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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
当我们收到各种美美的花时（月季、玫瑰、雏菊等），总是不希望它那么快就凋谢，那么下面我来告诉你如何将那份爱意和欢喜永久的保存下来，做到不变型不褪色不凋谢不失香味，你简直不敢相信它还可以那么完美！！！
微波炉烘干 用微波炉烘干是新出现的一种方法，特点是时间短，不需别的媒体。这种烘干方式适用于那些能风干花类，如百草、雏菊、玫瑰、金盏花等，还有一些草类如蒲苇、大蓟、纸莎草等。 用微波炉烘干的时间依炉型、花的数量而定，有些浆果类在微波炉中容易破裂，所以首先将它们放在阴凉、干燥、通风的地方风干至少一星期。
风干制作法 风干是最简单、最常用的一种制作干花的方法，选一间温暖、干燥，且通风条件良好的房间，室内温度不应低于摄氏10度。通风好的柜子，有加热设施的房间，或是顶楼、阁楼之类的地方都很好。花在干燥过程中有装饰价值，你不妨考虑把卧室和餐厅作为风干的场所。 常年生野花、绣球花、飞燕草、含羞草、艾菊等花，需用细麻线把他们扎成小把倒挂在衣钩或细绳上面，但一定要远离墙面。纸莎草、熏衣草、蒲苇花，插在敞口很大的容器里风干，使它们能成扇形摊开。有的花只需平摊着放到架子上即可。 风干的时间随着花的类别、空气湿度和气温的变化而变化。在温暖、干燥的房间里，飞燕草只需两三天就变干了，但在温度稍低的棚子或杂用间里，就得要八至十天的时间。必须记住每隔两三天就要去看一看，闻一闻，如果你的花感觉纸那样脆了，便大功告成了。 干花的质量取决于新鲜的玫瑰花的质量。做干花的玫瑰花颜色不要选用大红大紫的，因为花干了之后颜色会加深。个人感觉用那种暖色调的玫瑰花比较好，因为干燥后的花会略略发黄，这在冷色调的干花里会很明显。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
学好插花，必须掌握切花的生理特性，只有这样才能做好花材的保鲜，并为插花打好坚实的理论与实践基础。 在自然界中，大部分植物叶子的细胞里，都含有绿色的色素。我们知道当日光通过三棱镜后会分成六种可见颜色的光谱。如果让六色光再通过叶绿素溶液而透射到白色的银幕上，此时从银幕上的光谱里可以发现：在红色光靠近橙色光及蓝色光的部分，有一条很宽的黑色带，而绿色部分仍是绿色。这说明叶绿素吸收光线是有选样的。
绿色能有效地利用太阳光，这是植物在长期的自然选择过程中，进化的结果。同时，植物为了适应自然生态环境的需要和受到本身质体、色素的抑制，形成了各种不同颜色的枝叶花果。 在不同种类的植物体中，所含叶绿素的比例不同，其颜色的深浅就有差异。有一些植物体内。含有叶黄素和胡萝卜素。能使植物呈红色或橙色，它们主要存在于花瓣或果实中。有些植物的叶子在秋季落时前变黄，就是因为失去了叶绿素，只剩下叶黄素和胡萝卜素的结果。 植物体内还存在着一种花青素，较多地存在于花瓣、果实之中。鲜花盛开所呈现出的一些红色和蓝色等，往往是花青索起的作用。花青素的颜色随着植物细胞液的酸碱性不同而有变化。细胞液为酸性时，花呈红色;细胞液为碱性时，花呈蓝或紫色。用八仙花作酸碱度变化试验，效果十分明显。
花冠居花萼的内方，色彩非常鲜艳.为植物中最为显著的部位，也是最富有变化的部位。花冠颜色主要是细胞中花青素和杂色体起的作用.花的红色、蓝色、紫色来源于花青素;花的黄色、橙黄色来源于杂色体;不具色素的部分为白色。由于花中存在着多种色素。各种花的色素组合情况各有所异，色素存在的多少也有变化，所以花朵开放时会出现天光十色、斑谰多彩的景象。 花卉随着四季更替和生理活动的需要，进行着新陈代谢，色彩也随之变化。花从蓓蕾初绽到枯萎凋零，叶片从新芽叶翠到枯黄落地，颜色都是在不断的变化。 一般说来，初放的花色浓郁鲜艳，随后颜色逐渐变淡，最后失去原有美丽的色泽。初放的叶呈嫩绿色并带有鹅黄色.逐渐呈现出墨绿色.到生长末期转黄。果实也是如此，从子房膨大到果实成熟，色彩有一个变化过程。花卉的这种生理特征，为我们插花提供了丰富的资源，同时限制了花材的采摘时间。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
插花艺术对中国人而言，插花作品被视为一个天人合一的宇宙生命之融合。以“花”做为主要素材，在瓶、盘、碗、缸、筒、篮、盆等七大花器内造化天地无穷奥妙的一种盆景类的花卉艺术，其表现方式颇为雅致，令人把玩，爱不释手。而一件成功的、完美的插花艺术作品，必须有一个主题。此主题就是作者在插作造型过程中的创作目的与方向。插花创者要善于运用各种造型技巧来充分表现自己作品的主题。
