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Miss Chen
2018年05月12日
Miss Chen
有多少人跟小编一样，初见碧光环那张照片惊为天人！很多人形容它为小萌兔，但当你养大它后，你会感觉它欺骗了你，完全没有了萌的感觉，肉友们也为此纠结了很长时间。当然，今天我们并不谈论它的外貌，而是要来说说日常养护它时，遇到烂根怎么处理，那么又是什么原因导致它烂根的呢？
烂根原因1、盆土排水性能不好 虽然碧光环根系发达，也不怕水，建议用较深的盆养殖。但是要求是土壤要用透气性良好的，花盆也是同样的要求。 盆土排水性能不好，但是生长期的碧光环又需要大量的水分，就容易导致浇水之后水分长期浸渍根系，根系容易腐烂。 烂根原因2、病虫害 碧光环的烂根有可能是病虫害导致的。根腐病，黑腐病，根结线虫等等。 碧光环烂根怎么处理 碧光环根系发达，跟发出来的芽形成鲜明对比，一个大块头，一个小巧玲珑。烂根之后先将植株拔出，清洗干净根系，然后切掉腐烂部位，晾晒两到三天，切口愈合之后，再移栽到土壤湿度适宜的花盆中。 如果是病虫害导致的根系腐烂，剪除腐烂部位之后要及时喷洒药剂，可用多菌灵灌根。
季节养护 1、碧光环是属于冬型的植物，其生长期在秋冬春三季，而夏季才是它的休眠期。在休眠期的时候，碧光环原本嫩绿的像兔耳一样的叶子就会慢慢变黄最后枯萎。很多花友以为这是植物死亡了，就用各种办法浇水施肥让其复苏。 2、碧光环在冬季处于休眠期叶片枯萎是属于正常的现象，休眠期的时候不要给其浇水，只要把它放在能够遮阳且通风良好的位置，让其自然生长即可。到了9月份生长期的时候，给其浇水，它就自然的复苏了，标志性的兔耳叶子也会慢慢长出来。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月12日
Miss Chen
子持年华是景天科瓦松属多肉植物，生长速度比较快，子持莲华叶半圆形型，蓝色略有白粉，聚生成莲座状，个头大概可以长到三四厘米左右，群生的子持年华还是很美的，叶片中间生出的小植株可以摘下来长成棵新的植株，在春季和秋季可开花，两三个月，而且带有香气。 但当绿绿的叶片发黄时，很多友友无法找到其原因，下面小编就来给大家分析一下：
叶片发黄原因1、光照不足 就子持年华的习性而言，子持年华喜欢阳光充足相对温暖的地方。因此子持年华叶片发黄很可能是缺少光照和温度太低导致的，在这种情况下要避免长时间将植株放置于阴凉处或者半阴凉处，转移至光照充足的地方。但要注意不要一直放置于强光之下，尤其是在夏季炎热的时候一定要通风遮阳。 叶片发黄原因2、浇水量过多或过少 若子持年华叶片发黄可以拿竹签试一试盆土是否干湿，用以检验植株是否缺水，若盆土发干则是植株缺水的缘故，这时需要适当增加浇水量，多喷水，以满足植株需水量，若盆土过于湿润则是浇水量过多的缘故，这时需要适当减少浇水量，疏松土壤以避免渍涝致使根部腐烂，损坏整个植株的生命力。另外一定要注意通风，浇水要干透才进行，尤其是夏季一定要避免雨淋，避免积水。
叶片发黄原因3、盆土缺铁 这个原因不是常见，但如果光照和水量适宜的话，可以考虑。这种情况下可以在花盆里埋入一些废铁器，或者适当施加一些含铁量高的肥料，以增加盆土含铁量进而补充植株所需养料，防治叶片发黄的症状。 对于子持年华叶片发黄的原因要了解清楚，一定要对症下药，否则也许情况会更加糟糕。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月12日
Miss Chen
玉蝶，让许多人又爱又恨，爱它，是因为它好看不贵，而且很容易成老桩群生；恨它，是因为它很容易黑腐，尤其是在夏天的时候，简直就是一言不合就黑给你看。至于黑腐的原因，各种深入浅出的道理分析详解不尽，其结果是该黑的还是要黑，该撒手肉寰的你拦也拦不住。 辛辛苦苦养了3、4年要黑也就是一天功夫，首先我认为，黑腐是该品种的一种遗传病，它的基因里就带有了易黑腐或不耐黑腐的基因，就像人一样，有的人出生身体就弱，从小到大几乎天天生病吃药，而有的人出生体质就好，从小嘴壮，能吃能喝，几乎都不怎么感冒，景天科中也是一样，有些品种十分易黑，有些则基本不黑，景天里石莲（玉蝶、静夜之类）的较易黑，银波属（熊童子之类）的几乎不黑，青锁龙（达摩方塔之类）和景天属（虹之玉、乙女心之类）的也不，莲花掌的也会黑但不像石莲那样较易黑，这说明石莲这一类的在其抗逆基因里黑腐抗性就弱，较易黑腐。
黑腐部位 玉蝶较爱黑腐的部位一般多发生于靠进根部的茎部，也有些多发生于和土壤有相关接触的茎部，说明在空气置换较少或接触部位多的地方，发生黑腐几率高，我不知道黑腐是怎样形成的，但我们可以根据黑腐发生教训来避免黑腐的几率。 以下几点是我在实际栽种过程中总结出的易黑腐的几点教训：　　 1、土壤不够透气，植料太过细小，代表就是园土，整个土壤内部被糊的密不透气，这样在高温的时候会容易从根茎部进始黑腐（茎黑腐）　　 2、高温给水，这个主要是夏天了，浇水最好在晚9点后，最好看天气预报，挑一个第二天阴天但又不下雨的天浇，避免第二天高温高湿或下雨后又浇一边，形成积水　　 3、细菌性的，这个就不说了，我不知道都是什么菌会引起黑腐，总之把植料弄的干净些有好处。　 4、状态差，就像人免疫系统低时会得病一样，一般来说植株是否健康很大取决于根，根好则即使没有光和温差，整株植株的抗性也不会太差，但根不好时，植株将进入发根状态，在新根没有生出时只能进行自我内耗，这个阶段整个植株抗性很低较易发生黑腐，这也是上面第3点为什么新种玉蝶易黑腐。　　 5、新种下的玉蝶最好除去那些细小的毛细根，保留那些较粗的根，潮土种下，放在亮点的地方，或适当遮荫，等待缓盆，如顺利的话半个月就有明显状态上的变化，如果实无变化，最多一个月则要看一下，是否根部出现黑腐状态，有时候一个新种植的植株长时间没变化或变差，很可能埋入土中的那截已出现黑腐的症状，这种你拨出来一般会发现和你种下去的时候根几乎没的变化也无新发根，所以新种缓盆也有一定的黑腐风险。　　 6、杰克，这个养景天的都很头痛，大家都会和杰克做战， 杰克也是会引发黑腐的，它蜡制的外表不怕水，药水也难打死它，淡黄色的分泌物即粘手，也恶心，还粘在植物上堵塞气孔。　　　 7、生理性黑腐，我感觉有一部分黑腐是生理性的，可能是植物进化的一种结果，或者这种情况不属于黑腐但发病外观和黑腐十分接近，这种黑腐一般不至命，常常为达到的结果仅是分株，这种情况好发于茎下端细长部，这部分不具备完整的茎功能，豪无支撑力可言，看上去作用仅仅是连接主茎进行水份营养输送。　　
这种茎一般多长于高盆但只有半盆土的土中，这种种植方式一般只会有一个粗状的主茎，而其它的茎下部则会长的绵软细长（我叫它须茎，这个不是玉蝶独有的，我发现特玉莲、蓝石莲也有这样的情况），在靠进盆口处的茎才会长的较粗一些，而这些须茎就该是盆高土低，非主茎的叶为向光而加速生长而形成的，这种细茎根本没什么支撑力，如果换盆的时候，你会发现它们还十分容易和主茎脱落，即使换盆无脱落，换完盆这些茎不能支撑，都完全是贴在土面上的，大大降低了群生的观赏性，而且这部分须茎也易黑腐，但大部分只是这段发生黑腐，向上到正常的茎部向下到连接主茎的根部就会停止并自愈，而这段旁茎的那段茎部由于贴土面会在茎部上生根形成独立供己，少数情况下黑腐会至不住至使整个旁茎乃至整株死掉，即使换盆脱落的带须茎的旁茎，就是重新种下一段时期后挖出发现这段须茎也会在土中腐掉，也有不腐的，但这段须茎很少或几乎不会有根，所以换盆脱落的这种茎，就把须茎剪掉晾干再种下吧，关于这一点，这只是我在种的时候发生的一些情况进行的猜测，没有数据对比，也是没时间做这种系统的工作，只是感觉有一些这样的情况会发生，也不是少数，所以就写出来，也可能是我所处的环境个例，不以偏概全，但种的时候还是建议土给的多一些，不要半盆土这样的情况。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月12日
Miss Chen
小黑飞不单啃食植物，长大后还可以叮人。 常见花盆里的黑色小飞虫。别名眼菌蚊、菇蝇、菇蛆、菇蚊、闽菇迟眼蕈蚊等，属双翅目，尖眼蕈蚊科，也有称菇蚊。成虫，体翅灰黑色，体长3.8mm左右，实质上就是又小又黑又能飞的蚊子！最常危害的东西是菌类（菌类的种植环境适合极了他们繁殖，适合活又有得吃），因此别名有：眼菌蚊、菇蝇、菇蛆、菇蚊、闽菇迟眼蕈蚊等。幼虫，蛆状，头小，黑色，体白色半透明或乳白色，12节，幼虫体长可达4.7～5.8mm。
