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Miss Chen
2018年05月25日
Miss Chen
植物受到伤害，伤在眼前，痛在心里。今天就为大家来介绍一种可恶的病害——白粉病。 白粉病是一种真菌性病害。真菌其实在我们的生活中很常见，通常我们吃的橘子，放置时间久了发霉产生的白色至青色的毛毛其实就是真菌。白粉菌也是一种真菌，当他们寄生在植物的组织中时，就会对植物产生危害。
为害作物：植物。白粉病可使月季、玫瑰、蔷薇等木本花卉的苗木染病，也能使菊花、凤仙花、瓜叶菊、福禄考等草本花卉秧苗染病。 为害症状：主要在叶片、嫩梢上布满白色粉层，白粉是病原菌的菌丝及分生孢子。病菌以吸器伸人表皮细胞中吸收养分，少数以菌丝从气孔伸人叶肉组织内吸收养分。发病严重肘病叶皱缩不平，叶片向外卷曲，叶片枯-死早落，嫩梢向下弯曲或枯死。 发病特点：白粉病的病原为一类专性寄生菌，在同一种植物上，有时可以被一种以上的白粉菌侵染。 蔷薇白粉病(Sphaerotheca pannosa)是月季、玫瑰、蔷薇、桃花等苗木普遍发生的病害。蔷薇白粉病菌一般以菌丝体在休眠芽内、病叶、病梢上越冬。翌年条件适宜时形成分生孢子，借风力传播。当气温17-25℃、湿度大时病害重，尤以21℃、空气相对湿度97％～99％时发病最重。 凤仙花白粉病(S. fuliginae)可侵染凤仙花、百日草、波斯菊、大金鸡菊、三色堇、木槿、玫瑰、瓜类等。有人认为律草单丝壳菌(S. humuli)可侵染凤仙花。律草单丝壳在高温高湿时发病重。
菊花白粉病(Erysiphae cicheracearum)可侵染紫藤、枸杞、凌霄、福禄考、风铃草、美女樱、飞燕草、蜀葵、菊花、瓜叶菊、金盏菊、百日草、非洲菊、金光菊、大丽花、向日葵等秧苗(苗木)o有人认为菊粉孢(Oidium chrysanthemi)是菊花白粉病的主要病原，并侵染瓜叶菊、非洲菊等。菊花白粉病菌以闭囊壳随病残体在土表越冬，在南方和北方温室不存在越冬问题。以20～24℃、空气干燥时发病最重。菊粉孢以子囊果在受害组织上越冬，翌年子囊果开裂，散出子囊孢子借风传播，在温和、干燥天气下发病重。 山楂白粉病(Podosphaera oxyacanthae)可侵染山楂、榆叶梅、麻叶绣线菊、中华绣线菊等。此外，还许多白粉病病原。 防治方法： 1．选用抗病品种繁殖 如月季有高抗白粉病的品种。 2．清除病源 及时清扫落叶残体并烧毁。不用可能带有白粉病菌的床土培育容易感染白粉病的秧苗。不用有白粉病的母株扦插、分株。避免适合白粉病菌生长的最适湿度持续时间过长。 3．药剂防治 发病初期用下列可湿粉药剂防治：25％粉锈宁2000倍液，或45％敌唑铜2500-3000倍液，或64％杀毒矾500倍液，或70％甲基托布津1000倍液。隔7～10天喷药一次，刚发生时，也可用小苏打500倍液，隔3天一次，连喷5～6次。 今天给大家分享一下不用杀菌药物的处理方法 ●使用小苏打：白粉病在碱性状态下是不能存活，每50g小苏打兑水50kg可以有效防止白粉病！ ●使用食醋：按照1：50的比例兑水擦拭患病植株，并喷洒叶片，也能有效的减少病症 ●使用夹竹桃：夹竹桃叶子捣碎加清水泡一天左右，滤出汁液，喷洒患病植株或，连续使用3-4天能起到治疗作用，不过使用夹竹桃注意有毒，保护好自己。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月25日
Miss Chen
黄化病，是植物的一种病征。指茎叶的一部或全部退绿，而出现黄化或黄绿化的现象。这种病有的是由于线虫、细菌类、病毒、支原体等病原体而引起的疾病；有的是由于养分的过分不足而引起的生理性疾病。今天要说的是杜鹃的黄化病。
杜鹃黄化病属生理性病害，但黄化病的形成，原因复杂，如肓目防治，往往徒劳无益，故必须仔细进行观察，确定病情，找出病因，然后对症下药，方能奏效。兹就杜鹃黄化病的各种症状、病因及有效防治措施，分述如下： 一、缺铁。 1、土壤缺铁：叶绿素的形成，需要铁、氮等元素，而土壤缺铁造成黄化病的现象经常出现，因此补充土壤中的铁元素至关重要，可用硫酸亚铁粉末匀撒入盆土表面，直径30厘米盆可用1.5克，依此类推，然后喷大水使溶解水中，也可溶入水中浇灌，浓度为1%，或加硫酸锌、硼砂等也可，直至恢复。树干较粗大的植株也可用0.75%硫酸亚铁缓缓注入树干中，加以防治。 2、土壤或水偏碱，pH值增大时，严重影响根系对氮和铁的吸收，叶片自下而上逐渐黄化脱落，应首先用食醋中和水的碱性，使pH值降至5-6间，再行浇灌。土壤可用1、2项所述办法改造或更换盆土，严重时可在硫酸亚铁溶液中增加0.3%的柠檬酸，搅匀施用，以增加粘着持久效果。 二、选好栽培土。 宜用疏松、排水良好、富含腐殖质的酸性沙质壤土，可选用腐叶土7份、园土2份、砂土1份、混合配制，并加少量（每盆约50克）麻酱渣、骨粉等作为栽培土；忌用含石灰质的碱土或排水不良的粘质土壤；在栽培管理过程中，要干而不裂，潮而不湿，才能促进新根的萌发。
三、注意防肥害。 杜鹃根细如丝，对肥料浓度反应极为灵敏，过浓会出现黄化、脱落，甚至枯死现象，尤其一旦得黄化病，应立即停止施肥；根外施肥有一定的作用，但不解决根本问题，再稳定一段时间，待新生绿枝木质化后方可施肥，否则仍有可能再次黄化。 四、要舍得摘除花蕾。 患黄化病的植株，即使花蕾成熟也是开不好花的，但因开花要大量消耗养分，影响病株复原，故应及早将所有花蕾不论大小，一律摘除。 五、光照必须适宜。 叶绿素的形成需要光照，只有充足的阳光，才能使叶片显现正常的绿色，光照不足会使叶片黄化。但病株根系衰弱，叶片在强光下以易萎蔫，故夏秋强光高温季节须遮阳，晚秋、冬春要适当增加光照，以利病株复原。 总之，杜鹃花一旦得黄化病后，应耐心改善养护条件，对症采用上述有效防治措施，准备半年至一年左右的时间，精心护理，可使病株再现生机。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月25日
Miss Chen
植物（草本和木本植物）燃烧后的残余物，称草木灰。属于不可溶物质。草木灰肥料因草木灰为植物燃烧后的灰烬，所以是凡植物所含的矿质元素，草木灰中几乎都含有。草木灰质轻且呈碱性，干时易随风而去，湿时易随水而走，与氮肥接触易造成氮元素挥发损失。
草木灰不仅能供给花卉钾素等营养元素，而且对防治花卉病虫害有较好的作用。 防治叶枯病：用草木灰、茶饼、硫磺粉各1公斤，石灰1.5公斤，捣碎成粉后混合均匀，对易发生叶枯病的花卉每盆撒施1.5至2.5克。 防治叶斑病：用草木灰3公斤、生石灰粉1公斤混合拌匀后撒施，每盆40至60克，或过筛喷粉，或单独撒施草木灰。 防治根腐病：草木灰对花卉根腐病有很好的防治效果。具体操作方法是先扒开根部的土壤，并清除腐根周围的泥土，刮去发病根皮，每株施入0.5至1公斤草木灰覆盖根部，上面覆盖泥土。 防治白粉病：对发生白粉病的花卉可距主干5至10厘米处，扒去深5至10厘米的根部土壤，每株盖草木灰0.5至3公斤，灰上加盖薄上。 防治苗期病害：花卉苗圃地苗期易发生立枯病、炭疽病等，在湿度大、温度低时，苗病发生重，常大量死苗。可用草木灰顺垄撒施，亩用量20至25公斤。
