pedicillate flowers. Pedicel to 3mm long. Flower subtended by pair of brown attenuate bracts to 2mm long.
Flowers - Petals 4, yellow, 7-8mm long, 2.5-3mm broad, glabrous, blunt to acute at apex, lying flat on large sepals below, in two opposing pairs. Stamens +/-20, erect. Filaments 3-4mm long, filiform, yellow, glabrous. Anthers yellow-orange, .1mm in diameter. Ovary superior, flattened-ovoid, 3mm long, 1.5mm broad at base, glabrous. Styles 2, .5mm long. Sepals 4, in two pairs. One pair of sepals much larger than second pair, to 7.5mm long, 5mm broad, ovate, acute, glabrous. Small pair of sepals 1mm long, scalelike, acute, decussate to larger sepals. Fruit an ovoid capsule, many seeded.
Flowering - July - October. Habitat - Dry rocky open woods, upland slopes and ridges, ravines. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This plant is common in the southern half of the state. It is easy to ID in the field because of the distinctive flowers, which have the four petals in opposing pairs, and the reddish shredding bark. Steyermark lists two varieties for the species. Var. muticaule (Michx.) Fern., is much more common in the state and is described above. Var. hypericoides has a more erect growth pattern, typically a single main stem which is branched, and leaves varying from linear to narrowly elliptic.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Hippocastanaceae Stems - Woody to 9m tall, with a single trunk or multiple trunks.
Leaves - Opposite, palmately compound, petiolate. Leaflets typically 5, but sometimes 6 or 7, 3-8cm wide, 15cm long, serrate, pubescent below, glabrous above, acuminate. Petiolules to 1cm long. Inflorescence - Terminal panicle to 20cm long on new season growth. Axis of inflorescence densely pubescent with multicellular hairs. Pedicels pubescent, to 8mm long in flower.
Flowers - Petals 4, pale yellow to creamy whitish, clawed. Claws of upper petals to 3.5mm long, with dense tuft of villous pubescence at apex. Limb of upper petals +1.5cm long, 4mm broad at apex, with reddish spot near base of limb, pubescent. Lower petals with claw to 3.5mm long. Limb of lower petals +1cm long, 8-9mm broad, pubescent. Stamens 7, exserted. Filaments villous, to -2cm long, white. Anthers orange-red, 2mm long. Ovary 6mm long, dense villous at base but glabrous and reddish at apex. Calyx tube to 7mm long, 5mm in diameter, 5-lobed, yellow-green, pubescent. Lobes to 3mm long, obtuse, pubescent. Fruits globose, spiny, 2.5-6cm in diameter. Seeds 2 per fruit, +/-3cm in diameter, shiny, dark brown.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Wooded slopes, ravines, thickets, open, rich woods, also cultivated. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found throughout Missouri but is apparently absent from the extreme southeastern and northwestern corners of the state. The tree is easy to identify because of its palmately divided leaves (which are opposite) and its big inflorescences. The buds are easy to ID in winter also as they are quite large and the tree generally has a widely spreading growth habit. This species deserves to be cultivated more and it grows easily from seed. The fruits of the plant split into 3 parts and the seeds are actually edible. The seeds should be cooked first as they can be mildly toxic if eaten raw.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - Plants acaulescent. Caudex thick, elongated, horizontal, woody, with fleshy roots. Leaves - Basal. Earliest leaves cordate, acute. Later leaves lobed, sagittate, typically with 5-7 lobes. Petioles to +7cm long, pubescent. Leaf tissue decurrent on petiole for much of it's length but very thin. Blades glabrous above, ciliate below, (especially near base), shallowly serrate to crenate-serrate, +3cm broad and long. Margins typically ciliate.
Inflorescence - Single long-pedunculate flower arising from caudex. Peduncles glabrous, to +12cm long, exceeding the leaves, curved at apex.