小黑飞繁殖方式 主要是卵，4个幼虫阶段，蛹，成虫7个阶段的变态发育，是棚植兰花，蘑菇等虫害昆虫，发虫率100%。繁殖速度快，易生于潮湿土壤，幼虫以土壤中的真菌藻类为食。 小黑飞的危害性 啃食植物根部和多汁叶片，个体太小，危害甚微，但是传染真菌，造成针对品种植物叶片感染；成虫雌性叮人。 小黑飞多能泛滥呢？ 小黑飞一年完成多代，从卵发育成成虫只需23天，平均20.7天，其中卵期5-6天，幼虫期9-13天，蛹期4-6天。能飞之后，小黑飞就开始交配，雄虫交配后1-3天死亡，雌虫交配后24小时产卵，一只雌虫平均可以产60-70个卵，雌虫产卵后2-4天内死亡，盛发期在在每年3－4月和10－11月的多雨季节。为什么会有小黑飞泛滥？ 最主要的原因，你当下的种植环境适合小黑飞生长繁殖，什么样的环境适合小黑飞繁殖呢，潮湿，只要长期潮湿就够了，如果再阴暗点，土壤里多带点腐殖质（什么鸡蛋壳茶叶，未腐熟的有机肥的）那小黑飞真是再喜欢不过了。次要的原因则是你带回来的土壤含有小黑飞或者小黑飞的虫卵，有的时候也不是带回来的土的错，谁让小黑飞会飞呢，也许就从你周边环境飞过来了。
多肉植物有小黑飞了怎么治呢？ 治疗小黑飞最有效的方法其实很简单，就是保持种植环境的干燥和通风，幼虫在在略微干燥的环境下两三天就会死亡（一些蘑菇房出现小黑飞的幼虫，据说只要三四天停止浇水，幼虫就会死翘翘），一些颗粒土铺面后，觉得小黑飞没有、少了，其实也是变相的让自己的种植环境的表面变得干燥，不利于小黑飞的生长。这点多肉植物其实很有优势，因为干燥通风原本就是多肉植物喜欢的。　 如果短时间内无法保证自己种植环境干燥的那可以考虑以下几个手段： 物理防治：小黑飞具有趋光性，可利用黑光灯，或普通白炽灯诱集，并在灯下安置盛有杀虫剂的药液的盆（吡虫啉 、乐果、杀灭菊酯等），进行诱杀；也可在菌蚊活动地及出入的窗口放置粘虫胶纸，粘虫灭杀。 化学防治：对小黑飞的防治，可选用有机磷和拟除虫菊脂农药进行防治，药剂的种类很多，如敌百虫、辛硫磷、乐果、杀灭菊酯等，施用得当，一般都有较好的效果，施用方法通常有拌料法、浇灌法、喷雾法。拌料法就是将农药按一它比例拌入种植土中，以抑制小黑飞的生长（呋喃丹，小绿药这种的可以根绝小黑飞）；浇灌法，主要做法是将农药按一定比例兑水稀释后，泼浇种植土壤：喷雾法，即把农药加水稀释后，用喷雾器在小黑飞出没的地方喷洒。PS：农药都是毒，用药请谨慎。 一些土法杀虫：什么橙子皮、蒜头驱虫、风油精、啤酒（据说几乎无效），拿灭蚊剂喷洒（据说有喷伤植物的），洗衣粉稀释后喷洒（洗衣粉含有大量的无机盐，大量使用会导致土壤盐碱化），用蚊香灰洒在花盆里据说效果还不错。 总结，多肉之家提示大家，处理小黑飞最好的办法就是给多肉植物一个干燥的环境，如果小黑飞实在泛滥，不妨尝试物理防治+化学防治+好环境三种手段。有虫不害怕，害怕的时看到害虫还有及时处理，后果就不堪设想。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾–2' tall with erect to ascending stems. These stems are sometimes branched at the base, otherwise they are unbranched (except when axillary inflorescences are present). The stems are light green, 4-angled, and glabrous to sparsely hairy. At intervals along these stems, there are whorls of 4 leaves. The leaves are up to 2½" long and 1" across, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, medium green, sessile, and sparsely pubescent on both the lower and upper sides. Their margins are smooth and ciliate. Each leaf has 3 prominent parallel veins. Usually, the leaves toward the middle of each stem are largest. Each major stem terminates in a dichotomously forked inflorescence that produces only a few flowers; sometimes smaller inflorescences develop from the axils of the upper leaves. Like the stems, the branches of each inflorescence are 4-angled, light green, and glabrous to sparsely hairy. At each fork of the inflorescence, there are 0-4 small bracts that are linear or linear-lanceolate in shape. The flowers occur individually along these branches and they are usually sessile (or nearly so). Each flower is about 1/8" (3 mm.) across, consisting of a corolla with 4 lobes, a double-ovoid ovary, 4 stamens, and a pair of styles. The corolla is usually greenish white or greenish yellow; less often, it is purple. The immature ovary is green, bristly, and 2-celled. The blooming period usually occurs during the early summer and lasts about a month. At maturity, each ovary becomes a dry fruit that is black or dark brown, globoid in shape, and covered with hooked bristles. One cell of this fruit produces a single nutlet, while the other cell becomes a small fleshy elaiosome (food appendage). The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. This wildflower spreads by reseeding itself or vegetatively through its rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight to medium shade, mesic to dry conditions, and a loamy or rocky soil with some decaying organic matter (e.g., fallen leaves). The foliage usually remains in good condition throughout the summer. Range & Habitat: The native Wild Licorice is occasional to locally common throughout Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include mesic to dry deciduous woodlands, bluffs, woodland borders, areas along woodland paths, thickets, and limestone glades.