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Miss Chen
2018年05月19日
Miss Chen
球根花卉种类丰富，花色艳丽，花期较长，栽培容易，适应性强，是园林布置中比较理想的一类植物材料。荷兰的郁金香、风信子，日本的麝香百合，中国的中国水仙和百合等，在世界广均享有盛誉。球根花卉常用于花坛、花境、岩石园、基础栽植、地被、美化水面(水生球根花卉)和点缀草坪等。又多是重要的切花花卉，每年有大量生产，如唐菖蒲、郁金香、小苍兰、百合、晚香玉等。还可盆栽，如仙客来、大岩桐、水仙、大丽花、朱顶红、球根秋海棠等。此外，部分球根花卉可提取香精、食用和药用等。 经两年来对球根花卉百合、郁金香、剑兰的主要病害防治研究包括：栽培环境因子控制试验，药物防治试验和栽培环境加药物防治综合试验。结果表明，控制栽培环境因子，对球根花卉的主要病害的防治比药物防治效果更好。
一、材料与方法 1.对进口百合、郁金香和剑兰切花或盆花生产过程中危害比较严重的病害进行了观察对比试验，包括百合、剑兰的灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)、丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、疫霉菌(P.parasitica)、郁金香的丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)。 2.对真菌引起的病害做了通过控制环境因子和药物防治的观察试验，即在不良的栽培环境情况下，观察药物防治效果：研究改善栽培环境条件下，药物防治与不用药物防治的效果。 二、结果与分析 1.灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea) 灰霉病对百合、剑兰的危害高峰多发生在冬季温室栽培时。当空气温度低于10℃，相对空气湿度高于80%时，灰霉病对百合、剑兰会产生非常严重的危害。被感染植株的叶、花蕾及花瓣会出现褐色斑点。 通过近两年的对比观察试验发现，如果在通风不良的温室栽培百合、剑兰，灰霉病的发病率非常高。通过药物防治与控制环境因子对比试验发现，如果三天温室不通风，百合、剑兰染病率可达90%以上。当然这一试验是在采用了以下药物预防的条件下进行的，采用的杀菌剂如下：百菌清、吲哚羧酸酯OK-9601、悬浮剂Fludioxonil17世高、代森锰锌、扑利克。然而即使已采用这些杀菌剂进行预防，预防效果不明显。相反，通过控制温室内的环境因子，对灰霉病的预防起到良好的效果。在控制温室环境方面，主要采取了每天给温室通风，减少温室内的空气湿度，提高温度，浇水时不要留在叶子上，保持叶面干燥等措施。通过以上措施，百合、剑兰灰霉病发病可控制在3%以下(见防治效果统计表)。 2.丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani) 丝核菌是一种土壤性病害，对百合的危害多发生在栽培土壤温度超过15℃时，主要危害部位是出土前百合的芽，包括叶和茎，春、夏、秋三个季节都会发生。而由于郁金香栽培多在秋冬季节，所以丝核菌多危害温室栽培的郁金香，特别是盆栽郁金香。郁金香的受害部位与百合的受害部位相同，丝核菌主要危害出土前的芽。无论百合还是郁金香，只要其芽一旦出土，就不会受到新的危害。 通过近两年的观察对比试验发现，如果在栽种百合初期，其土壤温度高于13℃时，该病菌就对百合产生危害；如果土壤温度高于10℃，其就对郁金香产生危害；如果土壤温度高于20℃，百合、郁金香中的有些品种受害程度可达10～70%以上。受害程度还与品种的抗病性有关，在试验中采用常规药浇灌土壤消毒，其效果不明显，采用的化学杀菌剂包括菌核净、多菌灵、土菌灵、50%甲基立枯磷(Rizolex)。经试验，化学药物防治比较好的方法是土壤消毒 ，比较有效的杀菌剂或土壤消毒剂包括：速必灭、50%甲基立枯磷(Rizolex)和臭钾烷。经防治试验发现，控制前期温度，即生根温度，彻底有效地解决了这一问题。在栽培前期(生根期)，把百合、郁金香放置在冷库内生根，使冷库的温度分别控制在13℃、10℃以下。 (1)百合： 把百合种球种植在周转箱内，然后放置在冷库内，待百合种球的芽生长到3～6 cm时，再移栽于温室。 (2)郁金香： 把上盆后的郁金香立刻放置在冷库内，保存4～6周的生根时间(如果为了控制花期，可延长生根时间)，然后移入温室管理。 通过以上处理，百合、郁金香的芽能迅速出土，使丝核菌对百合和郁金香的危害减少到零。与药物防治效果的对比情况见统计表。 3.疫霉病(P. parasitica) 疫霉病是夏季高温季节危害百合的重要病害之一。当土壤温度超过20℃时，将引起此病的发生。该病造成植株脚腐、枯萎、引起茎猝倒。通过观察发现：一旦发现植株感染，使用一般杀菌剂很难控制，如：瑞毒霉、钾霜灵。化学药物防治中，只有土壤消毒方法效果较好。由于其发病的条件是土壤粘、温度高，所以采用了防雨，通过浇水控制土壤湿度，保持植株干燥，改良土壤等措施，取得很好的效果。
三、讨论 目前花卉种植业比较发达的荷兰提倡通过控制栽培环境防治病害，减少化学药品的使用。这一观点的提出不仅有利于人类环境的保护，也有利于病害的积极防治。长期以来，化学农药的使用对人类产生不可估量的危害，长期用药也使得某些病害产生抗药性。通过对比试验表明，对某些病害采用化学防治，其效果并不理想。虽然采用土壤、种子消毒，效果比一般药物防治好得多，但是消毒后的土壤、种子和正在栽培的植株很难不会再次感染。这主要是因为有些病害的孢子会受到风、水和昆虫等其它媒体传播。因此只有改善栽培环境，包括：土壤改良、温湿度控制和通风等，才能从根本上解决球根花卉病害防治的基础问题。尤其对温室栽培的球根花卉更重要。换句话说，考虑球根花卉病害防治时，首选方案应该是环境因子控制，其次再考虑药物防治。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月19日
Miss Chen
百合花姿雅致，叶片青翠娟秀，茎干亭亭玉立，是名贵的切花新秀。同时百合鲜食干用均可。百合是中国传统出口特产，所含的营养非常丰富。下面为大家介绍一下百合的病虫害症状及防治方法。