如何选择确定插花创作的主题？ 主题是艺术作品所要表现的中心思想，也是艺术作品蕴含的内在的意境美与精神美的体现，是艺术创伤的灵魂。当代美学家宗白华说：“艺术的装饰性是艺术中美的部分，但艺术不仅要满足美的要求，而且要满足思想的要。”这里所讲的要满足思想的要求，实际上就是指艺术作品的主题思想所体现出来的精神之美。这类美能给人留下无究的回味和遐想，使人得到启示、鼓舞或鞭策。所以，任何艺术创作，必须既有形式美，又有精神美。没有主题，也就没有精神美。 东方插花艺术,特别是中国的古典插花艺术，内涵丰富，变化万端，具有独到的风格和魅力。而这种内涵美正是透过形象表现出来的，并非单纯造型的作用，而是在形中蕴含着丰富的思想感情，就是以形传神、形神兼备、情景交融的创作方法。这也是中国文化艺术的优良传统，值得我们很好地继承和发扬。 插花作品的主题，是根据创伤的目的和要求来确定的。一般确立主题思想的范围有以下三个方面：
(1)为各种喜庆、礼仪和社交活动而创作 如为了欢庆各种节日、生辰、婚礼、庆典、以及迎送、宴请宾朋等而创作。这类作品的主题思想比较简单明确，主要是以庆祝、欢迎、祝福以及团结、友谊、期望等意思为主，表达方式也是多种多样的，但以表现热烈奔放、幸福欢快的气氛为宜。 (2)为艺术表现和欣赏而创作 这类作品的主题思想非常广泛而自由，完全由作者任意抒发情感和表达意愿，或借物明志，或寄情花木，不受环境条件约束，表达方式极为丰富。 (3)为装饰美化环境而创作 如在宾馆、饭店、会议室、客厅、书房、卧室等处摆放的作品，由于它们的主要作用是美化环境，所以比较强调作品的装饰性与环境的协调性，而主题思想的表现则比较随意、简单，可依不同环境的性质和气势，由作者自由发挥创作。如宾馆内的插花，多以热情周到的服务为主题，表现宾至如归的气氛;而书房中的插花，则可围绕读书、习字、奋发、收获、鹏万里等意思进行构思。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
插花最重要的观赏价值，如果短时间就败坏，就失去了其观赏价值，所以我们要对这些花进行适当的处理，以延长花材的观赏价值。常见花材的保鲜方法有很多，这里为大家介绍4种最基本的方法：
【一】热处理法： 1、热水法： 将花朵以报纸包妥，仅露出茎末浸於热水中约30秒，可杀死部分细菌，延长花期。 2、烧灼法： 有些花材会分泌黏液液阻塞切口，造成吸水不良，可以火烧其切口处，直到切口变黑不会分泌黏液。 【二】水处理法： 1、浸泡法： 有些花易因高温而萎软，可将其连茎叶浸在水中，增加吸水面积。 2、注水法： 有些花梗中空易失水，可以水枪或针筒将水分灌入梗中，再以棉花塞住，可延长花期。 3、逆水法： 将花材倒拿，用喷壶逆向浇灌，水分逆向流入花茎并流过梗及叶片，增大吸水面积。
【三】化学处理法： 1、在切口涂抹物品(如食盐、酒精、明矾、薄荷、油等)可抑制细菌滋生，延长花材寿命。 2、在水中添加醋酸、柠檬酸或漂白水，可抑制细菌生长，唯浓度不宜过高。 【四】一般切花保鲜注意事项 1、以锐利刀剪斜切，削去茎末端约2公分，使切口平滑增加吸水面积。 2、木本可削去末端表皮或剪成十字切口，太粗的可将末端敲碎增加吸水面积。 3、使用清洁的水和花瓶。 4、开始处理时用温水。 5、添加保鲜剂。 6、液面下之枝叶去除。 7、花若有萎凋现象，可以用湿报纸包裹2-3小时。 8、花朵放置处忌高温乾燥，尤其是日光直射处应避免。 9、鲜花避免和苹果、凤梨、香蕉等水果摆在一起。 对插花作品来讲，保证有一个良好的陈设环境固然很重要，但经常的养护管理也是决不可忽视的。室内空气湿润，有利于保持花材的新鲜，在没有加湿器的情况下，夏季每隔1-2天、秋冬季每隔2-3天，要在花材上喷水，并更换容器中的水，这很重要。换水时，在不影响和破坏造型的前提下，将花枝基部剪去2-3厘米，重新更替切口，将有利于花材吸水。当然，如在水中添加保鲜剂或在花材上喷洒保鲜溶液，其效果会更好。 容器中水的深度对于花材保鲜很关键 容器中的水，主要是供花材吸收用的。因此，水质要清洁，水深要浸没切口以上，水面与空气要有最大的接触面。盘类容器的水深，应以浸过花插高度为宜，以保证花材切口能及时吸水，瓶类容器的水深，应在瓶身的最宽处，因为此处的水面与空气接触面最大，有利于通气，有利于花材呼吸通畅，减少细菌的感染，相对延长花材的寿命。