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are visited sparingly by small bees and miscellaneous flies; these insects usually seek nectar. The caterpillars of several moths feed on Galium spp. (Bedstraws), including Lobocleta ossularia (Drab Brown Wave), Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Common Tan Wave), Scopula limboundata (Large Lace Border), Epirrhoe alternata (White-banded Toothed Carpet), and Hyles gallii (Galium Sphinx). Bedstraws are summer hosts of Myzus cerasi (Black Cherry Aphid); another aphid, Aphis gossypii (Cotton Aphid), has been found on the leaves of Wild Licorice. Among vertebrate animals, the Eastern Box Turtle occasionally eats the foliage of bedstraws in woodlands; White-tailed Deer also eat the foliage of these plants to a limited extent. The hooked bristles of the fruits can cling to the fur of mammals and the clothing of humans; this distributes the seeds into new areas. Because each fruit contains an elaiosome that is attractive to ants, these insects also help to distribute the seeds. Photographic Location: A deciduous woodland at Pine Hills Nature Preserve in west-central Indiana. Comments: While the flowers are not very showy, the foliage is reasonably attractive. Wild Licorice has larger leaves than most Galium spp. (Bedstraws). In addition to this characteristic, it can be distinguished from other bedstraws by its whorls of 4 leaves, pubescent leaves, bristly fruit, and/or flowers that are sessile along the branches of each inflorescence. A very similar species, Galium lanceolatum (Lance-Leaved Wild Licorice), has hairless leaves that are more narrow toward their tips, and its flowers are usually purple. Both of these species prefer shaded habitats that are rather dry.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
Description: This annual plant is up to 1' long and sparingly branched. Its slender stems are glabrous and sprawling to erect. The alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 2" across; they are pinnately compound with 3-7 narrow leaflets. Each leaflet is linear-oblong, smooth along the margins, and hairless.Close-up of Flower Occasionally, a leaflet may be cleft into 2-3 narrow lobes. Both the stems and leaves are light green and rather mossy in appearance. Individual flowers develop from the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower is about ¼" across, consisting of 3 green sepals, 3 white petals, 6 stamens (usually), and a single style. The sepals are lanceolate-ovate and much larger than the petals. The petals are narrowly oblong and inconspicuous. The slender pedicel of each flower is about 1" long. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about a month. During the heat of summer, the foliage turns yellow and quickly withers away. Each flower develops 1-3 carpels that are globoid and bumpy across the upper surface. The carpels are initially pale green or pale yellow, but they later turn brown and release the seeds. The root system consists of a slender branching taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself, and it often form colonies at favorable sites. Cultivation: The preference is diffuse sunlight to light shade during the spring when vegetative growth and development occurs, otherwise it can be quite shady. The soil should be consistently moist and loamy or silty. This plant doesn't like to dry