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Miss Chen
2018年05月04日
Miss Chen
家庭养殖仙人掌时会因浇水不当，造成其植物根部腐烂等，例如观赏价值较高的金琥类多肉，若它们出现腐烂情况那是非常可惜的。今天小编就给大家分享一下防止腐烂的方法，及腐烂后该怎样正常处理。
一般来说，若仅星点腐烂，可用利刃将腐烂部连带少许健康组织一并切除，涂抹草木灰后放干燥阴凉处晾干即可（每切一刀将刀刃消毒一次），对腐烂呈窝状者，则应清除烂肉，按以下方法处理： 方法一，用70％甲基托布津可湿性粉剂等药剂直接均匀撒布于腐烂部位至不湿，同时将95％敌可松可溶性粉剂2克至3克，拌于盆内球体根部0.5厘米至1厘米厚的表土中，然后撒细土面或沙面覆盖。若盆内表土过干可浇少许水至药粉湿润。然后放阴凉干燥处，待结干皮且通体无病害后恢复正常管理。 方法二，将腐烂组织清除后，撒生石灰灼烧烂部，边撒边清除，反复两三次，然后放阴凉通风干燥处晾至干皮。若是夏季也可于炎热晴天正午取晒热的土面或沙面撒于烂部至见健康组织，撒后清除，反复两三次，最后撒施不予清除，然后放阴凉通风干燥处至结干皮且通体无病害时恢复正常管理。 方法三，若球体多处腐烂甚至空心，只要中间髓健康，脱盆后尽量清除烂肉，然后用1％硫酸铜或0.5％高锰酸钾液等反复冲洗病部消毒，必要时浸泡在消毒液中冲洗。或用50％复方甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液浸泡球体2小时，放阴凉通风干燥处至结干皮且不再腐烂后，重新定植。
注意： ①一旦发现球体腐烂，除严重腐烂者外，均应按照方法一施敌克松粉剂对盆土消毒。 ②保持环境温度15℃以上，25℃至30℃ 最适合。 ③新植盆土均应拌入杀菌剂如95％敌可松可溶性粉剂进行消毒，且种植后不浇水，放置于相对湿度在60％以上的室内即可。 ④对健康仙人球冬季温度不能低于10℃，夏季喷水宜在中午进行，防止渍水难干使球体腐烂，可每半月喷施70％甲基托布津可湿性粉剂1000 倍液，根施敌克松可溶性粉剂500倍液一次，但冬季根部施药只需一两次。平时保持盆土微湿即可。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月04日
Miss Chen
蝴蝶兰为兰科蝴蝶兰属，多年生常绿附生草本花卉。由于其花朵形似蝴蝶，具有蝴蝶般的美丽，故名蝴蝶兰。蝴蝶兰的品种繁多，花形和花色富于变化，花姿十分美观，深受人们的喜爱。因此，是世界上栽培最广泛的洋兰。 蝴蝶兰生长周期长，在自然界，由小苗至开花约需要3～4年时间。在良好的人工栽培条件下，延长每日受光至14小时，将晚间温度维持在21℃左右，并加强水肥管理，可缩短由小苗至开花的时间，从小苗到开花约需1～2年。多数蝴蝶兰品种于春季开花，也何夏季开花的；花梗自叶腋中抽出，上着生数朵花，依次开放，每朵花可开放一个多月。
一. 非化学法 1. 光量控制法 蝴蝶兰于低光状态往往形成太长的花梗，如果盆器放置过于密集而影响光量，也容易产生太高的花梗。相反地在高光量下则得到短而结实的花梗。一些蝴蝶兰在10,000 lux以上的光量环境，叶绿素含量减少，二氧化碳吸收量增加，气孔开度与蒸散率也增大。荷兰温室减少光量的方法有使用遮荫布、在屋顶喷白漆、在墙壁施用反射物质等。 利用光质调整也可以影响花梗长度，增加红光与紫外光B的透光比例可抑止花梗过长。因此温室披覆材料使用塑料布可以藉以调节光质，玻璃则无法改变光质。 2. 给水 蝴蝶兰的根系应维持于高湿的环境。如果植株处于水应力（缺水）状态，则阻缓作物成长因此可缩短花梗。但是处于缺水状态对于植物是一种逆反应，花梗容易枯萎。 3. 给肥 以养份应力（尤其降低磷肥）可限制根部成长，因此间接影响节间的增长能力，导致花梗长度缩短。因此一些蝴蝶兰的肥料配方即将磷肥比例降低10％。如果花梗长度比预期更高，磷肥比例要降的更低。 4. 物理应力 以触摸、振动、吹风等方式可以减少植株高度也可以降低花梗长度。此方式在蝴蝶兰产业曾有尝试。但是实施物理应力作业为消耗劳力的作业方式，需要针对每一株植物个别处理。也容易伤害蝴蝶兰植株。 5. 温度 利用日夜温度的差异（DIF）可以影响节间长度与茎部长度。正的DIF值代表日温高于夜温。负的DIF值则是夜温高于日温。DIF为零代表温室内部处于恒温状态。 DIF愈大，植物高度与节点长度都为之增加。DIF愈小，植株高度变低，节间缩短。 传统的栽培技术，蝴蝶兰的日夜温度环境维持在27℃与19℃。在催梗阶段，夜温下降至15℃，三周后可出现花梗。目前蝴蝶兰产业以27℃恒温生产蝴蝶兰，对一些品种反而容易造成徒长的花梗。 以恒温环境生产蝴蝶兰，夜间加温的成本极高。植物节间在早晨开始伸长，因此将夜温调低数小时可以缩短节间。因此已有研究报告显示在日出之前调低温室温度约两个小时，可以有效地降低植株高度与节间高度。