Flowers - Petals 5, violet (rarely white) and with some white at base, with deep purple venation, rounded at apex, -2cm long, 7-8mm broad, generally obovate to oblanceolate. Lateral petals heavily bearded. Upper petals also slightly bearded. All petals glabrous externally. Lowest petal saccate at base, (the sac protruding beyond the sepals). Stamens 5, converging around the pistil, to +4mm long. Lower 2 stamens with appendages. Appendages to 3mm long, green. Anther connective orange, expanding beyond the anther, to 1.5mm long. Anthers pale yellow. Ovary superior, green, glabrous, 3mm long, unilocular, somewhat conic. Ovules many. Style 2mm long, greenish white, glabrous, expanded at apex. Stigma truncate, deltoid. Sepals 5, green with scarious margins, lanceolate, acute, to 8mm long, 3mm broad, glabrous, entire but ciliolate. Lowest two sepals with small auricles. Auricles to 1mm long, ciliolate-margined.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Dry rocky open woods, thickets, bluffs. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - V. triloba is just one of the many small purple-flowered violets you are sure to encounter in the Missouri woods. When young, this plant is difficult to tell apart from other violets, such as V. sororia, but as the plant mature its leaves will become lobed. V. triloba is found mostly in the lower half of the state and prefers acidic soils.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - A thick underground caudex. Leaves - All arising from base of plant. Petioles to +15cm long, hirsute, with single longitudinal groove. Blades of lower leaves rounded at apex, reniform, or ovate, crenate to serrate, pubescent. Upper leaf blades cordate at base, gradually tapering to an acute or blunt apex, serrate, densely pubescent(hirsute), to +5cm broad, +5cm long.
Inflorescence - Single flowers on long peduncles from base of plant. Peduncles to +10cm long, hirsute, curved at apex, with pair of opposite or sub-opposite bracts in upper half. Bracts 3-4mm long.
Flowers - Corolla violet, +2cm broad and long. Petals 5, fading to pale yellow at base, with dark venation near base. Lateral petals bearded. Lower petal spurred. Stamens 5, connate around ovary. Bottom two stamens with flattened curved nectaries to +3mm long. Ovary conic, -3mm long. Style to -2mm long, truncate and triangular at apex. Sepals 5, to 9mm long, 3mm broad, mostly glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, topmost one recurved. Auricles 1mm long, rounded at base.
Flowering - March - June. Habitat - Slopes, open and low woods, thickets, streambanks. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a common violet in the state. It greatly resembles other plants in the genus but differs in having the typically densely pubescent leaves and peduncles. The leaves can grow larger than what I posted above but the above numbers are the typical leaf size at anthesis, and this is when most people are likely to be paying attention to the plants. Steyermark lists two forms based on corolla color. Form sororia, shown above, has the typical blue-purple corolla. Form Beckwithae House has a white corolla and is rare.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - Acaulescent but with an erect caudex and fibrous roots. Leaves - Basal. Outer leaves on shorter petioles(to 2.5cm long). Inner leaves with petioles to +5cm long. Petioles glabrous, with single adaxial groove. Stipules of lower leaves to +1cm long, attenuate, coarsely ciliate to fimbriate-margined. Stipules of inner leaves to +2cm long. Blade of outer leaves smaller, +/-2cm broad, +/-1.5cm long, typically palmately 3-lobed. Lobes oblanceolate to narrowly obovate. Inner leaf blades to +/-4cm broad, +/-2.5cm long, with the lobes again divided. Ultimate divisions linear to narrowly oblanceolate. All leaf blades glabrous, with strigillose margins.
Inflorescence - Single pedunculate flowers from caudex. Peduncles to +10cm long, glabrous, often purplish, with pair of linear bracts at or below the middle. Bracts to 1.3cm long, -1mm broad.