out. Range & Habitat: The native False Mermaid occurs occasionally in northern and east central Illinois, otherwise it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands and low-lying areas along springs and small rivers in wooded areas. False Mermaid is usually found in high quality woodlands where the original flora is still intact. This is one of the spring wildflowers in woodlands that is threatened by the invasion of Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard). Faunal Associations: The small inconspicuous flowers can attract flower flies and small bees. The foliage is not known to be toxic and may be edible to mammalian herbivores, although little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species. Photographic Location: A moist area of Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: This inconspicuous little plant is easy to overlook, except where it occurs in sizable colonies along the woodland floor. The delicate foliage is attractive and resembles moss or a Galium sp. (Bedstraw). It isn't immediately obvious when False Mermaid is blooming as the flowers are inconspicuous – careful inspection at the right time during the spring will reveal the green sepals, tiny white petals, and the stamens. It is fairly easy to identify this plant because each flower has only 3 sepals and 3 petals, while the alternate leaves are pinnately compound. Other woodland plants with a similar appearance include Galium spp. (Bedstraws) and Ellisia nyctelea (Aunt Lucy). Bedstraws have flowers with 4 petals and their simple leaves occur in whorls. Aunt Lucy has pinnately compound leaves, but its flowers have 5 white petals and its foliage is more or less hairy.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a rosette of basal leaves during the spring that spans about 6-12" across. The blades of the basal leaves are up to 8" long and 6" across; they are cordate to oval-cordate in shape and crenate-serrate along their margins. The upper surface of these blades is medium green and hairless to short-hairy, while the lower surface is pale green and hairy along the major veins. The petioles of the basal leaves are up to 6" long, light green, and usually hairy. During the summer, unbranched or sparingly branched stems with alternate leaves are produced, while the basal leaves wither away. These stems are light green to pale reddish green, terete, and variably hairy: usually the lower stems are hairless, while the upper stems are short-hairy. The blades of alternate leaves are up to 4" long and 3" across; they are mostly cordate with margins that are serrate or crenate-serrate. Some of the upper leaf blades may be ovate in shape. The upper surface of these blades is medium green and hairless to short-hairy, while the lower surface is pale green and hairy along the major veins. The petioles of the alternate leaves are up to 3" long and they are often winged, particularly where the petioles join the stem. The upper central stem of each plant (and any upper lateral stems) terminates in a flat-headed panicle (corymb) of flowerheads spanning 3-8" across. Individual flowerheads are ½-1¼" across, consisting of 8-20 ray florets that surround numerous disk florets. The petal-like corollas of the ray florets are lavender or white. The tubular corollas of the disk florets are initially pale yellow or yellow, but they later become orange-red, dark red, or brown. The tubular corolla of each disk floret has 5 slightly spreading lobes at its apex. At the base of each