防治蚜虫：将草木灰研末过筛，清晨露珠未干时（或先洒水）喷施草木灰于蚜虫体上，也可用纱布装灰抖撒，隔三五天再撒一次，连撒2至3次。 防治根蛆：在花卉苗期根蛆危害时，如用农药灌根防治易发生药害，可在苗地亩施30至40公斤草木灰。施用方法是在苗期把草木灰均匀撒在畦面，然后翻锄均匀，使灰与土充分混合。也可在播种前或种植前，先把草木灰施在沟里，然后再播种或种植。 防治地下害虫：育苗时，球根类花卉苗地常遭蛴螬等地下害虫危害，用草木灰作底肥防治，或用草木灰覆盖种块，可明显减轻危害。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月25日
Miss Chen
由于几天没回家，今天一回家发现盆栽的藤小伊月季花最外面的花瓣居然有好多小黑虫，当即立刻将那片花瓣摘除，喷药。现在在担心其它花瓣被传染。相信很多友友都有过此情况发生吧。所以今天给大家分享几个土农药的制作方法，这样可避免农药给植物带来的副作用。一起来学习一下吧。
一、大蒜汁液。取紫皮大蒜0.5千克，加水少许浸泡片刻，捣碎取汁液，加水稀释10倍，立即喷洒，可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、蚧虫若虫；将大蒜汁液浇入盆土中可防治线虫、蚯蚓。 二、烟叶水。取烟叶50克或烟梗、吸剩的烟头100克，加水1.5千克，煮沸半小时，或浸泡一昼夜，用手反复揉搓后，用纱布过滤，并加入0.1%?0.2%中性洗衣粉喷洒，可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、叶蝉、蓟马、熔象、卷叶虫及其它多种食叶害虫。 三、辣椒。取干红辣椒50克，加清水1千克左右煮沸10分钟?20分钟，过滤后取其清液喷洒，可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、白粉虱等。
四、花椒。取花椒（或胡椒）50克，加水1千克左右，煮沸30分钟?40分钟，过滤后喷洒植株，可杀死蚜虫。 五、白头翁煮水。取白头翁球根500克，加水5千克煮沸半小时，过滤后喷洒花卉，可杀死蚜虫。 六、桃叶煮水。取桃叶0.5千克，加水3千克左右煮沸30分钟，过滤后喷洒，可防治蚜虫、尺蠖及软体害虫等；将桃叶切碎晒干后，碾成粉末施入土中，可防治蝼蛄、蛴螬等地下害虫。 七、洗衣粉液。选用中性洗衣粉1克，兑水150克左右，喷洒受害花卉，可杀死蚜虫、红蜘蛛、白粉虱、介壳虫等。但要在杀死害虫后，及时用清水喷洗叶片2次?3次，疏通气孔。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1¼-3' tall and usually unbranched, except toward the apex where the flowers occur. The central stem is light green, terete, and glabrous to slightly hairy. The alternate leaves are up to 4" long and 1¾" across, becoming gradually smaller as they ascend the stems. They are lanceolate to ovate, serrated along their margins, and pinnately veined. The upper leaf surface is medium green and glabrous to sparsely short-pubescent, while the lower surface is light green and mostly glabrous, except for some hairs along the major veins. The bases of lower leaves taper into short winged petioles, while the bases of upper leaves are sessile. The tips of leaves are mostly acute (less often bluntly acute). The central stem terminates in a panicle of flowerheads up to 1' tall and 1' across. The major branches of this panicle are arching, widely spreading, and racemose (raceme-like in appearance). The flowerheads are borne on short lateral branchlets along the major branches, facing upward; they are nearly sessile. Both the branches and branchlets are light to medium green and pubescent. The panicle is rather open in structure and it often causes the entire plant to lean over because of the weight of the flowerheads. Each flowerhead is about 3 mm. (1/8") across, consisting of several ray florets (3-8) that surround a similar number of disk florets. Both the petaloid rays and corollas of the florets are yellow; the petaloid rays are linear-oblong, while the corollas are short-tubular and minutely lobed above. Surrounding the base of each flowerhead, there are several overlapping series of phyllaries (scaly floral bracts); these phyllaries are light green to yellowish green, appressed together, and linear-lanceolate in shape. In addition to the flowerheads, small leafy bracts (up to 1" long) occur along the branches and branchlets of the panicle. On robust plants, smaller secondary panicles or racemes of flowerheads often develop from the axils of upper leaves. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 3-4 weeks. Afterwards, fertile florets are replaced by small achenes with tufts of hair at their apices. These achenes are oblongoid in shape and 2-3 mm. long; they are dispersed by the wind. The root system consists of a branching caudex with secondary fibrous roots; rhizomes are also produced, enabling this plant to form clonal colonies.
Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to slightly dry conditions, and soil containing loam, sandy loam, glacial till, or some rocky material. This goldenrod readily adapts to cultivation and it should be planted in gardens more often. Range & Habitat: The native Elm-Leaved Goldenrod is a common plant that has been observed in nearly all counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Among woodland goldenrods (Solidago spp.), it is the most common species in the state. Habitats include mesic to upland woodlands, woodland edges, thinly wooded bluffs, edges of limestone glades, partially shaded banks of rivers, and thickets. This goldenrod can spread to edges of lawns in semi-shaded areas from adjacent woodlands. It is found in both higher quality and degraded habitats. Wildfires and other kinds of disturbance are beneficial if they reduce excessive shade from overhead canopy trees and competing shrubs.
Faunal Associations: The flowers attract various kinds of bees, wasps, and flies. These insects seek nectar; bees also collect pollen. Among the bees, are such floral visitors as miner bees (Melissodes spp.), Halictid bees, masked bees (Hylaeus spp.), plasterer bees (Colletes spp.), Andrenid bees, dagger bees (Panurginae), and leaf-Cutting bees (Megachile spp.). Many insects feed destructively on Elm-Leaved Goldenrod and other goldenrods (Solidago spp.); this includes Sumitrosis inaequalis and other leaf beetles, the Goldenrod Plant Bug (Lopidea media) and other plant bugs, the Green Stink Bug (Acrosternum hilaris) and other stink bugs, the Goldenrod Lace Bug (Corythucha marmorata), Acuticauda solidaginifoliae and other aphids, various leafhoppers and treehoppers, and caterpillars of the Goldenrod Flower Moth (Schinia nundina) and many other moths (see the Moth Table). Some vertebrate animals also feed on goldenrods. For example, the Ruffed Grouse, Cottontail Rabbit, and White-Tailed Deer browse on the foliage occasionally, while such granivorous songbirds as the Eastern Goldfinch, Slate-Colored Junco, and Tree Sparrow eat the seeds during the autumn and winter.