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about ½–1½' tall. It consists of a loose cluster of basal leaves on long petioles and a flowering stalk with a few alternate leaves. The basal leaves are up to 4" long and across; they are palmately cleft into about 5 deep lobes, which are in turn divided into 2-3 shallow secondary lobes. These leaves are usually sparsely pubescent and they may have a few dentate teeth along the margins. Their petioles are pubescent or hairy and rather stout. The alternate leaves are clustered near the base of the flowering stalk and they are few in number; their appearance is similar to the basal leaves. Both the basal and alternate leaves are pale greyish green to green. The flowering stalk is more or less erect, terete, stout, and rather fleshy. This stalk is whitish green or whitish red and it is usually covered with fine white hairs; less often, it is glabrous. A raceme of flowers about 3-8" long occurs at the apex of this stalk; each raceme has 6-24 flowers. Each flower is about ¾–1" across, consisting of 5 petal-like sepals, 4 petals, 3 inner pistils, and stamens. The sepals spread outward from the center of the flower and they are usually some shade of purple or blue-violet; far less often, they are white. The upper sepal forms a long nectar spur behind the rest of the flower; this spur angles upward and it is fairly straight. A few cobwebby hairs may occur along the nectar spur and the posterior surface of the sepals. The upper two petals are quite small and usually white toward the base; they extend backward into the nectar spur. The lower two petals are quite hairy and usually purple or blue-violet like the sepals. These small petals surround the whitish opening that leads to the nectar spur. The pedicels are up to ¾" long and they are usually pubescent. The blooming period occurs during the late spring, lasting about 3 weeks. Each fertile flower is replaced by three spreading follicles (a seed capsule that splits open along one side). Each follicle is oblongoid and angular, terminating in a short beak; it contains several chunky seeds. The root system is tuberous and can form clonal offsets.