flowerhead, there are numerous floral bracts (phyllaries) that are arranged in 4-6 series; they are appressed and overlapping. Individual floral bracts are more or less oblong in shape and mostly green, except for the narrow white margins along their sides; they are short-pubescent and occasionally ciliate along their margins. The tips of these bracts are usually blunt; less often, they are somewhat pointed. The peduncles and pedicels of the panicle are light green, relatively stout, and covered with short glandular hairs. At the base of each branch of the panicle, there is usually a single leafy bract up to 1½" long that is broadly oblong or broadly elliptic; these bracts are sessile.
The blooming period occurs from late summer to early fall and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the autumn, both ray and disk florets are replaced by small bullet-shaped achenes; each achene has a tuft of tawny hairs at its apex. The achenes are distributed by the wind. The root system is fibrous and long-rhizomatous; on older plants, a small caudex sometimes develops. This wildflower often forms clonal colonies by means of the spreading rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and soil consisting of rich loam or sandy loam. Distribution MapRange & Habitat: The native Big-Leaved Aster is found only in the northeast section of Illinois, where it is rare. This species is more common in areas that lie to the north or east of the state. Habitats consist of beech-maple woodlands, sandy oak woodlands, sandy oak savannas, elevated areas (hummocks) in swamps, stabilized sand dunes where oak trees are dominant, and woodland borders. Usually, Big-Leaved Aster occupies high-quality natural areas that are more or less mesic (neither too dry nor too wet) and relatively little-disturbed by human activities. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract a large variety of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles, and plant bugs. An oligolectic Andrenid bee, Andrena hirticincta, has been observed visiting the flowerheads of Big-Leaved Aster (see Graenicher). Other insects feed on the foliage and flowers, suck plant juices, or bore through the stems and roots of this aster and others. Examples of such insect feeders include caterpillars of the butterflies Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot) and Phyciodes tharos (Pearl Crescent); also the caterpillars of Carmenta corni (Aster Borer Moth), Cucullia asteroides (The Asteroid), Schinia arcigera (Arcigera Flower Moth), and other moths feed on asters (see Moth Table). Other insects feeders include the larvae of Calycomyza humeralis (Aster Leafminer Fly), several aphids (mostly Uroleucon spp.), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Aster Leafhopper), the lace bugs Corythucha marmorata and Galeata spinifrons, the leaf beetles Exema canadensis and Ophraella pilosa, the plant bug Plagiognathus cuneatus, and others (see Insect Table for a more complete listing of species). Some vertebrate animals use asters as a food source. The Ruffed Grouse and Wild Turkey eat the seeds and foliage, while the White-Tailed Deer and Cottontail Rabbit sometimes browse on the foliage. The foliage is also edible to cattle, sheep, and other domesticated farm animals. Photographic Location: The photograph of the basal leaves was taken at a deciduous woodland in NW Ohio, while the photographs of the flowerheads were taken at a woodland border and a sandy oak savanna in the Indiana Dunes State Park, NW Indiana.