百合病害： 一、在生长中后期球茎及茎生根处易感染根腐病，呈明亮暗褐色烂斑。在植株茎基易发生基腐病，使叶下垂变黄；在叶上还会感染叶斑病，使植株停止生长。鳞茎及鳞片腐烂病，在地下茎呈褐色至黑褐色斑点，逐渐扩大到茎内部，使鳞茎腐烂。还有一种立枯病，病株幼叶出现黄绿或白色斑点，严重叶变为褐色，叶片出现卷曲。 防治：立枯病是一种生理性病害，其它病害均由真菌引起，可用50%多菌灵，每亩1千克进行灌根，或与50%的代森铵100倍液混合使用。注意发病初期应立即拔除病株，并立即防治。 二、百合无症病毒，又称百合病毒或“百合曲条病毒”。 （1）症状：一般情况无症状，或叶上产生轻度斑晕，皱曲条纹。容易形成复合感染，为与CMV复合感染时产生坏死斑点，与郁金香碎色病毒复方感染时产生褐色坏斑或条斑。 （2）分布：我国江南、江北各地均有发生，尤以厦门为严重。 （3）病原：病毒质粒为线条状，长而稍带弯曲，长度为650nm，直径为18nm。汁液传播和蚜虫传播。麝香百合作为诊断寄主。市场上出售的百合鳞茎中普遍带毒。 （4）防治：选择无病毒鳞茎作为种源。加强防治蚜虫工作。百合无症病毒也能为害郁金香，因此这两种花卉不能混种、套种或连作。
百合虫害 常见虫害有：蚜虫、金龟子幼虫、螨类。 常群集在嫩叶花蕾上吸取汁液，使植株萎缩，生长不良，开花结实均受影响。 防治方法： ①清洁田园，铲除田间杂草，减少越冬虫口； ②发生期间喷杀灭菊脂2000倍液，或40%氧化乐果1500倍液，或50%马拉硫磷1000倍液，蚜虱净，大功臣。金龟子幼虫可用马拉硫磷、锌硫磷。螨类可用杀螨剂。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月19日
Miss Chen
花盆中有蚂蚁不但会影响美观和心情，而且还会对植物的生长造成影响，严重的会造成花卉的死亡。但是蚂蚁的数量多，体积小，成群结队，而且蚂蚁的嗅觉灵敏，只要有一点点味道就可以引来一大推蚂蚁。花盆中有蚂蚁怎么办？
消除蚁源 盆花要远离蚁穴。如发现盆土内已有蚁，先循着蚁的爬行路线，找到蚁巢，用水淹、火烧、喷药等办法予以消灭。再在蚁巢和蚁的爬行路线上撒一些石灰，可防止蚁再次危害。 物理防治 1．施用腐熟肥施基肥或有机肥时必须要用经充分发酵、腐熟的有机肥，切勿用生肥或半熟肥，以免引起蚁的寻食。 2．清洗叶面叶面上残存的苍蝇、蛾、蚜虫、螨类等昆虫的排泄物容易引诱蚁来寻食，因此要经常用清水喷洗叶面，保持其清洁。同时要经常打扫地面，保持盆花养护地的清洁卫生，以免有异味的物质引来蚁类。 3．浸水除虫将已受蚁危害的盆花，慢慢放入装有水的桶内（水深淹过盆土即可）浸30至60分钟。蚁经不住水淹，会从盆土内全部爬出来，此时可将浮在水面和爬在盆花茎叶上的蚁消除掉。 4．大蒜驱虫用大蒜去皮，捣烂，把这些碎屑埋入盆土内，蚁类经不住蒜气的熏蒸会自行逃走。 5．翻盆清除对已在根部筑巢的植株，最有效的办法是在水池内翻盆，将蚁全部消灭。再清洗植株根部，用消毒过的新盆土培植盆花。
化学防治 1．盆土消毒在上盆或翻盆前，用40％福尔马林、65％代森锌粉剂、50％多菌灵粉剂等药剂对盆土进行消毒，杀死盆土内的白蚁、蚂蚁及其卵。 2．埋入药土用50％敌百虫可湿性粉剂1份与50份过筛的细土拌匀做成药土，再将药土等距离埋入盆土内，以消灭蚁。 3．浇灌药液对天气炎热不宜翻盆、埋入药土效果不明显且受害严重的植株，或蚁类已在盆土内筑巢的植株，用50％对辛硫磷乳油10克兑水500至1000克，或用1000克清水掺40％乐果乳剂5至10克配成药液，将药液浇入盆土和有蚁的地方，再用塑料袋将整个花盆密封12小时，可将所有的蚁类全部杀死。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月19日
Miss Chen
好一朵美丽的茉莉花，芬芳美丽满枝桠，又香又白人人夸，让我来将你摘下，送给别人家……朗朗上口的一首《茉莉花》，没错，它确实是芬芳美丽、又香又白，深受人们的喜爱。今天要为大家介绍的茉莉花的病虫害。
茉莉花在生长期间的病害有：茉莉茎腐病、白绢病： (1)茉莉茎腐病 该病发生在茎基部，初期病斑为褐色斑，水渍状。病斑纵向扩展成条斑状。边缘暗褐色，内灰褐色，后期病班组织腐烂纵裂，并出现黑色粒状物。该病在温室养护期内会常年发生，尤以早春严重。室外养护时8-9月份也有发生。高温潮湿条件下有利病害的发生。 防治方法 ①花卉上盆时，可用0．2-0．4度的石硫合剂喷洒；②可用70％的托布律600一1000倍液涂抹病斑或涂枝干，或用福美双500倍液，效果也好。 (2)白绢病 多在茎基部发生。感病植株变褐腐烂，病部皮层易剥落，表面产生白色绢丝状菌丝。后期，病部生出油菜籽状的菌核。病原菌在土中或病残体上以菌核或菌丝体越冬。每年5-6月和8-9月雨水多时，易发生重复侵染。 防治方法： （1）及时清除病株残体，集中销毁。 （2）加强管理，严格检疫，杜绝病源。 （3）病初用70%五氯硝基苯药土对周围土壤进行消毒，或喷施1%波尔多液或0.3波美度石硫合剂，或50%可湿性退菌特药土进行防治。发病较重时，喷75%百菌清可湿性粉剂800-1000倍液，或65%代森锌可湿性粉剂800倍液。 （4）用82木霉麸皮生物制剂，拌以细土，混合于盆土中。
茉莉花在生长期间的虫害有：茉莉叶螟、朱砂叶峨： (1)茉莉叶螟 茉莉叶螟是荣莉的主要害虫之一，它以幼虫食害茉莉的叶、花蕾、小枝及新梢。小枝皮被食后即枯死，幼苗被害后即死亡，严重影响茉莉花的生长和开花。 防治方法 ①冬季或早春，清除植株上的枯枝和地上的落叶，集中烧毁；适当疏叶，以利通风；及时人工捕捉并杀死叶片上的卵、幼虫、蛹。 ②在茉莉生长期间，可用50％敌百虫可湿性粉剂6000倍液喷洒，具有很好的防治效果。 (2)朱砂叶峨 朱砂叶蜗又名棉红蜘蛛。它能为害许多花卉和许多温室植物。茉莉就是常见的受害花卉之一。被害花卉的叶片初呈黄白色小斑点，逐渐变红后扩展到全叶，造成叶片卷曲，枯黄脱落。此蜗发展很快，危害严重，影响花木的生长和开花。 防治方法 冬季除草清理花圃，并在圃地灌水，可以消灭越冬虫源。在红蜘蛛发生危害期，可用40％的三氯杀瞒醇乳油1500-2000倍液(或50％三氯杀蜗矾可湿性粉剂1500-2000倍液，或40％氧化乐果1000-1500倍液)喷雾防治，每隔7天喷1次，喷2-3次即可，效果较好。喷药时，应对叶背面喷，并注意喷洒植株的中、下部的内膛枝叶。