Cultivation: The preference is light dappled shade or partial sun, mesic to slightly dry conditions, and soil containing loam, clay-loam, or rocky material. Vegetative growth and flowering proceed quickly during the spring. This wildflower can be cultivated successfully in gardens. Range & Habitat: The native Dwarf Larkspur occurs occasionally in the southern half of Illinois, while in the upper half of the state it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the upper range limit of this species. Habitats include mesic woodlands, moist ravines and thinly wooded slopes (often rocky), thinly wooded bluffs, and partially shaded cliffs along river banks. This species displays a preference for hilly deciduous woodlands.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by long-tongued bees primarily, including bumblebees, Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp., Ptilothrix bombiformis, Synhalonia speciosa), and miner bees (Osmia spp.). These insects suck nectar and sometimes collect pollen. Other floral visitors include the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird, Giant Bee Fly (Bombylius major), swallowtail butterflies (Papilio spp.), other butterflies, skippers, and Sphinx moths. However, the bee fly, butterflies, skippers, and moths are probably less effective pollinators. Insect that feed destructively on Spring Larkspur and other larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) include the aphid Brachycaudus rociadae (found on stems & leaves), flower-eating caterpillars of the moth Heliothis phloxiphagus (Dark-spotted Straw), and maggots of a leaf-miner fly, Phytomyza aconiti. The foliage of Dwarf Larkspur is toxic to most mammalian herbivores. Photographic Location: A wildflower garden at Crystal Lake Park in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: The attractive flowers have the shape of the little starmen in children's cartoons. Dwarf Larkspur is shorter and blooms earlier than other Delphinium spp. – this is an adaptation to its woodland habitat. It is distinctive in having 3 widely spreading follicles per flower, while many other Delphinium spp. have follicles that are more or less united at the base. There is some variation in color of the flowers, appearance of the leaves, and hairiness of the stalks and leaves across different populations of Dwarf Larkspur. The only other species in this genus that is native to Illinois, Delphinium carolinianum (Tall Larkspur), consists of an eastern subspecies with pale blue to blue-violet flowers and a western subspecies with pale blue or white flowers (the latter subspecies is often called Prairie Larkspur). Compared to Dwarf Larkspur, Tall Larkspur has more finely divided leaves. Various larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) are often cultivated in flower gardens, but they are usually native to areas that lie west of Illinois, or they are annual species (Consolida spp.) from the Mediterranean area of Europe.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial orchid is 1–2½' tall and usually unbranched. The central stem is round in circumference, rather stout, and densely covered with hair. Three or more leaves alternate along this stem. These leaves are up to 6" long and 4" across; they are oval-ovate to ovate, smooth along their margins, and pubescent. Parallel veins are readily observable along the upper surface of each leaf. The base of each leaf clasps the stem. The color of the foliage can vary from dark green to yellowish green, depending on growing conditions and the maturity of the plant. The central stem terminates in 1 or 2 flowers. Each flower is held above the foliage on a long stalk that has a single leafy bract behind the flower. This bract resembles the leaves, but it is smaller in size and lanceolate in shape. Like other orchids, each flower has 3 petals and 3 sepals. However, because two of these sepals are fused together, there appears to be only 2 sepals. The lower petal is in the shape of a slipper or a pouch with an opening on top; it is bright yellow, shiny, and 1½–2" in length. Within the interior of this petal, there are frequently reddish brown dots. The 2 lateral petals are very narrow, more or less twisted, and 2–3½" in length. These 2 petals vary in color from greenish yellow to brownish purple and they have fine veins running from their bases to their tips. The sepals form an upper hood and a lower hood. They are broader and shorter than the lateral petals, otherwise their appearance is similar. Both the lateral petals and sepals are more or less pubescent. The reproductive organs are located toward the posterior of the slipper-like lower petal. The blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about 3 weeks. There is usually no noticeable floral scent. If a flower is successfully pollinated by insects (often this doesn't occur), it will form a seedpod. When this seedpod splits open, the fine seeds are easily carried aloft by the wind. The root system consists of a tuft of fleshy fibrous roots. When several plants occur together, they are often clonal offsets of the mother plant.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to slightly dry conditions, and a soil that consists of loam or sandy loam. Young plants require the presence of appropriate endomycorrhizal fungi in the soil in order to flourish. Starting plants from seed is the job of an expert, although it is possible to successfully transplant large plants that have been grown in a greenhouse. This is one of the easier orchids to maintain in a flower garden. Range & Habitat: The native Yellow Lady's Slipper is an uncommon plant that is widely scattered across Illinois (see Distribution Map). It is less common than formerly, but still persists in colonies of variable size at several sites. Habitats include moist to dry deciduous woodlands, sandy woodlands and savannas, thinly wooded bluffs along rivers, wooded slopes, and forested bogs. The size of local populations can increase in response to fallen trees from windstorms, or occasional wildfires, as this reduces excessive shade from woody vegetation. Some authorities regard this orchid as a native variety of Cypripedium calceolus, which occurs in Eurasia. Under this system of classification, its scientific name is Cypripedium calceolus pubescens.