Comments: Sometimes Big-Leaved Aster is referred to as Aster macrophyllus. The large basal leaves of this aster are very conspicuous during the spring. During the autumn, Big-Leaved Aster resembles many other woodland asters and it is more difficult to identify. However, it can be distinguished from similar species by the appearance of its floral bracts (phyllaries), the presence of short glandular hairs on its peduncles and pedicels (a 10x hand lens may be required), and the flat-headed characteristic of its panicles. Most asters have elongated panicles of flowerheads that are not flat-headed. A species that is not found in Illinois, Eurybia divaricata (White Wood Aster), shares this flat-headed characteristic with Big-Leaved Aster and its leaves have a similar shape. However, White Wood Aster has flowerheads with fewer ray florets (about 5-10), its peduncles and pedicels usually have non-glandular hairs, and its basal leaves are smaller in size.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is ½–1½' tall and up to 3½' long, developing as a dwarf shrub or a short woody vine. The central stem is either ascending or sprawling, branching occasionally. The central stem and any lateral stems are light green or purple, terete or angular, and hairless. Pairs of opposite leaves occur at interval along these stems. Individual leaves are up to 2½" long and 1¾" across, obovate, hairless, and finely serrate-crenate along their margins. The upper surface of each leaf is medium green, while the lower surface is slightly more pale with raised pinnate veins. The petioles are about 1/8" (3 mm.) long. Cymes of 1-4 flowers occasionally develop from the axils of the leaves. The peduncle of each cyme is about 1-2" long, while the pedicels of individual flowers are much shorter. Individual flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of 5 pale greenish purple petals, a short green calyx with 5 lobes, 5 short stamens, and a central pistil. The petals are nearly orbicular in shape and slightly overlapping. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer and lasts about 1½ months. Each fertile flower is replaced by a tuberculate globoid fruit about ¾" across. This fruit usually has 3 lobed cells (less often, there are 5). The outer surface of the fruit is orange or pink. When it splits open along its lobes, the fleshy arils covering the seeds are revealed; they are scarlet. New rootlets can develop where the stems have contact with the ground; as a result, this plant can reproduce vegetatively. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, moist to slightly dry conditions, and soil that is loamy or rocky. Well-drained areas are preferred. Because of its habitat of growth, Running Strawberry Bush can be used as a ground cover.
Range & Habitat: Running Strawberry Bush is an uncommon plant that is found only in NE Illinois, east-central Illinois, and southern Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Illinois lies along the NW edge of its range. Habitats include upland rocky woodlands, wooded slopes, thinly wooded bluffs, and shaded to semi-shaded areas along the edges of cliffs. Running Strawberry is a conservative species that is found in high quality habitats. Faunal Associations: Information about floral-faunal relationships for this particular species is limited. The nectar and pollen of the flowers probably attract small bees and miscellaneous flies. Some insects that are known to feed on Euonymus spp. include Taedia evonymi (Euonymus Plant Bug), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Black Vine Weevil), Unaspis euonymi (Euonymus Scale), caterpillars of Herpetogramma thestealis (Pyralid Moth sp.), caterpillars of Yponomeuta multipunctella (American Ermine Moth), and the larvae of Stenocorus cinnamopterus (Long-Horned Beetle sp.). The larvae of this latter insect bore through branches. The fruit of Running Strawberry Bush is probably eaten by the Wild Turkey and other birds, while the foliage is occasionally eaten by White-Tailed Deer and Cottontail Rabbits, even though both the fruit and foliage are supposed to be somewhat toxic.
Photographic Location: Along the wooded slope of a bluff in Vermilion County, Illinois. Comments: This interesting shrub should be cultivated more often. Running Strawberry Bush differs from other Euonymus spp. by its low habit of growth (less than 2' tall) and stems that often sprawl across the ground (less than 4' long). Other Euonymus spp. are either taller or they have longer stems. The flowers of Running Strawberry Bush have 5 petals, while the flowers of most Eurasian Euonymus spp. in Illinois have only 4 petals. This low shrub can be confused with a small Euonymus americanus (Strawberry Bush). Running Strawberry Bush usually has obovate leaves that are widest above the middle, while the latter shrub has leaves that are widest at or below the middle. A mature specimen of Strawberry Bush is about 3-6' tall.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant consists of 1 or 2 basal leaves and a single-flowered inflorescence up to 6" tall. The basal leaves are 2½-6" long and ½-2" across; they are ascending to erect, elliptic-lanceolate in shape, and smooth (entire) along their margins. The upper leaf surface is mottled pale green and brown or greenish brown, while the lower surface is solid medium green; both surfaces are glabrous and the lower surface is often glaucous. The petioles of these leaves are relatively long, but they are located mostly or entirely underneath the ground surface. Immature shoots are single-leaved and they produce no flowers, while mature shoots have two leaves and they are single-flowered. Immature shoots are more common than mature shoots. The inflorescence has a long flowering stalk that is terete, glabrous, and light green to pale reddish brown. This stalk is mostly erect or ascending, but it nods downward at its tip where the flower occurs. The nodding flower is ¾-1¼" long, consisting of 6 yellow tepals, 6 stamens, and an ovary with 3 erect stigmata. Initially, the tepals are barely separated from each other, but as the flower matures they become strongly recurved, exposing the reproductive organs. These tepals are narrowly elliptic-lanceolate in shape, and they are often tinted red or reddish brown along their outer sides. The stamens are about ½" long and their anthers are yellow or yellow-brown. The blooming period occurs during mid-spring and lasts about 2 weeks. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by obovoid seed capsules that are about ½" in length or a little longer. These capsules are glabrous and their apices are truncate to rounded. At maturity, these capsules divide into 3 parts to release their seeds.