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant has an erect flowering stalk about 8-16" tall. Toward the lower middle of this unbranched stalk, there is a single pair of opposite leaves. These leaves are nearly sessile, oval-cordate, coarsely crenate or dentate along the margins, and often shallowly 3-lobed; they are about 2" long and 1¼" across. The flowering stalk is slender, light green, and pubescent. At the base of the plant, there are basal leaves on long petioles. Except for their petioles, they resemble the pair of opposite leaves. The inflorescence is an erect raceme; each flower is widely spaced from the others along the stalk. The pedicels of these flowers are quite short. Each white flower is a less than than ¼" across; it consists of 5 white petals, 10 yellow stamens, a pair of styles, a greenish white calyx with 5 short lobes, and a single-celled ovary. The petals are deeply pinnatifid, which provides them with a fringed appearance. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring. After the blooming period, each flower is replaced by an open capsule that contains many small seeds. These seeds are distributed by raindrop logistics (raindrops striking the capsule cause it to bend and fling some of its seeds). The root system can produce vegetative colonies from rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight during the spring, otherwise shade is tolerated. Bishop's Cap is usually found in mesic to dry areas of woodlands where the soil contains abundant organic matter, often where there is rocky ground. Most growth and development occurs during the spring when the soil is normally moist. Range & Habitat: The native Bishop's Cap occurs occasionally in northern, east-central, west-central, and hilly areas of southern Illinois; in many central and south-central areas of the state, it appears to be absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include upland woodlands, wooded slopes, rocky bluffs, and shady ravines. The substrate of the rocky woodlands where this species occurs can consist of either limestone or sandstone. This species is usually found in high quality woodlands.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are pollinated by Syrphid flies and small short-tongued bees (including Halictid bees and Little Carpenter bees). These insects suck nectar from the flowers; the Syrphid flies also feed on the pollen, while the short-tongued bees collect pollen for their larvae. Aside from these insect visitors, little appears to be known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. Photographic Location: A rocky wooded slope at Shades State Park in west-central Indiana. Comments: The small delicate flowers are very attractive and fairy-like. Bishop's Cap can be distinguished from other similar wildflowers by the fringed appearance of its flower petals and the pair of nearly sessile leaves on its flowering stalk.