Faunal Associations: The showy flowers attract mostly small bees and various flies. In North America, Robertson (1929) and Stoutamire (1967) observed honeybees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), Halictid bees (Agapostemon sp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.) visiting the flowers. Some of these bees were regarded as effective at cross-pollination of the flowers, while other bees became trapped in the flowers and died. Miscellaneous flies and beetles were also observed to visit the flowers, but they were regarded as ineffective pollinators. The showy flowers are deceptive because they induce insects to explore the flowers in the expectation of a reward, but they contain no nectar and their pollen is unavailable to them. Two insects have been observed to feed on the Yellow Lady's Slipper Orchid: adults and larvae of a weevil (Stethobaris ovata) and larvae of a Scathophagid fly (Parallelomma vittatum). Adults of this weevil feed on the shoots, buds, and flowers, while its larvae feed within the seedpods of this orchid. Larvae of the preceding fly are leaf-miners. White-tailed Deer readily consume the foliage of this and other orchids, and local populations may require a deer-resistant fence for protection where these animals are abundant. Photographic Location: The slope of a wooded bluff in Vermilion County, Illinois.
Comments: This is one of the largest and most attractive orchids in Illinois. It is more abundant than most species of orchid, although by no means common. While the flowers are in bloom, it is easy to identify this plant as a Cypripedium sp. (Lady's Slipper Orchid) because of the slipper-like lower petals. The only other species that it can be confused with, Cypripedium parviflorum (Small Yellow Lady's Slipper), has similar flowers that are smaller in size. The lateral petals of its flowers are less than 2" long, while the slipper-like lower petal is about ¾–1¼" in length. The flowers of this species are more likely to be fragrant. The Small Yellow Lady's Slipper usually has a pair of leaves toward the base of the central stem, while Yellow Lady's Slipper usually has 3-5 leaves along the central stem. Some authorities classify the Yellow Lady's Slipper as a variety of the Small Yellow Lady's Slipper, or Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens, rather than a distinct species. Regardless of its classification, when this orchid is not in bloom, it can superficially resemble Polygonatum commutatum (Solomon's Seal) and similar species in the Lily family. However, the central stem of this orchid and the upper surfaces of its leaves are pubescent, while the latter plants have stems and upper leaf surfaces that are waxy and glabrous.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is ½–1½' long; it has ascending to sprawling stems that branch occasionally. The stems are purplish green to dark reddish purple, sharply 4-angled, stiff, and glabrous to softly hairy. At intervals along these stems, there are pairs of opposite leaves; they are more or less sessile. The leaves are ¾–1½" long and about one-third to two-thirds as much across; they are lanceolate, ovate, or ovate-cordate in shape, while their margins are sparingly toothed and slightly ciliate. The tips of the leaves are acute, while their bases are rounded to slightly cordate. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are yellowish green, medium green, or dark green; they are glandular-punctate and often softly hairy along the major veins. Leaf venation is pinnate. The foliage of this plant has a strong mint aroma, especially when it is crushed. Small cymes or dome-shaped panicles of flowers occur from the axils of the middle to upper leaves, and they also terminate the upper stems. The branches and pedicels of these inflorescences are similar to the stems in their characteristics, except they are more slender. Each flower is 6-8 mm. (1/4" to 1/3") in length, consisting of a tubular corolla with 4 spreading lobes, a tubular calyx with 5 teeth, 2 strongly exserted stamens, and a 4-parted ovary with a strongly exserted style. The corolla is pink or lavender (rarely white) and softly hairy along its exterior; its 4 lobes are similar in size. The calyx is light green to light reddish purple with 10 raised nerves that are a darker shade of green or reddish purple; it is glandular-punctate. The teeth of the calyx are triangular in shape and similar in size; they are shorter than the tube of the calyx. The filaments of the stamens are white to light purple, while their anthers are pink to lavender, becoming brown with age. The slender style is white to light purple; it has a bifurcated tip. The calyx is noticeably shorter than the corolla, while the stamens and style are almost twice the length of the corolla. The blooming period occurs from late summer to mid-autumn, lasting about 1½ months. Afterwards, each flower is replaced by 4 tiny brown nutlets. These nutlets are about 1 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. across, broadly ellipsoid and bluntly 3-angled in shape; they are small enough to be blown about by the wind. The root system is fibrous, forming small root-buds for next year's stems.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, mesic to dry conditions, and shallow rocky soil that is somewhat acidic. Excessive moisture on the leaves can cause a rust-fungus to develop. This plant can also adapt to ordinary garden soil if taller and more aggressive ground vegetation is kept away from it. Range & Habitat: The native American Dittany is occasional to locally common in SW Illinois and the southern tip of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the northern range-limit of this plant. Habitats include upland rocky woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, upper wooded slopes, and semi-shaded areas of sandstone cliffs. American Dittany is found in association with upland oak-hickory woodlands, especially where sandstone is close to the soil surface. It is usually found in high quality natural areas where ground vegetation is relatively sparse.