二. 化学法 许多温室栽培者使用生长延缓剂以生产短而结实的盆栽。植株的茎干强壮，高度可以一致。但是使用此种化学药剂成本昂贵、对人与环境具有毒害。在药量不适当时问题更加严重。但是使用化学药剂的优点为反应快，效果显著。 使用生长延缓剂的基本原理是阻止激勃素的产生，此种荷尔蒙（激勃素）的主要功能是促成茎干与花梗细胞的延长。在园艺作物生产上常用的化学药剂如下： 1. B-Nine 或Alar（daminozide） 2. Cycocel（chlormequat chloride） 3. A-Rest （ancymidol） 4. Bonzi（paclobatrazol） 5. Sumagic （uniconazole） 上述的延迟剂并未有任一种药剂特别适用于蝴蝶兰。适用蝴蝶兰的药剂除了与品种特性相关，也受到施用浓度、环境条件、施药方法与施药时间等因子所影响。 许多盆栽作物栽培者在面对茎干徒长的问题，主要使用的延迟剂为Bonzi。此药剂由茎部或根部吸收，再藉由木质部输送至终端位置以阻止激勃素形成。但是在施以叶部后，则无法自叶部移送至其它部位。 在已有的研究报告（Wang,Y.T. and Hsu,T.Y. 1994. Flowering and growth of Phalaenopsis orchids following growth retardant applications, HortScience 29：285-288），以Bonzi滴灌（浓度为50- 400 ppm paciobutrazol）有效地限制花梗的延长，并在第二季延迟了开花时期。其试验品种为P. amabilis（L.）Blume × P. Mount Kaala“Elegance”。以Bonzi在不同的花梗发育时期施用125- 500 ppm paciobutrazol于叶面也可得到相似的结果。 在荷兰的研究结果显示以Bonzi（浓度为250 ppm paciobutrazol）在抽梗时间进行叶面施用，对三种品种的花梗长度并没有显著的影响。此结果显示以叶面施用必须确定药剂与茎干能有最佳的接触，而且在抽梗之前使用有最高的效率。 以滴灌方式效率最佳，但是浓度不适当对植株容易产生伤害。对于一些品种，Bonzi的施用导致延迟开花，因此可延后供货期，但也可能错过销售期，因此必须小心施用此种延迟剂。 在蝴蝶兰叶部施用Alar或B-Nine对减短茎长度并无帮助，然而全部植株本体在移植之前施用高浓度剂量daminozide可延迟开花5-13天。 Cycocel可用于叶面或是介质内。Alar与B-Nine或B-Nine与Cycocel以低浓度混合使用有协同效应而且减少毒性。但是Alar与Cycocel混合使用对减短蝴蝶兰花梗长度并无效果。 不同的蝴蝶兰品种对延迟剂的反应也各不相同，因此无法随意的推荐适用的药剂。使用者必须对于自己栽培的品种进行少量试用，以测试可适用的技术，包括试用药剂使用方法、使用浓度、使用时间等。对于有机生产的农场，则无法使用此种药剂。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月04日
Miss Chen
兰花又名中国兰花、地生兰、兰草，为兰科兰属多年生宿根草本花卉。原产我国其中云、贵、川、藏分布较广，是我国传统名贵花卉，也是世界名花。 人们历来把兰花看作是高贵、典雅的的象征，并与梅、兰、竹、菊合称“四君子”。兰以清香淡雅与菊、水仙、菖蒲并称“花草四雅”，而兰花居四雅之首。兰花朴实无华，叶色常绿，叶质柔中有刚，花幽香清远，有极高的观赏价值，是陈列客厅、居室或点缀书房、门厅之珍品，下面为你详细解答一下栽培兰花时常遇到的一些问题。
A.大多数兰花的共通问题 a.叶片 1.叶片暗绿，外型健康，但是植株不开花 可能是光量不足，检查光照程度，增加光量。 2.叶片没有光泽，最后枯萎 植物水分吸收不足，检查根系。根系如果生长繁茂，外型健康结实，表示植株水分不　足。如果根系不健康，则尽快移盆。 3.叶片逐渐黄化 光量太大或是氮肥不够 4.叶片出现清晰水状斑点 通常是细菌感染，重新换盆，以杀菌剂处理。 5.上位叶或阳光下的叶片弯曲白化 日烧、光量太强。 6.新叶凹陷 由于水温太低或气温太低造成组织崩解。 7.叶尖变黑、褐化，根系枯萎 肥料过多产生塩害，检查肥料配方，每月至少淋洗一次。在植株过度干燥时，给水而不可同时给肥。 8.叶片转黄，变成棕色而死亡 真菌伤害，给水过多，介质过度潮湿且崩解，相对湿度过高，温度过低。