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This small vine is slightly woody, forming a low mat of evergreen leaves up to 4" tall and 1' or more across. The stems are mostly light green to light brown and either glabrous or hairy; old stems become brown, smooth, and woody. Pairs of opposite leaves occur along these stems on short petioles up to ¼" long. The leaves are ¼-1" long and similarly across; they are oval to orbicular in shape and smooth to slightly undulate along their margins. The upper leaf surface is glabrous, shiny, and mostly dark green, although it is often nearly white along the central vein and some of the lateral veins. The lower leaf surface is glabrous and more pale. Pairs of upright flowers occur at the tips of branches or from the axils of leaves. Each flower has a hairy white corolla about ½" long, 4 stamens, and a pistil with single style. Each pair of flowers share the same short-tubular calyx. The corolla is trumpet-shaped with 4 spreading lobes, while the calyx is light green with tiny teeth along its upper rim. There are 4 filiform stigmata per style. There are two types of flowers: those with long stamens and short styles, and those with short stamens and long styles. However, only one type of flower can be found on any individual plant. The blooming period occurs from late spring to mid-summer. The flowers are fragrant. As a result of the fusion of their ovaries, each pair of fertile flowers is replaced by a single berry. The berries are bright red, subgloboid inDistribution Map shape, and up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across. Toward the tip of each berry, there is a pair of shallow dimples. The berry interior is fleshy and rather tasteless, containing up to 8 seeds. The berries can persist throughout the winter and into the spring of the following year. The root system is fibrous. Adventitious fibrous roots can develop when the prostrate stems have contact with moist soil. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and an acidic soil containing sand or rocky material (e.g., sandstone). Partridge Berry is not aggressive and it can be difficult to establish. However, it can be cultivated in a partially shaded rock garden where the soil is shallow and competition from other plants is restricted. Flowers and fruits are sparingly produced. Range & Habitat: The native Partridge Berry occurs occasionally in NE Illinois and southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is uncommon or absent. This small vine is distributed across a wide area of eastern North America. Habitats include rocky upland woodlands, sandy savannas, slopes of wooded sand dunes, sandstone cliffs, sandstone ledges along ravines, mossy boulders in wooded ravines, rocky river banks, edges of Red Maple swamps, and bogs. Partridge Berry is found in high quality natural areas. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees (Hicks et al., 1985). The primary floral reward for these insects is nectar. Apparently very few insects feed on the foliage of Partridge Berry. Some upland gamebirds feed on the fruits of this vine, including such species as the Ruffed Grouse, Bobwhite Quail, Wild Turkey, and the now extinct Passenger Pigeon (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Bennetts, 1900; Schorger, 1955). Mammals that feed on the fruits include the Red Fox, Eastern Skunk, Eastern Chipmunk, White-Footed Mouse, and Woodland Deer Mouse (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Hamilton, 1941). These animals spread the seeds of the berries to new locations.
Photographic Location: A shaded sandstone ledge along a river at the The Potholes in west-central Indiana. Comments: This is the only species of its genus in North America. Partridge Berry has ornamental foliage, flowers, and berries. It can distinguished from other woody vines by its small size, pairs of showy white flowers, and long-lasting red berries. Another common for this species is Twinberry.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The central stem is terete, hairless, and usually light green (less often purplish green or purple). The alternate leaves are up to 7" long and 3½" across. They are light green or greyish green and hairless with a soft floppy texture. The leaves are ovate-oval or ovate-oblong in shape, smooth (entire) along their margins, and pinnately veined. The leaves usually taper to winged petioles up to 2½" long, although some of the upper leaves are sessile. The upper stems terminate in nodding cymes of flowers. Individual flowers are about ¾–1¼" in length. The corolla of each flower is tubular at its base, but it is more bell-shaped (campanulate) toward its outer rim, where there are 5 shallow lobes that are barely discernible. Inserted within the corolla, there are 5 white stamens with light brown anthers and a white style that is long and slender. The small greyish green calyx of each flower is about ¼" (6 mm.) long; it is divided into 5 elliptic teeth. The flower buds are pink, bluish pink, or purple, while the corollas of mature flowers are light blue (rarely white or pink). The pedicels of the flowers are greyish green to purple, terete, and up to ¼" (6 mm.) long. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring, lasting about 3 weeks. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by 4-lobed fruits (schizocarps), which contain the nutlets (4 nutlets per flower). The small nutlets are dark brown, ovoid, and flattened on one side; their surfaces are minutely wrinkled or pitted. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant often forms colonies. Cultivation: The preference is light shade to partial sun in moist areas with rich loamy soil. This plant develops very quickly during the spring after danger of hard frost has passed. Its foliage dies down by mid-summer.