Photographic Location: At the edge of a wooded area in Crystal Lake Park, Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This woodland goldenrod has a terminal inflorescence that is rather lanky and spreading, while its lower leaves are lanceolate-ovate and coarsely serrated (superficially resembling the leaves of American Elm, but more narrow and thin-textured). Elm-Leaved Goldenrod is similar in appearance to Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), but the latter has lower leaves with 3 parallel veins (a central vein and two lateral veins). Canada Goldenrod also has more hairy leaves and stems, and the major branches of its panicles are usually less divergent than those of Elm-Leaved Goldenrod. Other goldenrods (Solidago spp.) can be distinguished by some combination of characteristics involving the appearance of their leaves, stems, or inflorescences. Because there are many goldenrod species in Illinois, they can be difficult to distinguish.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 2-3' tall and usually unbranched. The central stem is light green, terete or angular, and glabrous to hairy; it has a tendency to zigzag between the alternate leaves. The leaf blades are 2-5" long and 1-4" across, becoming shorter and more narrow where the flowers occur; they areFlowering Plant widely spreading. The lower to middle leaves are ovate to broadly ovate, while the upper leaves are more lanceolate. The leaf margins are coarsely serrated. The upper surfaces of the leaves are medium to dark green and glabrous, while their lowers surfaces are more pale and glabrous to slightly hairy. The petioles are ¼–1½" long and somewhat winged near the bases of the leaf blades. At the apex of the central stem, there is a terminal inflorescence about 1½–5" long and about one-third as much across. This inflorescence is either a raceme or narrow panicle of flowerheads. There are also smaller axillary racemes about ½–1½" long that develop from the middle to upper leaves; they are shorter than the leaves. The branches of each inflorescence are light green and glabrous. Each flowerhead is about ¼" across or a little less, consisting of 3-4 yellow ray florets, 4-8 yellow disk florets, and several series of floral bracts at its base. The floral bracts are light green and appressed. The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 1 month. Both ray and disk florets are fertile. During the fall, the florets are replaced by achenes with small tufts of hair; they are distributed by the wind. The small achenes are bullet-shaped and pubescent. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Vegetative colonies of plants are sometimes formed from the spreading rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is light to medium shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions in sheltered situations, and fertile loamy soil with decaying organic matter. This is one of the most shade-tolerant goldenrods. Range & Habitat: The native Zigzag Goldenrod is occasional in central and northern Illinois, becoming uncommon or absent in the southern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include rich deciduous woodlands, protected wooded slopes facing north or east, calcareous seeps in wooded areas, low areas along woodland streams, shaded limestone cliffs, and edges of limestone glades. This wildflower is usually found in higher quality natural areas. Faunal Associations: The flowerheads are pollinated by many kinds of insects, including long-tongued bees, small-tongued bees, wasps, flies, and butterflies. Several bees are oligoleges of Solidago spp. (Goldenrods). These species include: Andrena hirticincta, Andrena nubecula, Andrena placata, Andrena simplex, Andrena solidaginis, and Colletes simulans armata. Many insects feed on the leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots of goldenrods. These insect feeders include plant bugs, stink bugs, aphids, leaf beetles, and the caterpillars of many moths (see the Moth Table and the Insect Table for a listing of these species). These insects are a source of food to many woodland songbirds and some upland gamebirds. White-tailed Deer readily browse on the foliage of Zigzag Goldenrod.
Photographic Location: A wooded slope at Turkey Run State Park in west-central Indiana. Comments: Zigzag Goldenrod is a member of a small group of woodland goldenrods (Solidago spp.); other species in this group include Solidago caesia (Bluestem Goldenrod) and Solidago ulmifolia (Elm-Leaved Goldenrod). Zigzag Goldenrod often occurs more moist habitats than the latter two goldenrods, but it also occurs in drier areas of woodlands that are sheltered from the prevailing winds and afternoon sunlight. Because of its broad coarsely toothed leaves and axillary racemes of flowerheads, it is one of the easiest goldenrods to identify. Another common name of this species is Broad-Leaved Goldenrod.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial wildflower is about 1½–3' tall and either unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem usually leans over to one side; it is terete, glabrous, and light green while young, however sometimes it becomes blue-gray or burgundy-gray and glaucous with age. Along the central stem and any lateral stems there are alternate leaves up to 5" long and ¾" across; these leaves become gradually smaller as they ascend the stem(s). The leaves are medium to dark green, elliptic-oblong to elliptic in shape, smooth to serrated along their margins (usually the latter), hairless or nearly so, and sessile. The upper surface of each leaf has a prominent central vein and faint lateral veins. At the axils of the middle to upper leaves, there develops small clusters of 1-12 flowerheads. In addition, the central stem may terminate in a small panicle of flowerheads up to 3" long and 1½" across. Each flowerhead is about 3 mm. (1/8") across or a little wider, consisting of 4-5 ray florets that surround a similar number of disk florets. The short-tubular corollas of the disk florets are golden yellow and 5-lobed. The petaloid rays are yellow and elliptic-oblong in shape. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are light to medium green bracts (phyllaries) in about 3 overlapping series; these bracts are glabrous and oblong in shape. The short pedicels of the flowers and the branches of any terminal inflorescence are light to medium green, terete, and hairless or nearly so. The blooming period occurs from late summer into the fall, lasting about 1 month. Fertile florets are replaced by small bullet-shaped achenes that are finely pubescent; each achene has a small tuft of hairs. The achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Occasionally, small loose colonies of plants will develop at favorable sites.