The root system consists of a corm with fibrous roots underneath, and 0-3 stolons. The stolons extend below the leaf litter, creating clonal offshoots from the mother plant. As a result, colonies of plants are often formed, consisting largely of immature shoots. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight to medium shade, more or less mesic conditions, and loamy soil with leaf litter and decaying organic matter. Most growth and development occurs during the spring before the trees fully develop their vernal leaves. This wildflower adapts readily to the shade of various deciduous trees. It takes several years of development (typically about 8 years) before individual plants will flower in a typical woodland setting.
Range & Habitat: The native Yellow Trout Lily is occasional in southern Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Outside of southern Illinois, it is largely restricted to the eastern half of the state. Illinois lies toward the western range limit of this plant; it is more common further to the east. Habitats include rich woodlands, wooded bluffs, rocky woodlands, and banks of streams. Yellow Trout Lily is found in deciduous woodlands, where Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), and other deciduous trees are present.
Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowers attract largely bees, including bumblebees, Mason bees, and Andrenid bees. One bee species, Andrena erythronii, is a weak oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Erythronium spp. (Trout Lilies). Like several other woodland wildflowers, the seeds of Yellow Trout Lily are distributed in part by ants, which are attracted to their food appendages. Because the leaves of this plant are relatively small and inconspicuous, they are browsed by White-tailed Deer to only a limited extent. The mottled pattern of the leaves helps to disguise them from such mammalian herbivores as they lack color vision. Photographic Location: A deciduous woodland at Jim Smith's farm in Vermilion County, Illinois.
Comments: This is the only yellow-flowered Trout Lily (Erythronium) in Illinois, making it easy to identify. The other two species of Trout Lily within the state, Erythronium albidum (White Trout Lily) and Erythronium mesochoreum (Prairie Trout Lily), have either white flowers or bluish white flowers. Both the flowers and foliage of Yellow Trout Lily are quite attractive, although the blooming period is rather short and most plants fail to flower during any given year. In Illinois, Yellow Trout Lily is much less common than White Trout Lily. However, in states further to the east, the reverse is true: Yellow Trout Lily is more common than White Trout Lily.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月11日