Range & Habitat: Virginia Bluebells is a fairly common plant that occurs in most counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include floodplain woodlands, bottomland woodlands, mesic woodlands, and wooded bluffs. Sometimes this wildflower forms sizable colonies in semi-shaded floodplain areas along rivers or streams, where it often competes with Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis). It is also cultivated in flower gardens. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by long-tongued bees primarily, including honeybees, bumblebees, Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp., Synhalonia spp.), and mason bees (Osmia spp.); these insects obtain nectar and/or collect pollen. Other visitors of the flowers include the Giant Bee Fly (Bombylius major), butterflies, skippers, and Sphinx moths, including a hummingbird moth (Hemaris thysbe). This group of visitors suck nectar from the flowers. Halictid bees and Syrphid flies sometimes visit the flowers, but they are too small in size to be effective pollinators. In some areas, the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird has been observed to visit the flowers. White-Tailed Deer browse on the foliage occasionally during the spring. When this plant forms large colonies, it provides protective cover for many kinds of wildlife during the spring.
Photographic Location: A moist wooded area of Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: It is easy to see why Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica) is a favorite woodland wildflower. The pastel colors of the flowers and foliage are soft and soothing. There are other Mertensia spp. in the United States with a similar appearance, but they occur north or west of Illinois. They usually have smaller flowers and/or pubescent foliage.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower forms a rosette of ascending to spreading basal leaves. Individual basal leaves are 6-12" long and 2-4" across; they are dull green, elliptic to ovate in shape, smooth along their margins, and hairless. The basal leaves have parallel veins and they are longitudinally pleated. During some years, Wood's Bunchflower produces an unbranched flowering stalk about 3-6' tall. Relatively few alternate leaves are located along the lower-half of each stalk. The alternate leaves are similar to the basal leaves, except their bases are more slender, and they become much smaller in size while ascending the flower stalk. The bases of these alternate leaves partially sheath each stalk. Each central stalk is light green, terete, and pubescent, terminating in an inflorescence about 1-2' long. This inflorescence consists of either a narrow raceme or elongated panicle of flowers. On each inflorescence, the upper flowers are perfect, while the lower flowers are staminate (male). The peduncle, lateral branches, and pedicels of the inflorescence are light green and pubescent, becoming dark brown with age. When lateral branches are present, they are 2-8" long and ascending to spreading (usually the former). The pedicels of the flowers are short (less than ½" long). Usually, there are narrow leafy bracts less than ½" long at the bases of the branches and pedicels. Perfect flowers are ½-¾" across, consisting of 6 widely spreading tepals, a small superior ovary, 6 stamens, and 3 styles. The narrow tepals are reddish brown (maroon) overall. The tepals have pairs of dark red glands at their bases, while toward the middle of each tepal there is often a transverse band of pale green or pale yellow. The ovary of each flower is light green, finely short-pubescent, and ovoid-conical in shape. Staminate flowers are the same as perfect flowers, except they lack an ovary and styles. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late summer for about 1 month.