处理方式为使用杀菌剂，切下死亡或棕色叶部，重新移植。根系要完全干燥后再给水。 9.叶片出现黑色条纹 病毒引起。 b.新长的叶片 1.成长快速但软化 氮肥太多。 2.新叶面积小，生长受阻碍，或是无法向上生长 植物受到应力：根系衰弱，光量不足，温度太高，缺氮等。 c.花苞、花朵与花梗 1.花苞变黄而后掉落 温度太高，光量过高或过低，相对湿度太低，给水量不适合，微量元素缺乏，根系衰弱等。 2.花苞无法完全开放　 遗传特性，温度太低，相对湿度太低，蓟马伤害。 3.花朵太小，颜色不如以往鲜艳 光量不足或是温度太高。 4. 花朵快速萎凋 温度太高或太低，曝晒在直射阳光下，相对湿度太低，肥料或微量元素不足，给水不适当，根系发育不良。 5.花朵数目太少 植株衰弱，光量太低，缺乏磷肥（P）。 6.花朵上出现棕色斑点或马赛克形状 病毒引起。 7.花朵排序不良 抽梗阶段改变花盆摆设角度。 d.根部　 1.根部变黑或变棕色 根系破损，被根腐菌伤害，应该清除受损的根系。 2.根突有咬痕或失去根突 被虫类咬食。 3.根突死亡 塩分累积，来自水质不良，施肥太多，淋洗次数不够等。 4.根部变形 缺乏氯元素 5.根系发育不良 微量元素不足
B.蝴蝶兰的栽培问题 a.叶片 1.新叶的发育小于原来的旧叶片 植株处于应力，包括根系发育不良，光量不足，温度过高等。应检查栽培环境，必要时换盆。 2.叶片产生皱纹 水分不足。 3.叶片软弱，逐渐弯曲起皱纹 植物水分吸收不足，可能是根系不良或是给水不足。 4.叶片暗红色 通常出现于叶背，原因有光量太强，N肥不足或P肥不足。 5.新叶变成红色 真菌伤害。 6.底叶转成暗红色或失去颜色 通常换盆时发生，尤其相对湿度太高或是光量太强。 7.新叶不长或是生长受到限制 N或P缺乏。 8.落叶 新叶形成时老叶老化，或是其它应力，包括：温度、湿度不良、给水不足、缺P肥或是真菌伤害。 b.花苞、花梗、花朵 1.花梗弯曲，失去颜色 病毒引起。 2.花梗成波浪状 少数品种的遗传特性，或是光量不足。 3.花梗太短 光量过强。 4.花梗顶端转成棕色 浇水的水温太低，组织崩解。 5.花梗长出叶片 由于高温，光量不足，介质崩解，植株健康不良。 6.花梗瘦小 缺P，光量太低。 7.花朵腐败或有水渍斑点 花瓣上有水滴引起真菌，空气的湿度或水气太高。 C.嘉德丽亚兰（卡特兰）的栽培问题 a.叶部 1.生长后成为棕色，然后死亡 可能由于真菌伤害，水分太多，介质崩解，高湿低温环境。 2.新叶不生长或生长受阻 N肥或P肥不足，生长芽点受伤或腐烂。 b.花鞘、花苞与花朵 1.花鞘干枯 植株在未发育成熟即开花。有些品种特性本是如此，在花鞘干枯后再开花。 2.花鞘或花苞转成红棕色或水浸状 水滴停于花鞘或花苞造成腐败。 D.虎头兰（大花蕙兰）的栽培问题 a.新叶 1.新叶成长面积比老叶小，生长阻碍，叶片无法向上生长。植株受到应力，根系衰弱，光量不足，温度过高，N肥不足等。 2.叶片变黄而死亡 水分不足。 3.叶片成长而长成红棕色，然后死亡 真菌影响，水分太多，介质崩解，湿度太高。 b.花鞘、花苞、花朵 1.花鞘或花苞变成红棕色或水渍状 水滴留于花鞘造成腐败。 2.花苞干涸或掉落 日温或夜温太高：花苞发展阶段日温不得超过18.3℃，夜温维持于10－15.6℃。 3.花朵变黄与掉落 温度过高，光量太强或不足，空气太干，给水不良，微量元素不足或太多。 E.文心兰属的栽培问题 a.叶片 1.新叶的发育小于原来的旧叶片 植株处于应力，包括根系发育不良，光量不足，温度过高等。应检查栽培环境，必要时换盆。 2. 叶片黄化，转成棕色而死亡 真菌感染，水分过多，介质崩解，湿度过高同时温度太低。 3. 新叶不生长或生长受阻 N肥或P肥不足，生长顶芽损伤或腐坏。 b.花茎、花苞、花朵 1.花茎干涸不再成长 可能是昆虫损害，植物吸水不足，温度范围不适合。 2.花茎变成红棕色、水渍状 水分停留于花茎，花茎腐烂。 F.拖鞋兰（兜兰、杓兰） a.新叶 1. 新叶的发育小于原来的旧叶片 植株处于应力，包括根系发育不良，光量不足，温度过高等。应检查栽培环境，必要时换盆。 2. 植物茎轴太高 光量不足。 3. 叶尖红棕色或产生斑点 水分不足，原因是给水不足或根部腐烂。 4. 叶片转变成黄色，再成棕色而死亡 可能是真菌影响，水分过多，介质腐坏，湿度过高而且温度太低。 5. 叶片有水渍斑点，转为红棕、黑色或灰色，有时边缘成黄色 通常为细菌感染，施以杀菌剂并维持数周的干燥。 6. 白色斑点或不规则暗色斑纹 细菌感染。 7. 新叶不成长或停止生长 N肥或P肥不足，生长芽点受伤或腐烂。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年05月04日