Cultivation: The preference is medium shade to partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and soil that contains loam, clay-loam, or some rocky material. During dry weather, some of the lower leaves may wither away, otherwise they usually remain in good condition. Range & Habitat: The native Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is occasional in the far eastern, southern, and west-central areas of Illinois, but it is rare or absent elsewhere in the state (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the western range-limit of this species; it is more common in Indiana and other eastern states. Habitats include upland woodlands, woodland openings, bluffs, upper slopes of ravines, and rocky cliffs in shaded or partially shaded areas. This species is usually found in higher quality habitats consisting of upland woodland areas where deciduous trees (especially oaks) are dominant.
Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers can attract a wide variety of insects, especially short-tongued bees, wasps, and flies. The caterpillars of Gnorimoschema gallaeastrella and other species of moths feed on goldenrods (see Moth Table). Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is one of the host plants of the leaf beetle Microrhopala xerene, the leafhopper Prescottia lobata, and the larvae of such polyphagous leaf-miner flies as Calycomyza jucunda, Nemorimyza posticata, and Ophiomyia texana. Other insects that feed on goldenrods (Solidago spp.) include aphids, treehoppers, spittlebugs, plant bugs, stink bugs, the larvae of fruit flies, and grasshoppers. The seeds of goldenrods are eaten sparingly by the Indigo Bunting, Slate-Colored Junco, Tree Sparrow, Eastern Goldfinch, and other songbirds. White-Tailed Deer are especially likely to feed on the foliage of goldenrods in woodlands.
Photographic Location: A rocky upland woodlands in west-central Indiana. Comments: This distinctive goldenrod is both elegant and shade-tolerant. Of the many goldenrod species that occur in Illinois, only two species produce primarily axillary clusters of flowers: Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod (Solidago caesia) and Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis). Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is typically found in upland woodlands, while Zigzag Goldenrod is more often found in lowland woodlands. Zigzag Goldenrod has much wider leaves (exceeding 1¼" across) that are ovate and coarsely serrated; the leaves of this latter species have petioles, while the leaves of Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod are sessile. Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod sometimes develops glaucous stems that are blue-gray or burgundy-gray, while the stems of Zigzag Goldenrod are consistently green.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial herbaceous plant is 2–3½' long and more or less erect. The central stem is light green, hairless, terete, and unbranched. Alternate leaves occur along the entire length of the central stem. However, toward the base of the stem, these leaves are reduced to membranous bracts without petioles. For fully developed leaves, their blades are 2½–5" long and 1½–3" across; they are ovate in shape and toothless along their margins. Sometimes the leaf margins bend downward and inward. The leaf bases are rounded to truncate, while their tips are acute. The upper leaf surface is medium green, hairless, and shiny, while the lower leaf surface is whitish green, finely pubescent, and dull. Leaf venation is parallel. The petioles are usually as long as the leaf blades to which they are attached, or even longer. These petioles are light green or light reddish green, narrowly concave above, convex below, and hairless; they are ascending. Sometimes pairs of slender twining tendrils are produced from the axils of the upper leaves; such tendrils are few in number. Solitary umbels of flowers about 1½–3" across are produced from the lower bracts and above the petiole-bases of the lower to middle leaves on long ascending peduncles (floral stalks). These peduncles are up to 6" long, light green or light reddish green, terete, and hairless. Each umbel has 15-45 flowers on slender pedicels (floral stalklets). Because this plant is dioecious, some plants produce only male (staminate) flowers, while other plants produce only female (pistillate) flowers. Each male flower has 6 yellowish green or green spreading tepals and 6 stamens with whitish or yellowish anthers. Each female flower has 6 yellowish green or green spreading tepals and a green central ovary with 3 prominent stigmas. The tepals of both male and female flowers are elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate in shape. Both male and female flowers are 6-8 mm. (1/4"–1/3") across. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 3 weeks. The flowers have a mild carrion-like odor. Afterwards, the female flowers are replaced by berries. At maturity, these berries are 6-8 mm. (1/4"–1/3") across, blue-violet, and globoid in shape. The interior of each berry is juicy and contains 1-5 seeds. The root stock is tuberous. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and loamy soil with ample amounts of organic matter. Growth and development are very rapid during the spring, but once the flowers and immature fruits are produced, there is little new growth.