Flowers - Corolla typically deep purple(rarely white or a mix of purple and white), +3.5cm long and broad. Lowest petal spurred, fading to white at base with purple venation. Lateral petals NOT bearded. All petals glabrous. Stamens 5, connivent to connate around ovary. The lowest 2 stamens with curved appendages at the base. appendages to 2.5mm long. Anther connective larger than in most other species of the genus. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary glabrous, 2.1mm long, sub-cylindric, unilocular. Placentation parietal. Style glabrous, 2mm long, expanded and clavate. Sepals 5, attenuate, glabrous but with distinctly ciliate margins, to 1.1cm long, 2.5mm broad at base, auriculate. Auricles 1mm long, rounded. Uppermost sepal reflexed. Fruit glabrous, loosely 3-sided, -1cm long, with persistent style. Seeds many.
Flowering - April - June and sometimes again in late fall. Habitat - Rocky or dry open woods, slopes, ridges, prairies, glades, roadsides. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a striking and easily identifiable species. The flowers are very large and the leaves are finely divided and are similar to a birds foot. The common name for the plant is "Bird's Foot Violet". The flower color of this species is variable and several varieties and forms are recognizable.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - A stout, thick, elongated caudex. Leaves - Alternate, arising from ground level. Petioles to 12cm long, glabrous or with some pubescence near base of blade, with single vertical groove running the length of the petiole. Blade to +4cm broad, +3.5cm long, cordate at base, crenate to serrate, glabrous. Lower leaves typically reniform. Upper leaves with a pointed apex, ovate to deltoid.
Inflorescence - Single flowers arising from the base of plant. Peduncles glabrous, to +15cm long, curved at apex, with a pair of small bracts about in the middle of the peduncle. In early spring the flowers much exceed the leaves. Later, the leaves exceed the flowers. Flowers - Corolla variable in color from deep violet to white and nearly all shades between, to 4cm broad and long, zygomorphic. Petals 5. Lateral petals bearded near "throat" of corolla. Lower petal saccate at base, with dark striping and fading to a dull yellow at base. Stamens 5, connate around ovary, two lowest with nectaries. Style deltoid at apex. Sepals 5, 8-9mm long, 3-4mm broad, lanceolate to linear, green with lighter margins, entire, glabrous or with a few hairs at base, rounded at base. auricles 1-2mm long.
Fruit - Capsule to +1cm long, 5-6mm in diameter, slightly 3-angled with angles greatly rounded, glabrous. Seeds numerous. Placentation parietal. Flowering - March - June and sometimes again around October - November. Habitat - Waste ground, fields, meadows, low woods, ditches, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is a VERY variable plant. The flowers have a wide range of colors and the leaves can be many different shapes and sizes. The flowers can be nearly any color from pure white to deep purple.
The taxonomy of the plant is questionable and some authors place the plant as a variety of V. sororia Willd. V. pranticola Greene is another synonym. The difficulty in placing this taxa comes from the plants variable nature and the fact that it hybridizes with at least four other species of Viola. The plant also produces cleistogamus flowers.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - Plants acaulescent, from a knotty rhizome. Rhizomes stout and thick with slightly thickened roots. Leaves - Leaves all basal and petiolate. Petioles glabrous, +/-12cm long, with an adaxial groove caused by a thin margin of decurent leaf tissue. Stipules linear-attenuate, whtish, glabrous, to +/-2cm long, to 2mm broad at the base. Blades cordate at the base (some merely rounded). Mature leaves triangular-cordate, longer than broad, tapering to an acute apex, crenate-serrate, glabrous, dull-dark green above, light green below, to +5cm long, +3cm broad.
Inflorescence - Multiple pedunculate flowers arising from the base of the plant. Flowers typically equal to or exceeding the leaves. Peduncles glabrous, to +12cm long, with a pair of opposing or alternate bracts about 1/2 way up the peduncle. Bracts glabrous, minute, lanceolate, +/-3mm long, 1mm broad. Peduncle nodding at the apex.