Miss Chen
秋丛绕舍似陶家，遍绕篱边日渐斜。不是花中偏爱菊，此花开尽更无花。 菊花是中国十大名花之三，花中四君子（梅兰竹菊）之一，也是世界四大切花（菊花、月季、康乃馨、唐菖蒲）之一，产量居首。因菊花具有清寒傲雪的品格，才有陶渊明的“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的名句。中国人有重阳节赏菊和饮菊花酒的习俗。唐·孟浩然《过故人庄》：“待到重阳日，还来就菊花。”在古神话传说中菊花还被赋予了吉祥、长寿的含义。 今天要跟大家分享的是盆栽菊花矮化的问题。盆栽菊花矮化是栽培管理中较复杂的技术问题，重点应抓好以下几项技术措施。
选择品种 菊花品种多，应选择适宜的优良品种，如‘争艳’、‘金杯’、‘早黄’、‘黄松’、‘白虎笑’、‘一品黄’、‘黄牡丹’、‘醉蟹’、‘金背大红’等做母本培育。一般多选用大花球型及细管型品种，它们叶厚肥大、花大丰满、色泽鲜艳、对激素比较敏感，易于盆栽矮化。 扦插要晚 菊花扦插时间的早晚，是秋菊能否矮化的关键之一。为使植株高度不超过 33厘米，一般三叉九顶菊宜在6月份扦插，独本菊宜在7月至8月份扦插。这时扦插的一般会比春插植株要矮10厘米至20厘米。 合理扦插 一是插穗要短。以往插穗一般要有3到4个节，10多厘米长，如果将插穗改为 2个节，一节入土生根，一节露外发芽，既可保证扦插成活，又可使插穗大为缩短，其矮化效果好。 二是栽植要低。在幼苗上盆时，将根系置于盆的底部，培养土先填三分之一到二分之一，以后随着植株的生长，再逐步填土，到9月中下旬最后一次填土至正常深度，土面离盆沿3厘米左右，以便浇水。这样比栽在盆的上部要隐去8厘米至10厘米，而且入土茎干逢节生根，植株生长更加茁壮旺盛。 三是摘心。一般从苗高10厘米左右起，到立秋前后3天到5天止，其摘心次数须按照不同品种的生长习性及栽培所需高度而定，有的 1次至2次，有的3次至4次。但需注意最后一次摘心时间不能过迟，否则有可能出现不现蕾，或者花蕾不能开放。
控制肥水 菊花喜肥，若施肥不当易引起徒长，施肥过多则株高叶稀。因此，基肥应以磷钾肥为主，幼苗期不需追肥，进入营养生长期，如果叶片小而薄，叶色泛黄，可多次喷施0.1％尿素水至转绿时为止。立秋后至开花前，肥水宜充足，其浓度可逐渐增加，并注意增施磷钾肥，可使花色正，花期长。 植株进入生长期，特别是旺长期，为防止徒长，浇水时间须在上午10时左右，水量以维持当日消耗为度，若气温高，蒸发量大，可在每天早晚给叶片喷一次叶面水。 抹芽疏蕾 菊花壮苗期会萌发出许多腋芽，须及时用手抹掉，否则会消耗大量养分，且能发出许多小侧枝，使植株显得杂乱无章。 孕蕾期，在顶蕾下的小枝上有时出现旁蕾，除因需要保留的外，也应及早去掉旁蕾，促进顶蕾肥大。 针刺 对一些出现有旺长甚至疯长的盆菊，可采用针刺法，达到矮化的目的。 具体方法是在生长点的叶片下端，用经消毒的缝衣针或大头针刺入茎干，长势一般的刺至中心，长势健壮的刺透，以破坏部分输导组织，使植株生长受到抑制。这样不仅可制约其高度，还可使茎干增粗叶片增大增厚，以后花开更大，花色更艳。 使用激素 用于菊花矮化的激素有比久（B9）及矮壮素。在上盆后10天到15天，可用矮壮素1000倍至3000倍液浇灌 次，10厘米盆径的每次浇100毫升，可结合盆土需要浇水时结合浇激素。 8月下旬至9月下旬，每7到10天喷1次浓度为0.2％的比久溶液，喷至叶片正反面湿润为止，每株用量约50毫升，一般到盆菊现蕾为止，可有效控制株高，生长矮壮，花大色艳。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月04日
Miss Chen
大花蕙兰是世界上最为常见的洋兰种类，是以附生性强的大花种问杂交而获得的人工杂交种。因其与蕙兰较相似，而且花朵大而得名。大花蕙兰花茎挺拔，花朵硕大，形态端庄，气势壮观，是世界上栽培最为普及的高档洋兰之一，备受人们青睐，在国际和国内兰花市场上享有很高的声誉。
用塑料薄膜袋代替柳条圈进行密闭养护蕙兰。 ①先将蕙兰修剪根部后，把叶片和花莛用塑料袋套住，使其减少水分的蒸发，同时防止水湿。 ②放在室内温度不太低的庇荫处，根部稍喷水，并一直保持湿润。 ③到花莛伸长至20厘米左右时，即可上盆移植。 ④上盆后仍将叶片和花芽用塑料袋套住，置于室内荫处。 ⑤数日后逐渐将塑料袋去掉，可先将袋的顶部剪开，通通风，然后逐步剪大开口，直到完全除去。 这样，不久就会开花。