Range & Habitat: Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis) is widely scattered throughout Illinois, where it is native and uncommon (see Distribution Map). Habitats include woodlands in river valleys, wooded areas along roads, and thickets. Southern Illinois lies along the southern range-limit for this species, which occurs primarily in the Upper Midwest in the Great Lakes region (eastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and northern Illinois). Illinois Carrion Flower is found in both higher quality natural areas and more degraded habitats with a history of light to moderate disturbance. It probably benefits from occasional wildfires. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract many kinds of flies, including blow flies (Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp.), Muscid flies, and flesh flies (Helicobia spp., Sarcophaga spp.). Halictid bees and miscellaneous beetles also visit the flowers to a lesser extent. Various insects feeds on the foliage or suck plant juices from Smilax spp. (Greenbrier, Carrion Flower). These insect species include Neoprociphilus aceris (Woolly Maple Aphid), the larvae of gall flies (Cecidomyiidae), the larvae of several moths, and others (see the Insect Table for more information). White-tailed Deer like to browse on the foliage of Smilax spp., especially non-thorny Carrion Flower species. Mammals that eat the berries include the Virginia Opossum, Raccoon, Fox Squirrel, and American Black Bear. In addition, the berries are often eaten by such upland gamebirds and fructivorous songbirds as the Cedar Waxwing, Northern Cardinal, Gray Catbird, Veery, Hermit Thrush, American Robin, Ruffed Grouse, and Wild Turkey. The Ruffed Grouse and Wild Turkey also feed on the young leaves (see Bird Table).
Photographic Location: A wooded area near a river and a roadside in rural Champaign County, Illinois. Comments: Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis) was not recognized as a distinct species until 1968. It has characteristics that are intermediate between the Common Carrion Flower (Smilax lasioneuron) and Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata). It is possible that Illinois Carrion Flower is a naturally occurring and well-established hybrid between these two species. Common Carrion Flower is a sprawling vine up to 8' long that produces abundant tendrils. It has petioles that are shorter than the leaf blades and its umbels tend to have more flowers or fruits than those of Illinois Carrion Flower. Upright Carrion Flower can be distinguished by its slightly wider leaves that have blunt tips and slightly cordate bases. The petioles of its leaves are shorter than the blades. This latter species never produces tendrils, it tends to be a little shorter in height, and its umbels tend to have fewer flowers (usually less than 20). In contrast, Illinois Carrion Flower has leaves with more tapered acute tips and rounded to truncate bases; its petioles are usually as long or longer than its leaves, and its umbels usually have 20 or more flowers.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is an unbranched herbaceous perennial that becomes 1-3' tall at maturity. The central stem is light green, light gray, or purplish green; it is terete and glabrous. The lower leaves are reduced to scale-like bracts, while the middle to upper leaves are 3-5" long and 2½–4" across. The latter are either alternate, opposite, or arranged in whorls of 3 along the central stem, differing little in size; they are broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular in shape and smooth (entire) along their margins. The primary veins are parallel. The upper surface of these leaves is medium green and glabrous, while the lower surface is light green and sparsely hairy; hairs are more common along the lower sides of larger veins than elsewhere. The petioles are light green, light gray, or purplish green; they are 2–3½" long, glabrous, slightly concave above, and convex below. The petioles are always shorter than the corresponding leaves to which they are attached. Sometimes a few tendrils are produced near the upper leaves, although they are often absent. Umbels of 6-25 flowers are produced from ascending peduncles (floral stalks) up to 6" long; these umbels are about ¾–1½" across. The peduncles are light green, slender, and glabrous. These pedunculate umbels of flowers are produced from the bract-like lower leaves and sometimes from the larger middle leaves. These inflorescences usually do not occur every year. Because Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata) is dioecious, male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers are produced on separate plants. Male flowers are about ¼" across, consisting of 6 green tepals and 6 stamens with white anthers. Female flowers are about ¼" across, consisting 6 green tepals and a superior ovary with 3 recurved stigmas. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 2 weeks. The flowers have an unpleasant odor that resembles decaying carrion. Afterwards, fertile female flowers are replaced by berries that become mature during late summer or autumn. Mature berries are about 8 mm. (1/3") across, dark blue-violet to black, and globoid in shape; the fleshy interiors of these berries contain 1-6 seeds. This plant reproduces by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a relatively loose soil containing loam and decaying organic matter. Plants that are grown in moderate to dense shade often fail to produce flowers and berries. Most growth and development occur during the spring and early summer. Range & Habitat: The native Upright Carrion Flower is occasional in the northern half of Illinois, while in the southern half of the state it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, bottoms of wooded bluffs, shady ravines, banks of woodland streams, open woodlands, and thickets. Populations of this plant are threatened by the overpopulation of White-tailed Deer, invasion of non-native shrubs and Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata), and habitat destruction from development. It is a fairly conservative species that is found in high quality natural areas.