Faunal Associations: Very little information is currently available about the floral-faunal relationships of this plant. The flowers are probably cross-pollinated by various flies (Blanchan, 1900) and also bees. According to Rudolph et al. (2006), it is a moderately important nectar plant of migrating Monarch butterflies during the autumn. The caterpillars of a monophagous or oligophagous moth, Stephensia cunilae, mine the leaves (Braun, 1948). This plant is also recorded as one of the hosts of a polyphagous leaf beetle, Capraita circumdata (Clark et al., 2004). Because of the strong mint fragrance of the foliage, mammalian herbivores (deer, groundhogs, etc.) usually avoid its consumption. Photographic Location: The wildflower garden of the webmaster in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: American Dittany (Cunila origanoides) can adapt to shade gardens and its pinkish flowers provide a welcome alternative to the more common autumn-blooming goldenrods and asters. The common name of this plant may refer to its resemblance to a Mediterranean species, Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus). American Dittany also resembles the cultivated culinary herbs, Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Marjoram (Origanum majorana), except its flowers have only 2 fertile stamens rather than 4 fertile stamens, its leaves are usually larger in size, and its leaf tips are more acute than those of the latter species. American Dittany can be distinguished from other similar species in the Mint family by means of a combination of the following characteristics: 1) the presence of only 2 fertile stamens, rather than 4 fertile stamens, on its flowers, 2) the strongly exserted stamens and style of its flowers, 3) the conspicuous punctate glands on its leaves and the calyces of its flowers, 4) the lack of conspicuous lips on its flowers, 3) the similarity of the 5 teeth on its calyces, 4) the relatively broad shape of its leaves that taper into acute tips, 5) the sessile nature of its leaves, and 6) the strong mint fragrance of its foliage. In addition to American Dittany, Cunila origanoides has several other common names in circulation; they include Stone Mint, Common Dittany, Sweet Horsemint, Frost Mint, Frost Flowers, and Fairy Skirts. During early frosts of the autumn, this plant sometimes forms white 'frost flowers' near its stem bases; they develop from the bursting and freezing of exposed sap.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall; it is unbranched toward the base, but branches occasionally in the upper half. The light green stems are glabrous and occasionally glaucous; they are slightly wider and angular at the bases of petioles. The compound leaves are trifoliate. The lower compound leaves have long petioles, while the upper compound leaves are sessile, or nearly so. Elongated membranous sheaths can be found at the bases of petioles. The leaflets of the compound leaves are up to 4" long and 2" across, becoming smaller as they ascend the stems. Individual leaflets are ovate, elliptic or lanceolate in shape, doubly serrated along their margins, and glabrous. Some of the lower leaflets may be shallowly to deeply cleft along their margins, forming 1-2 lobes. The leaflets are rounded or wedged-shaped at their bases, where they have winged petiolules (basal stalklets). The upper surface of leaflets is medium to dark green. The upper stems terminate in compound umbels of tiny white flowers. These umbels are somewhat irregular and span about 1½-3" across. Each umbel divides into about 3-10 umbellets, while each umbellet consists of 3-10 flowers. Neither umbels nor umbellets have any significant floral bracts. Each flower is less than 3 mm. (1/8") across, consisting of 5 white petals, 5 white stamens, a conical pistil that is light green, and a short-tubular calyx that is green and without teeth. The petals usually curve inward at their tips. The blooming period occurs during early to mid-summer, lasts about 1 month. There is no noticeable floral scent. Each flower is replaced by an elongated ribbed fruit (schizocarp) that tapers at both ends. These fruits are initially green, but they later become dark-colored; each fruit consists of 2 seeds. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself; it occasionally forms colonies at favorable sites.
Cultivation: The preference is medium to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a loamy soil with decaying organic material. Range & Habitat: The native Honewort is a common plant that occurs in most areas of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands (especially Sugar Maple & Basswood woodlands), woodland borders, edges of shady seeps, wooded areas along springs and streams, wooded bluffs, fence rows that are overgrown with trees, and shady edges of yards. This species adapts well to shaded areas with a history of light to moderate disturbance. It can also be found in higher quality woodlands with more conservative species.
Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp., Sphecodes spp.), masked bees (Hylaeus spp.), Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), cuckoo wasps (Hedychrum spp.), wild carrot wasps (Gasteruption spp.), Ichneumonid wasps, Syrphid flies, dance flies (Empis spp.), bee flies (Bombyliidae), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), Tachinid flies, Chloropid flies, long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae), leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), tumbling flower beetles (Mordellidae), and other insects. Insect that feed destructively on Honewort include the leaf-mining larvae of Euleia heraclei (Hogweed Picture-Winged Fly), Cavariella aegopodii (Willow-Carrot Aphid), Hyadaphis foeniculi (Fennel Aphid), leaf-mining larvae of the moth Epermenia pimpinella, and caterpillars of the butterfly Papilio polyxenes asterius (Black Swallowtail). Information about this plant's relationships to vertebrate animals is scarce. White-Tailed Deer browse occasionally on the foliage. When colonies of plants develop, they provide cover for a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals.
Photographic Location: Busey Woods at Urbana, Illinois, where there are areas of moist to mesic deciduous woodlands. Comments: Honewort is a woodland wildflower that blooms in the shade during the summer. Its white flowers are quite small and not very showy, which is quite typical of wildflower species that adapt to this type of habitat. Because their are many members of the Carrot family with umbels of small white flowers, they can be difficult to identify. Honewort can be distinguished from similar species by the following characteristics: 1) It has hairless leaves and stems, 2) it has trifoliate leaves with leaflets that are sometimes cleft, 3) its leaflets are elliptic to ovate, rather than narrowly linear, 4) its umbels of white flowers are compound, rather than simple, and 5) it has no significant floral bracts at the bases of either umbels or umbellets. If this isn't sufficient to produce an identification (this is a difficult group of plants), then consider the following two characteristics of the leaflets: Theirs margin are usually doubly serrate, and the bases of leaflets taper to winged petiolules (sometimes they are quite short).
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a winter or spring annual. A typical plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves about 8" across and several flowering stalks about 8" long. The blades of the basal leaves are up to 3" long and 2" across; they are pinnately compound, dull green to greyish blue, and hairless. The small lobes of the blades taper to obtuse points. The basal leaves have long slender petioles that are about as long as the blades. Alternate leaves occur along the flowering stalks. They are similar in appearance to the basal leaves, except that they are smaller in size and their petioles are shorter. The flowering stalks are are pale green to pale reddish green, hairless, and somewhat glaucous; they are sprawling, ascending, or erect. Each stalk terminates in a raceme of flowers up to 3" long. Each flower has a corolla consisting of 2 outer petals that are pale yellow to yellow and 2 inner petals that are more white and membranous. The upper outer petal forms a fringed upper lip in front and a rounded nectar spur in back; the top of the upper lip has a greenish yellow keel that may be slightly winged or crested. The lower outer petal forms a lower lip that functions as a landing pad for visiting insects; the bottom of the lower lip also has a greenish yellow keel that is similar to the upper keel. The inner petals are largely hidden by the outer petals, except when the flower is fully open; at that time, they are pale white or greenish yellow. Each flower is about 1/3" to 1/2" (8-12 mm.) long and its pedicel is 1/4" (6 mm.) long or less. At the base of each pedicel, there is a single leafy bract up to 1/3" (8 mm.) long; this small bract is ovate or ovate-lanceolate. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late-spring, lasting about 1–1½ months. There is no noticeable floral scent. Each flower is replaced by a seedpod up to 2/3" (17 mm.) long. Each seedpod is dull green, hairless, slightly glaucous, and cylindrical in shape; several pale veins may be detectable that run along its length. The tip of each seedpod terminates in a beak. The surface of the seedpod between the seeds may be slightly constricted or unconstricted. Relative to the stalk of each raceme, the seedpods are erect or ascending, rather than widely spreading. The small seeds are about 1.0–1.5 mm. across, flattened, circular, shiny, and black. Fresh seeds have a small fleshy appendage that is white; this is an elaisome. The seedpods split open to release the seeds while they are still green. The root system consists of a slender taproot that branches abundantly. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun and moist to mesic conditions during the period of active growth during the spring. This plant will grow in many kinds of soil, but it is usually found in soil that contains sand or rocky material; it also adapts to loamy soil containing abundant organic matter and bark litter. The foliage gradually withers away during the summer. Range & Habitat: The native Slender Corydalis is occasional in northern and western Illinois, but uncommon elsewhere in the state (see Distribution Map). Habits include open rocky woodlands, sandy savannas, ledges along thinly wooded bluffs, glades, gravelly areas along railroads (including the ballast), and mulched areas along buildings. Slender Corydalis prefers habitats with scant ground vegetation and a little shade. Occasional wildfires are beneficial as they reduce competition from woody vegetation and other plants.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees, particularly bumblebees. An aphid, Macrosiphum corydalis, sucks juices from the flowering stalks of Corydalis spp. The seeds are distributed to some extent by ants because of their elaisomes (food appendages). Mammalian herbivores avoid consumption of this plant because of its toxic foliage. Photographic Location: A mulched area along a building on the campus of the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. At this location, Slender Corydalis was growing wild, like a weed. Many of the plants are periodically uprooted and destroyed by maintenance and grounds staff, but this species has persisted at this site for a number of years.