养好蕙兰要掌握好两个湿度，即较高的空气湿度和较低的土壤湿度。蕙兰原生在较高的山上，所适应的空气湿度比较高（相对湿度约80％左右）。 一般家庭要保持这样高的湿度是不大可能的，这也是蕙兰“难养”的关键所在。要想保持高的空气湿度，一方面要减少水分蒸发，可把蕙兰放在凉爽、荫蔽的地方，防止太阳直晒加大蒸发量；另一方面要多喷水或喷雾，使周围的环境潮湿，以增加空气湿度。与此相反，栽培土壤的湿度千万不能过大，过于潮湿和积水，会阻碍根系呼吸，容易使根腐烂，植株生长不良，当然也就无花可开了。这在南方多雨的地区，尤其应当注意。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月03日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is about 2-3' tall, branching occasionally. This member of the Nettle family lacks stinging hairs. The stems are light green, 4-angled or round, and glabrous or slightly pubescent. The leaves are usually opposite along the stems, but sometimes they are alternate. They are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 4" long and 2½" across, and have long slender petioles. The upper surface of each leaf is dark green (in the shade) and glabrous or slightly pubescent; a central vein and 2 parallel secondary veins are readily observable. The margins are coarsely serrated. Spikes of green or greenish white flowers appear from the axils of the upper leaves. They are straight and angle upward from the axis of the central stem. The flowering spikes are about ½–3" long; sometimes they are terminal, but more often they will develop additional leaves beyond the flowers. False Nettle is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Male flowers are distributed along the spikes in bunches, while female flowers are produced along the spikes more or less continuously. These flowers are very small and lack petals. Each male flower has a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens, while the calyx of the female flower is tubular with 2-4 teeth. The blooming period is mid-summer to early fall, and lasts about 1-2 months. There is no floral scent; pollination is by wind. The fruit consists of a small achene. This description applies to the typical woodland variety of False Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica cylindrica. The other variety of False Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica drummondiana, grows in the sun and has a somewhat different appearance.