Flowers - Petals 5, lilac, white at the base, with darker purple veins. Lateral petals bearded (the hairs 2mm long). Petals otherwise glabrous, rounded, -2cm long, +/-1cm broad, lower petal with a saccate base (the spur to 3mm long). Stamens 5, erect, connivent around the ovary. Filaments 2.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, whitish, with an orangish expanded anther connective to 2mm long, 2mm broad, glabrous. Anthers connected vertically to the filament, opening longitudinally, whitish. Bottom two anthers with a reniform nectary which fills the spur of the flower. Gland green, -3mm long, 1.5mm broad. Ovary green, 3mm long, 2mm in diameter, cylindric-ovoid, glabrous, unilocular, with many ovules. Stigma greenish, 1mm broad, truncate.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Low rich alluvial soils or woodlands, ravine bottoms, low thickets, along or near streams. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This Violet can be found throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its triangular-cordate leaves, lack of stems, and lilac flowers. The flowers are lighter in color than the more common Viola papilionacea Pursh and Viola sororia Willd.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - To 20cm tall, herbaceous, angled, glabrous or pubescent, from single taproot. Leaves - Alternate, spatulate, glabrous, +2cm long, +5mm broad, entire to (few)coarsely toothed. Stipules deeply divided (palmately lobed), (divisions linear to oblong), glabrous, +1.5cm long, +1cm broad.
Inflorescence - Single flowers from leaf axils. Peduncles typically exceeding leaves, glabrous, curved downward at apex, to +4cm long, with two minute(-1mm) bracts near base of curve.
Flowers - Corolla zygomorphic, +/-1.5cm broad. Petals 5, distinct, typically bluish to whitish with purple lines. Lower petal with yellowish base near "throat" of corolla. Lateral petals bearded. Stamens 5. Stigma globose. Sepals 5, subulate to oblong-lanceolate, +/-5mm long, glabrous, with basal spur to +1.5mm long. Margins of sepals slightly darker green than rest of sepal.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - Fields, waste ground, disturbed sites, meadows, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S., probably. Other info. - This is a tiny Viola which is quite abundant in the spring months. The corolla is variable in color but is typically as described above. There is debate about whether our plants are native or not, but it would seems that they probably are. Different variations of the plant are found in Europe and Africa. The plant produces inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers later in the year. A commonly used synonym is V. rafinesquii Greene.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月29日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - Sprawling to clambering or climbing (by means of tendrils on leaves), herbaceous, from taproot, villous, carinate to angled. Leaves - Alternate, even-pinnate, stipulate, to +13cm long, with +/-10 pairs of leaflets, terminating with a branched tendril. Stipules foliaceous, lance-ovate, to +/-1cm long, villous. Leaflets alternate to subopposite, on short petiolules, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, mucronate, entire, to +2cm long, +/-6mm broad, dense pubescent.
Inflorescence - Pedunculate spikiform axillary raceme to +/-7cm long. Peduncle to +/-6cm long, carinate, villous. Pedicels to 2mm long, connected to lower portion of calyx tube. Flowers nodding and secund.
Flowers - Corolla blue-purple, papilionaceous, glabrous. Standard to 1.3cm long, 7mm broad at apex, notched. Wing petals adhering to keel petals. Stamens 10, diadelphous, to 1cm long, glabrous. Style upcurved, pubescent at apex. Ovary compressed, green, glabrous, 6-7mm long, on short gynophore. Calyx tube to 3mm long, villous below(sparse above), bilabiate. Upper lip reduced, with two shallow lobes. Lobes to 1mm long, acuminate. Lower lip 3-lobed. Lateral two lobes to 4mm long, -1mm broad. Central lobe to 6mm long, -1mm broad, villous. Fruit compressed, to 3cm long, 1cm broad, pubescent, few seeded.
Flowering - April - October. Habitat - Waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This species is an aggressive weed in Missouri. Although the flowers are striking, it should not be willingly spread. Plants with the typical blue-purple flowers are V. villosa f. villosa. Another form of the plant, V. villosa f. albiflora (Schur) Gams. was recently found in the state. This form has pure white flowers and can be found in the "White Flowers Alternate" section of this website.
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