Faunal Associations: The stinky flowers of Upright Carrion Flower are cross-pollinated by various kinds of flies, including Anthomyiid flies, Calliphorid flies, Muscid flies, and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae). They are also visited by Halictid bees (including green metallic bees) and miscellaneous beetles. Both nectar and pollen are available as floral rewards (the latter is found only on plants with male flowers); see Graenicher (1902) for more information. Various insects are known to feed destructively on the foliage and other parts of Smilax spp. (Greenbrier, Carrion Flower). Examples include the leaf beetle Pachyonychus paradoxus, larvae of Dasineura smilacifolia (Smilax Leaf Midge) and Camptoneuromyia rubifolia (Smilax Blister Midge), and larvae of such moths as Proleucoptera smilaciella, Phosphila miselioides (Spotted Phosphila), Phosphila turbulenta (Turbulent Phosphila), Phyprosopus callitrichoides (Curve-lined Owlet), Pseudogalleria inimicella (Inimical Borer Moth), and Papaipema unimoda (Meadow Rue Borer Moth); see Clark et al. (2004), Felt (1917), Needham et al. (1928), Wagner (2005), and Miller (1987). Another insect feeder, Neoprociphilus aceris (Woolly Maple Aphid), uses Smilax spp. as summer hosts, sucking juices from their stems and leaves (Blackman & Eastop, 2013). Upland gamebirds, songbirds, and other birds feed on the berries, spreading their seeds to new locations. These species include the Wood Duck, Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, Cardinal, American Crow, Catbird, Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Fox Sparrow, and several thrushes (see the Bird Table for a more complete list of these species). The Black Bear, Opossum, Raccoon, Fox Squirrel, and Gray Squirrel also feed on the fruit, while White-tailed Deer browse on the leaves and stems (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Augustine, 1997).
Photographic Location: The Spitler Woods State Natural Area near Decatur, Illinois. Comments: Among the various Smilax spp. that occur in Illinois, Upright Carrion Flower (Smilax ecirrhata) is one of the shortest and most erect. The only other species with this characteristic within the state, Illinois Carrion Flower (Smilax illinoensis), differs by having leaves that become smaller as they ascend upward, leaves that are more narrowly shaped and more rounded at their bases (rather than cordate), petioles that are as long or longer than the corresponding leaves to which they are attached, and umbels with more flowers. This latter species is less common than Upright Carrion Flower. Two other species, Common Carrion Flower (Smilax lasioneuron) and Smooth Carrion Flower (Smilax herbacea) are climbing vines up to 6-8' long that have abundant tendrils. Other Smilax spp. in Illinois are woody vines that are even longer; they are commonly referred to as Catbriers or Greenbriers. Another spelling of the scientific name for Upright Carrion Flower is Smilax ecirrata.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月24日