Afterwards, the perfect flowers are replaced by 3-celled seed capsules that become, when they are mature, about ¾-1" long and about one-half as much across. These capsules have 3 longitudinal lobes with sharp ridges; they are usually sparsely pubescent and change color from green to dark brown. Each capsule usually contains only 0-3 seeds, although sometimes there are more. The tan-colored angular seeds are up to ½" long and ¼" across. The root system is rhizomatous. Sometimes vegetative offsets develop from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight or light shade, moist conditions, and a rich soil that is often derived from glacial till. This wildflower has very few problems with insects pests and disease organisms. In any given year, entire colonies of plants may fail to produce flowers. Range & Habitat: The native Wood's Bunchflower is restricted to central Illinois, where it is uncommon. In the past, this wildflower was state-listed as 'threatened,' but it was recently removed from this list as additional colonies of plants were discovered. Wood's Bunchflower is uncommon throughoutDistribution Map its range; it occurs primarily in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Habitats include north- or east-facing wooded slopes along rivers, areas near streams in hilly woodlands, and shaded ravines. This wildflower is restricted to high quality deciduous woodlands where the original ground flora is still intact. Faunal Associations: Almost nothing is known about floral-faunal relationships for Wood's Bunchflower. The maroon-colored flowers are probably cross-pollinated by flies and beetles. The caterpillars of a highly polyphagous moth, Xestia smithii (Smith's Dart), reportedly feed on this or a closely related species. Generally, Melanthium spp. (Bunchflowers) and the closely related Veratrum spp. (False Hellebores) have foliage, roots, and seeds that are considered highly poisonous to mammalian herbivores. There is some evidence that these plants are teratogenic, causing fatal birth defects in sheep. However, it is not uncommon to encounter specimens of Wood's Bunchflower that have been partially eaten by White-Tailed Deer. Photographic Location: The photograph of the basal leaves was taken on a wooded slope facing a river in Vermilion County, Illinois, while the photograph of the seed capsules was taken in a hilly woodland near a stream in Coles County, Illinois. Comments: Taxonomists are still divided regarding the classification of this wildflower: Some authorities refer to this species as Melanthium woodii (Wood's Bunchflower), as described here, while others refer to it as Veratrum woodii (Wood's False Hellebore). Perhaps additional genetic analysis will be helpful in resolving this conflict. The large basal leaves of Wood's Bunchflower are very conspicuous. This is one of the tallest wildflowers to bloom in woodlands during the summer, but the flowers are not produced reliably from year-to-year. The reason for this inconsistent flowering is not clear. Wood's Bunchflower is closely related to Melanthium virginicum (Virginia Bunchflower), but the latter species is found in damp sunny habitats. Virginia Bunchflower has white flowers, rather than maroon ones, and its leaves are more slender than those of Wood's Bunchflower. Both species are unusual in having conspicuous glands at the bases of their tepals.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 1-2½' tall, consisting of an erect unbranched stem and 1-2 whorls of leaves. Plants without flowers produce only a single whorl of leaves, while flowering plants produce 2 whorls of leaves. The central stem is medium green, terete, and woolly-pubescent to glabrous; it becomes more glabrous with age. In a flowering plant, the lower whorl of leaves occurs near the middle of the central stem; this whorl has 5-10 leaves that are 2½-5" long and ½-2" across. The upper whorl of leaves occurs underneath the inflorescence; this whorl has 3-5 leaves that are 2-4" long and ½-2" across. All of these leaves are elliptic to ovate in shape, smooth along their margins, and sessile. The upper leaf surface is medium green and glabrous, while the lower surface is pale green. Individual leaves have 3-5 parallel primary veins and a fine network of secondary veins. The inflorescence consists of a sessile umbel of 3-9 flowers on pedicels about 1" long. These flowers are held either a little above or below the leaves when they are in bloom. Individual flowers are about 2/3" (16 mm.) across, consisting of 6 yellowish green tepals, 6 stamens, a 3-celled ovary, and 3 reddish purple to brown stigmata. The tepals are lanceolate in shape and recurved. The stigmata are large in size and recurved, spanning the width of each flower. The pedicels are light green and glabrous. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer, lasting about 1 month. Afterwards, the pedicels become more erect, holding the developing berries above the upper whorl of leaves. At maturity, these berries are dark purple, globoid, and about 1/4" to 1/3" (6-8 mm.) across. Each berry contains several seeds. The root system consists of a thick rhizome with fibrous roots. Small colonies of plants can develop from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight to medium shade, moist to mesic conditions, and soil containing loam or sandy loam with decaying organic matter.