Cultivation: The preference is light shade, moist conditions, and rich loamy soil. In sunnier locations, this plant prefers wetter ground and the foliage may become yellowish green. Range & Habitat: The native False Nettle is a common plant that occurs in most counties of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include wet to mesic deciduous woodlands, especially in floodplain and bottomland areas, as well as various wetlands, including swamps, low areas along rivers, borders of small streams, seeps, and sandy marshes. False Nettle can be found in both degraded and higher quality habitats. Faunal Associations: The flowers don't attact many insects because they are wind-pollinated. Caterpillars of the butterflies Polygonia comma (Comma), Polygonia interrogationis (Question Mark), and Vanessa atalanta (Red Admiral) feed on the foliage of False Nettle; caterpillars of the moth Bomolocha manalis (Flowing-Line Bomolocha) also feed on this plant (Wagner, 2005; Bouseman & Sternburg, 2001). Larvae of a fly, Neolasioptera boehmeriae, form spindle-shaped galls on the stems. Because the foliage lacks stinging hairs and it is non-toxic, mammalian herbivores probably browse on this plant occasionally. Photographic Location: Along a woodland path at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Sometimes people instinctively shy away from this plant thinking that it has stinging hairs – in fact, this is not the case, hence the common name. In Illinois, the two members of the Nettle family with stinging hairs are Laportea canadensis (Wood Nettle) and Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle). The latter species has been introduced from Europe. The other common member of the Nettle family without stinging hairs, Pilea pumila (Clearweed), is a hairless annual plant with translucent stems and shiny leaves. Clearweed has terminal flowering spikes that are usually shorter than the petioles of the leaves, while the flowering spikes of False Nettle are usually longer than the petioles, and leaves are often produced beyond the flowers.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月03日
Miss Chen
Description: During the first year, this biennial plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves spanning about 6" across. These basal leaves are up to 3½" long and ¾" across; they are obovate or oblanceolate, shallowly lobed or dentate along the margins, and nearly hairless. During the second year, a flowering stalk develops up to 3' tall that is unbranched or sparingly branched; it often leans over to one side. This stalk is pale green, hairless, and glaucous. The cauline (alternate) leaves are up to 8" long and 1" across, becoming smaller as they ascend the central stalk. They are usually lanceolate, hairless, and glaucous; some of the upper leaves are linear. The margins of these leaves are smooth or sparingly dentate. The base of each cauline leaf clasps the central stalk with a pair of basal lobes. Normally, the cauline leaves are some shade of green, but they can become reddish or yellowish green in bright sunlight. The central stalk (and any secondary stalks) terminates in an elongated raceme of flowers up to 1½' long. The small flowers bloom near the apex of this raceme, while the siliques (slender cylindrical seedpods) droop from their pedicels below. Each flower is about 4 mm. (1/6") across, consisting of 4 white petals, 4 light green sepals, a pistil with an undivided style, and several stamens. The petals are barely longer than the sepals. The pedicel of each flower is about 8 mm. (1/3") long, hairless, and ascending. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer and lasts about 1-2 months. Each flower is replaced by a slender silique up to 3½" long that is hairless; it contains a single row of small seeds with winged margins. The siliques spread widely or droop from their pedicels. When the siliques split open to release their seeds, the latter can be carried aloft to some extent by the wind. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: The preference is medium shade to partial sunlight, moist to slightly dry conditions, and a soil that is loamy or rocky. The size of a plant and the appearance of its foliage can be strongly influenced by its growing conditions. Range & Habitat: Smooth Rock Cress occurs occasionally in most areas of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. In some areas, it may be locally common. Habitats include mesic woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, rocky slopes of bluffs, shaded cliffs, and ravines near streams. This plant is generally found in hilly woodlands where deciduous trees are dominant.
Faunal Associations: Small bees and flies occasionally visit the flowers for nectar or pollen. Bee visitors include Ceratina spp. (little carpenter bees), Nomada spp. (cuckoo bees), Osmia spp. (mason bees), Halictid bees, and Andrenid bees, including Andrena arabis (Rock Cress Andrenid Bee). Some insects feed on the foliage and other parts of Boechera spp. and related genera (Rock Cress species); they include larvae of the leaf-mining fly Liriomya pusilla, the flea beetles Phyllotreta conjuncta and Phyllotreta punctulata, and caterpillars of the butterflies Anthocharis midea (Falcate Orangetip) and Pieris oleracea (Mustard White). The foliage of these plants doesn't appear to be bothered by either deer or rabbits to any significant degree (personal observation). Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at a wooded ravine near a stream in Vermilion County, Illinois, and at a mesic deciduous woodland in Douglas County, Illinois.