Miss Chen
蚧壳虫虫体小，繁殖快，1年繁殖2～7代，虫体被厚厚的蜡质层所包裹，防治非常困难。该虫的为害被列为园林“五小害虫”之首。 该虫在国内外广泛分布。寄主有苹果、梨、桃、杏、李、梅、樱桃、醋栗、枇杷、葡萄、核桃、柿、桑、茶等。在果树上以核果受害严重，尤以桃树最为严重。雌成虫和若虫群集固着在枝干上吸食养分，或在果实和叶片上为害。严重时介壳密集重叠，被害株发育受阻，树势衰弱，甚至枝条或全株死亡。
如何防治介壳虫 一、蒜头用蒜头2个捣烂，加入2千克水，浸泡半天，澄清后喷洒被害部位，每隔三四天喷洒一次，连续三次，即可将红蜘蛛和介壳虫等全部杀死。用这种办法不仅可以杀害虫，而且还可以抑制病菌的繁殖蔓延。治月季的白粉病和黑斑病，取蒜头30克，捣烂后加水500克，搅匀过滤，取滤液喷洒叶面，每天1次，连喷3～4次，也可以用毛笔或牙刷把蒜液直接涂在上面。把大蒜捣碎洒于盆土中，还可杀死蚯蚓、蚂蚁和线虫。 二、香烟头用三十个香烟头，加入500克水浸泡一昼夜，过滤后加入少许肥皂液，向受害部位喷洒，每天1次，3~5次即可，可以将蚜虫和介壳虫的若虫杀死。 三、风油精用风油精稀释600~800倍，将稀释液对病株喷雾几次，可杀死蚜虫、红蜘蛛和介壳虫、粉虱。 四、花椒用花椒50克，加水500克在锅中加热至煮沸，熬成约500克药液。此药液可防治白粉虱、蚜虫及介壳虫等，施用时加水6~7倍喷洒，每隔3~4天喷一次。 五、柑桔皮用柑桔皮加水10倍左右浸泡24小时，取滤液喷洒植株，可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛，如用滤液浇花可防治土内的线虫 六、米醋液米醋中含有丰富的有机酸，对病菌有较好的抑制作用。用稀释150～200倍的米醋溶液喷洒于叶面，每隔7天左右喷1次，连喷3～4次，可防治白粉病、黑斑病、霜霉病等。用食醋（米醋）50毫升，将小棉球放入醋中浸湿后，用湿棉球在受害的花木茎、叶上轻轻地揩擦，即可将介壳虫揩掉杀灭，又可使被害的叶片重新返绿。在花卉叶面上喷洒浓度为5%的食用醋，可消除黑斑病、白粉病和叶斑病，还可以防治茶花、杜鹃的黄化病。 七、洗衣粉溶液取2克洗衣粉，加水500克搅拌成溶液，加清油（加热后没有炒菜等使用的油）一滴，对植株上的虫体喷雾。可杀死蚜虫、蚧壳虫、红蜘蛛、绿刺蛾、粉蝶、白粉虱等。具有块根(如芍药、大丽花)或具有鳞茎(如百合、石蒜)以及具有肉质根系的花卉，易受线虫危害，也可用稀释1000倍的洗衣粉溶液浇入植株根部周围。用三滴洗洁精加一滴色拉油放入装有500毫升水的朔料瓶内，装上喷嘴，充分摇匀产生泡沫后 即可使用。使用时喷洒在带有虫体的叶片或植物的顶梢，连续喷洒约两三天，便可发现害虫数量减少，甚至销声匿迹，从而达到放虫害的目的。 八、肥皂液取肥皂和热开水按1：50的溶解后喷施，因肥皂可堵塞害虫的呼吸器官至其死亡，对蚜虫、蚧壳虫有效。 九、烟草液烟草含有烟碱，对蚜虫、红蜘蛛、蚂蚁等有很强的触杀作用，也具有熏蒸和胃毒作用。取烟草末或烟丝20克，加水500克浸泡24小时后过滤，滤液再加入2%的肥皂水500克，喷于有虫患的叶面；也可不加肥皂水直接将滤液喷于盆土及盆底周围，可杀土壤中害虫。 十、大葱液取大葱50克捣成泥状，加水50克，浸泡12小时，过滤后用滤液喷施，一天多次，连喷3～4天，可治蚜虫等软体害虫及白粉病。 十一、生姜液取生姜捣成泥状，加水20倍浸泡12小时，过滤后用滤液喷洒可防治叶斑病、煤污病、腐烂病、黑斑病等，也可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛和潜叶虫。 十二、柑橘皮液取柑橘皮50克，加水500克浸泡24小时，过滤后取滤液喷洒叶面，防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、潜叶虫，浇入土内防治线虫。另可取柑橘籽1份加5份清水，浸泡4-5天，然后将花卉种子放于此液中浸泡10分钟，可防治多种害虫。 十三、苦瓜叶液将苦瓜叶100～200克，加水捣烂，加等量石灰，搅拌均匀，浇灌植株幼苗根部，防治地老虎。 十四、番茄叶液新鲜番茄叶50克捣烂，加水150克浸泡6小时，过滤后用滤液喷洒，防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛等，还可驱赶苍蝇。 十五、辣椒液取辣椒50克加10倍水煮沸20分钟后过滤，用滤液喷洒，可防治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、臭椿象等害虫，浇入土中可防治土蚕。 十六、蓖麻叶粉将蓖麻叶、杆晒干后，磨成粉状，施入土中，防治蛴螬。 十七、夹竹桃液夹竹桃枝叶50克切碎，加清水100克煮沸20～30分钟，去渣取清液喷洒，防治蚜虫、白粉虱，浇入土中防治线虫。但要注意夹竹桃毒性较大，要谨防人畜误食。 十八、小苏打溶液取5克小苏打（又名碳酸氢钠），先用少量酒精使其溶解，然后加水约1000克，配成0.5%浓度的溶液，喷洒植株，可防治白粉病。 十九：蚊香蚊香点燃后挂于有虫的植株上，用塑料袋罩住植株及花盆，1小时后害虫被消灭。 二十、卫生球卫生球研碎后置于盆土内，可防治地下害虫。 二十一：韭菜将1千克韭菜加10千克水浸泡24小时，用泡韭菜的水喷在花卉的叶面上，可预防黑斑病和白粉病，对已染病的花卉，可以减轻病害。 二十二、草木灰取草木灰50克，加水2500克充分搅拌，浸泡48小时后过滤，在滤液中再加入洗衣粉3克并充分搅拌即可使用。此液可治蚜虫、红蜘蛛、白粉虱、介壳虫等刺吸及食叶害虫，浇入土中可防止蛆虫。使用时每天喷洒一次，连续喷洒三天，隔七天后再连续喷洒三天，可消灭第二代害虫。
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