Range & Habitat: The native Indian Cucumber-Root is located in two counties of NE Illinois, where it is rare and state-listed as 'endangered' (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the western range-limit of this species. Habitats consist of rich mesic woodlands, edges of swamps, forested bogs, and at the bases of wooded dunes. In mesic areas, this wildflower is typically located in beech-maple woodlands, while in more swampy areas it is found near Red Maple, Black Ash, and other deciduous trees that prefer moist areas. Faunal Associations: Very little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. Sometimes, such small rodents as the White-Footed Mouse and Woodland Deer Mouse eat the seeds and berries (Hamilton, 1941).
Photographic Location: The base of a wooded sand dune near the edge of a swamp at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana. Comments: The common name refers to the flavor of the rhizome, which is said to resemble the flavor of cucumbers. Because of the oversized stigmata, the flowers of Indian Cucumber-Root have an odd appearance. Non-flowering plants with a single whorl of leaves superficially resemble an orchid, Isotria verticillata (Large Whorled Pogonia). However, this orchid has been found only in southern Illinois, where Indian Cucumber-Root does not occur. In areas where their ranges overlap outside of the state, these two species can be distinguished by the differing patterns of their secondary veins.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月18日
Miss Chen
《红楼梦》是一部具有世界影响力的人情小说作品，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书，传统文化的集大成者。小说以“大旨谈情，实录其事”自勉，只按自己的事体情理，按迹循踪，摆脱旧套，新鲜别致 ，取得了非凡的艺术成就。“真事隐去，假语村言”的特殊笔法更是令后世读者脑洞大开，揣测之说久而遂多。围绕《红楼梦》的品读研究形成了一门显学——红学。
《红楼梦》描绘了一个美女争艳、才女云集的女儿国，花卉与女性又有着不解之缘。闲适时光赏花吟诗成为红楼女儿大雅事、乐事、趣事、美事。《红楼梦》中有很多吟花诗作，这些诗词或写景抒情或情景交融或托物言志，既是小说的有机构成之一，又恰到好处地展现了人物性情。 第二十七回《滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶埋香冢飞燕泣残红》中黛玉因误会与宝玉闹别扭，又恰巧正逢饯花的日子。此时，黛玉满腔怨气没有发泄出来，又勾起伤春感怀的愁思。因此把残花落瓣拿去掩埋，情不自禁地感伤起来。 花谢花飞花满天，红消香断有谁怜？ 游丝软系飘春榭，落絮轻沾扑绣帘。 闰中女儿惜春暮，愁绪满怀无释处， 手把花锄出绣闺，忍踏落花来复去。 柳丝榆荚自芳菲，不管桃飘与李飞。 桃李明年能再发，明年闰中知有谁？ 三月香巢已垒成，梁间燕子太无情! 明年花发虽可啄，却不道人去梁空巢也倾。 一年三百六十日，风刀霜剑严相逼， 明媚鲜妍能几时，一朝飘泊难寻觅。 花开易见落难寻，阶前闷杀葬花人， 独倚花锄泪暗洒，洒上空枝见血痕。 杜鹃无语正黄昏，荷锄归去掩重门。 青灯照壁人初睡，冷雨敲窗被未温。 怪奴底事倍伤神，半为怜春半恼春： 怜春忽至恼忽去，至又无言去不闻。 昨宵庭外悲歌发，知是花魂与乌魂? 花魂乌魂总难留，乌自无言花自羞。 愿奴胁下生双翼，随花飞到天尽头。 天尽头，何处有香丘？ 未若锦囊收艳骨，一杯净土掩风流。 质本洁未还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。 尔今死去侬收葬，未卜依身何日丧? 侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬依知是谁? 试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时。 一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知!
这就是让人动容的《葬花吟》，《葬花吟》又称《葬花辞》是林黛玉感叹身世遭遇的代表之作，也是曹雪芹借以塑造这一艺术形象、表现其性格特性的重要作品。诗中以花比人，借花自喻，哀婉凄恻，如泣如诉。这首诗抒发了哀伤凄恻，也包含着抑塞不平之气，寄托了对世态炎凉、人情冷暖的愤懑以及品性高洁、不甘低头屈服的孤傲不阿的性格。
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