Comments: This is one of the native species of Rock Cress (Boechera spp. and related genera) that can be found in wooded areas. This plant is not particularly showy and it is often overlooked. Smooth Rock Cress (Boechera laevigata) can be distinguished from other species of Rock Cress as follows: 1) It is completely hairless during the blooming period, 2) it has siliques that are widely spreading or drooping, and 3) its cauline leaves clasp their stems with a pair of basal lobes. These three characteristics are usually sufficient to distinguish this species from other species of Rock Cress. Some other characteristics that are occasionally helpful: 1) Its siliques are circular in cross-section, rather than flattened, and 2) each of its siliques contains a single row of seeds. For example, another woodland species, Boechera canadensis (Sicklepod), has an appearance that is similar to Smooth Rock Cress; they both have drooping siliques. However, the cauline leaves of Sicklepod are sessile, its lower foliage is often hairy, and it has flattened siliques. A scientific synonym of Smooth Rock Cress is Arabis laevigata.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月03日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a biennial that consists of a rosette of basal leaves during the first year. The basal leaves are up to 6" long and 2" across; they are oblanceolate or obovate, dentate along the margins, and hairy underneath. Each basal leaf tapers to a petiole-like base that is long and slender, while its tip is acute to blunt. During the second year, one or more stems with alternate cauline leaves develop from the center of the rosette, which withers away. Upon reaching maturity, Toothed Rock Cress is 1½–3' tall. The erect to ascending stems are light green, finely pubescent, terete, and sparingly branched. The cauline leaves are up to 4" long and 1½" across; they are oblanceolate to obovate and dentate along their margins. The upper surface of each cauline leaf is sparingly covered with fine hairs or hairless, while the lower surface is conspicuously hairy. Each cauline leaf clasps the stem with a pair of basal lobes (it is auriculate). The upper stems terminate in floral racemes up to 1' long. Each flower is about 1/8" (3 mm.) across, consisting of 4 sepals, 4 petals, an ovary with a short style, and several stamens with pale yellow or white anthers. The petals are white and oblanceolate; they barely extend beyond the sepals. The sepals are lanceolate-oblong, light green to reddish green, and finely hairy. The pedicel of each flower is short, stout, and conspicuously hairy. The blooming period occurs during the late spring or early summer and lasts about a month. Each flower is replaced by a slender cylindrical silique about ¾–1½" long that contains a single row of seeds. The siliques are ascending to spreading along the central stalk of the raceme; they can be curved or straight, but don't droop conspicuously. The outer surface of each silique is light green to reddish purple and glabrous or finely pubescent (usually the latter). The seeds are quite small (about 1 mm. long), oblongoid, and somewhat flattened; they lack winged margins. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself. Cultivation: This plant is typically found in dappled sunlight to medium shade, moist conditions, and either fertile loamy soil or thin rocky soil with decaying organic matter.
Range & Habitat: The native Toothed Rock Cress occurs occasionally in northern and central Illinois, while in the southern section of the state it is uncommon or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include moist to mesic deciduous woodlands, wooded floodplain areas along rivers, banks of small streams, rocky bluffs, and shaded limestone cliffs. Faunal Associations: The small flowers attract various bees, Syrphid flies, dance flies (Empis spp.), and miscellaneous other insects. The bee visitors include cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), Halictid bees, Andrenid bees, and little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.). The bees suck nectar or collect pollen, while the flies suck nectar or feed on pollen. Some flea beetles (e.g., Phyllotreta conjuncta and Phyllotreta punctulata) feed on species of Rock Cress (Boechera spp. and related genera). Photographic Location: A low wooded area along a river in Vermilion County, Illinois.