Comments: Among the Corydalis spp. with yellow flowers in Illinois, Slender Corydalis has smaller than average flowers (about 1/3–1/2" or 8-12 mm. in length). Only Corydalis flavula (Pale Corydalis) has smaller flowers (about 1/4–1/3" or 6-8 mm. in length), while the others have larger flowers (about 1/2–1" or 12-25 mm. in length). Pale Corydalis also has longer pedicels (1/4–3/4" or 6-19 mm. in length) than Slender Corydalis. The foliage of Slender Corydalis has a similar appearance to other Corydalis spp., except the lobes of its pinnately compound leaves have tips that are more blunt than some of the others. A closely related subspecies is Corydalis micrantha australis (Prairie Corydalis). This latter subspecies has longer seedpods (about 2/3–4/3" or 17-34 mm. in length) and longer flowering stalks that extend beyond the foliage. Other Corydalis spp. differ from Slender Corydalis by having constricted or knobby seedpods that are less erect, and some Corydalis spp. have larger seeds (1.5–2.0 mm. across).
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Miss Chen
2018年05月08日
Miss Chen
在插花技巧中，一个高超的花艺师是会利用环境的来为自己的花艺作品提升效果，所以一件成功的作品除了色彩搭配、造型设计处，更懂得与环境相搭配，例如光线。
不同房间的不同采光方式会带给我们不同的心理感受.这是通过光影与房间色彩相融合而带给我们的感觉上、情绪上的一系列变化所导致的。它往往会直接影响我们的心理感受。而插花作品在房间中的摆放要达到一定的艺术效果，同样无例外地受这种光影的变化所制约。要想使插花作品更好地表达它自身的意境和内涵，就要使之恰到好处地与光影融合为一体，以产生相得益彰的效果。 在不同的光照方式下鲜花会呈现出不同的风姿。一般来讲，从上方直射下来的光会使我们眼前的事物显得清晰，但也会使之产生一定的呆板的感觉，对于插花作品也一样。 而侧光会使插花作品显得紧凑浓密，并且在整个插花作品中会由于光照的角度不同而形成明暗不同的对比度。如果光线是完全从作品的下方照射的话，会使插花作品呈现出一种超乎人们想象的飘浮感和神秘感，但在一定程度上会使鲜花的细微结构的观赏受到某种程度的抑制。 另外，在一件插花作品中的某一点经聚光照射后，会加重其色彩突出其微妙之处。当然，如果处理不当，也会破坏整体效果。若光源来自鲜花的背面，如把插花置于明亮的玻璃窗前，鲜花的外形轮廓显著，而其色彩与细微之处则消失了。形成了类似剪影的艺术效果。 以上这些讲的主要是灯光的不同角度的运用的情况下，利用插花作品布置房间时，要考虑到每种情况下所产生的效果。尤其是在夜晚的时间条件下采用插花作品布置房间时，更应注意光线的运用所产生的效果。 多数的插花作品在柔和遍布的光线下和在强烈的侧光照射下会显示出外形和色彩迥然不同的艺术效果。
而在聚光灯照射下也会产生更加生动的独特的魅力。尤其是在较大空间里摆放大型插花作品时，应用聚光灯，会使作品更突出、更耀眼。 另外，值得一提的便是烛光的运用。烛光尽管及其浪漫，但对插花作品来说并没有太大的作用。由于烛光是黄色的，会改变鲜花的色彩，削弱其色彩的浓度与新鲜程度，因此会使很多插花作品的细微之处和外形轮廓都消失了。因而在烛光下，最好是选用纯白色或乳白色，有时也可运用亮黄色的插花作品，因为这些色彩可以在幽暗之中光彩依旧。另外也可以多选择些富有香气的鲜花，以便能够抵消光线暗淡所造成的视觉上的缺憾。 所以一个完美的花艺师不仅仅是懂得花束造型的设计，花色的搭配等等。
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