Miss Chen
红叶石楠做行道树，其杆立如火把；做绿篱，其状卧如火龙；修剪造景，形状可千姿百态，景观效果美丽。 红叶石楠因其新梢和嫩叶鲜红而得名。常见的有红罗宾和红唇两个品种，其中红罗宾的叶色鲜艳夺目，观赏性更佳。春秋两季，红叶石楠的新梢和嫩叶火红，色彩艳丽持久，极具生机。在夏季高温时节，叶片转为亮绿色，给人清新凉爽之感觉。红叶石楠因其鲜红色的新梢和嫩叶而得名。 在浙江的敖女士告诉笔者，连日来，国光玫瑰发枝剂和防治炭疽病的药如英纳花卉苗木专用杀菌剂、百菌清销得还好。是什么原因造成这一情况？这些东西主要用在哪些地方，据了解，主要还是用在今年扦插的苗木上，尤其是新扦插的红叶石楠品种用得多。
红叶石楠到底怎么了？ 笔者身处中国花木之乡??萧山，听到苗农最多的感叹是：“今年扦插的红叶石楠到底怎么了？是碰到‘鬼’了吗”？ 带着这个问题，笔者近日来到了某镇一大型苗圃基地，了解了该基地的负责人吴先生。 据吴先生反映：“他们今年扦插的红叶石楠已经有70多天了，生根情况很好，但发芽状况很不理想。按常规，红叶石楠扦插后40-50天是应该发芽好了的，但今年碰到“鬼”了，我们请红叶石楠方面的专家亲自来现场把脉诊断，专家说，红叶石楠先生根后发芽这种现象是好的，但扦插了70多天还不发芽，就不太正常了，建议我们喷发枝剂，催一下芽。” “如果不发芽了，那可怎么办啊，我今年扦插了好几百万株红叶石楠，指望靠它赚一笔呢，看看，现在还是这个样子！”吴先生一脸的愁容。甩打着双手，望着整床整床还没有发芽的红叶石楠枝条发愣，笔者的心情和吴先生一样，沉重、忧虑、着急，毕竟扦插下去已经有70多天时间了。 红叶石楠只生根不发芽是这个苗圃的一个现象，另一个更为严重的现象是红叶石楠感染了炭疽病。炭疽病是红叶石楠在扦插期间发生的一种主要病害，他们根据专家的建议已经采用了药物防治，如喷雾代森锰锌、百菌清、英纳花卉苗木专用杀菌剂，并采取加强光照、通风透光等预防此病发生的一系列措施。谈到这个问题时，吴先生说：“前段时间，他的苗圃里来了四批苗农，这些苗农都是为同一个目的来的。他们是来看我的红叶石楠是否也感上了炭疽病，原因是他们扦插的红叶石楠也都得上了炭疽病，并且比我的还严重。” 针对上述这两个现象，笔者下乡来到了萧山花木主产镇新街的好几个红叶石楠繁殖基地，了解到的情况和吴先生说的接近。其中还了解到该镇沿江村的一个姓包的苗农，今年，他扦插了20多万株红叶石楠，生根发芽很好，但就是揭膜这个环节不当，结果只剩了3万多株好苗，其他全死光了。包先生一脸的愁闷：“以前都没出现这种情况的，今年真的不知怎么了，是碰到‘鬼’了吗？”
“杀手”是谁？ “红叶石楠扦插繁殖技术我摸索了多年，以前扦插都很顺利，从没有象今年这么费劲，今年怕是碰到‘鬼’了”。这还是上述被采访的那位吴先生说的话。 吴先生请专家进行了把脉，诊断的结果是：其一，光照不足是造成红叶石楠不发芽的主要原因。在笔者看来，确实如此。笔者现场看到，吴先生的基地所用的遮荫膜是遮荫率为70%的，而正好扦插的时候（4-5月份），浙江阴雨天较多，光照不足，影响叶片光合作用，芽子抽不出来也就在所难免了。好在吴先生发现的及时，及早请来了专家，并根据专家意见，采用了增强透光率的办法，如今，用顶芽作为插穗的，芽子已经萌动了。而用单芽作为插穗的，仍未见动静。可能还需要一些时间。他根据专家的建议，还喷上了国光玫瑰发枝剂；其二、高温高湿，通风不良，消毒不彻底，导致红叶石楠在扦插期间炭疽病发生并蔓延。笔者发现，吴先生的扦插基地，排水系统不是很健全，再加上又是粘性土壤，苗床底，开沟浅，排水不畅，高温高湿，通风不理想。 至于新街镇沿江村苗农出现的那种情况，凭笔者多年积累的红叶石楠扦插的经验可以解释：那是包先生揭膜方法不正确所致。红叶石楠插穗生根发芽后，需要炼苗，必须要逐步的揭膜，不能一下子掀开，就象一个人从空调房一下子钻到风吹日晒的太阳下一样，感觉不适应，何况是生命力十分脆弱的小苗呢？那不死才怪；另外，包先生在掀膜的那几天，天气可能不是很稳定，可能是忽冷忽热的，太阳也许是魔鬼般，时而出来作怪，时而躲到云彩里去，由于太阳布下了迷魂阵，包先生掉以轻心了，导致了恶果的发生。 后来，包先生的女儿包女士（我的同事）对我说：“我分析得很准，那几天揭膜后忽视了太阳，忘记了盖遮荫膜，一下子掀开薄膜，小苗承受不起，结果，得到手的鸭子飞了，估计可以挣好几万块钱的，如今打了水漂”。 亡羊补牢 红叶石楠出了点问题不要紧，关键是调整好心态。 俗话说，“吃一堑，长一智”，这一次规模搞的小，吃点小亏，算是买个教训，等下一次搞大后，就不会失误了。再说，红叶石楠将来的市场到底会怎么样，谁也说不准。不过，根据目前的发展态势，红叶石楠未来仍将保持2元/株左右这种居高不下的价格，其可能性怕是小了。笔者在前些日子，就已经撰文，明确指出，目前，红叶石楠扦插成风，尤其是江浙一带，苗农跟风严重。在浙江（中国）花木城附近的乡村，新搭建的10个大棚，至少有少半大棚扦插的是红叶石楠品种。如今，在浙江（中国）花木城小苗交易市场，单株红叶石楠工程苗，已经下调了3-4毛钱，1.5-1.8元/株都可以成交。尽管是现在的天气炎热，绿化工程不好施工，苗木需求量小所致。但有一点是必须明了的，即使是秋季绿化工程施工的旺季到来，但红叶石楠到那时的量会成批成批的跟上来，价格再次下调，也将成为可能。 现在，红叶石楠出了点问题，在笔者看来，趁早改换其他品种，还来得及，凭笔者多年在长三角地区工作的经验，在10月份之前扦插各种苗木，都是较理想的。“塞翁失马”，未免不是一件好事。当然，能挽救的还是挽救为好，有了“病”，不要紧，请医生把脉，对症下药，该治虫时，还得治虫，该治病时，还得治病。重要的是，千万别干有病乱投医的蠢事。
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