Comments: This is one of the woodland species of Rock Cress (Boechera spp. and related genera). As a group, they are usually tall-growing, but not very showy because of their small flowers. It can be somewhat tricky to distinguish these species and several physical characteristics should be considered. Toothed Rock Cress (Boechera dentata) has: 1) stems with pubescent hairs throughout, 2) terete siliques that are spreading to ascending (but not drooping nor stiffly erect), 3) auriculate leaves with basal lobes that clasp each stem throughout its length, and 4) very small flowers (about 1/8" or 3 mm. across). Other species of Rock Cress often have: 1) hairless stems or stems that are hairy only toward the bottom, 2) siliques that are flattened, droop downward, or are held stiffly erect, 3) cauline leaves that are sessile, or they have basal lobes that clasp each stem only toward the bottom, and 4) flowers that are slightly larger in size. Other scientific names of Toothed Rock Cress include Arabis dentata and Arabis shortii.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月03日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is 1-3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The central stem is light to dark green, 4-angled, and covered with long white hairs. The opposite leaves are up to 3½" long and 1½" across. They are ovate or lanceolate-ovate in shape, serrated along their margins, and often ciliate. The lower surface of each leaf is light to medium green and densely pubescent to nearly glabrous; in the latter case, there are scattered hairs along the central and some of the lateral veins. The upper leaf surface is medium to dark green; it has either scattered appressed hairs or it is glabrous. The petioles are about ½-1¼" long and covered with spreading hairs. Small secondary leaves often develop from the axils of the leaves on the central stem. The central stem (and any major side stems) terminates in several whorls of flowers. The whorls of flowers occur above the axils of the upper leaves, or they may occur above pairs of leafy bracts that are sometimes inconspicuous. The flowers in each whorl are densely crowded together. Each flower is up to ½" long, consisting of a short-tubular calyx with 5 teeth, a 2-lipped corolla, 2 exerted stamens, and a slender style that is divided at its tip. The calyx is light green and exceedingly hairy along the margins of its teeth; the upper teeth are longer than the lower teeth. The corolla is light purple or white and it has purple dots on the lower lip; the outer surface of this corolla is finely pubescent on the upper side. The lower lip is divided into 3 lobes, while the upper lip functions as a protective hood. The blooming period occurs during the summer and lasts about 1-1½ months. Each flower is replaced by 4 ovoid nutlets. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Clonal colonies of plants often develop from the rhizomes.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to light shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a rich loamy soil with decaying leaf mold. This species also grows in soil that is somewhat rocky. Range & Habitat: The native Hairy Wood Mint occurs occasionally throughout Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands, areas along woodland paths, woodland borders, woodland openings, limestone glades, and thickets. Minor disturbance is desirable if it removes excessive shade from the overhead canopy.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are pollinated primarily by long-tongued bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), cuckoo bees (Epeolus spp.), long-horned bees (Melissodes spp.), and Anthophorid bees (Anthophora spp.). Other visitors of the flowers include Halictid bees, wasps, bee flies (Bombyliidae), thick-headed flies (Conopidae), Syrphid flies, butterflies, and skippers. These insects seek nectar primarily, although some of the Halictid bees collect pollen and some flies feed on the pollen. There are few records of insects feeding destructively on Hairy Wood Mint, although a polyphagous aphid, Aphis coreopsidis, uses this plant as a summer host. The foliage probably isn't attractive to mammalian herbivores as a food source.
Photographic Location: Along a woodland path at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: This is another member of the Mint family with pairs of opposite leaves and relatively small tubular flowers. Hairy Wood Mint (Blephilia hirsuta) has unusually hairy stems and the dense hairy whorls of flowers are rather conspicuous. These dense whorls of flowers distinguish the genus Blephilia from many other members of the Mint family. The only other member of this genus that occurs in Illinois is Downy Wood Mint (Blephilia ciliata). Downy Wood Mint has leaves that are sessile or they have short petioles (less than ½"), and its stems are short-pubescent to pubescent. Hairy Wood Mint, on the other hand, has leaves with longer petioles and its stems have spreading white hairs that are quite long. Downy Wood Mint prefers habitats that are somewhat sunnier and drier; it is sometimes found in prairies and savannas.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月03日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is 2-6' tall and usually unbranched. The central stem is light green to purplish green, terete, and glabrous. Opposite pairs of leaves about 3-8" long and 1-3" across occur along this stem; they are lanceolate-elliptic to ovate and smooth along their margins. Both the tips and bottoms of the leaves are wedge-shaped, rather than rounded. The upper leaf surface is medium to dark green and glabrous, while the lower surface is pale to medium green and glabrous (or nearly so). The leaves are widely spreading and remain more or less the same size along the stem. The distinct petioles are ½-2" long and light green. The foliage contains a milky latex. The stem terminates in one or more umbels of flowers spanning 2-4" across. The umbels are relatively open and the flowers droop somewhat from their pedicels. Each flower is about ¼" across and ½" long, consisting of 5 petals that hang downward, 5 curved cylindrical hoods that surround a central column, and the reproductive organs. The insignificant sepals are hidden by the petals. Each hood has an exerted horn. The flowers are bicolored: the petals are green or pale purple, while the hoods and column are white or light pink. The slender pedicels are 1-2" long, light green, and either glabrous or minutely short-pubescent. The blooming period occurs during the summer for about a month. Afterwards, fertile flowers are replaced by erect seedpods (follicles) that are up to 6" long and ¾" across; they are narrowly lanceoloid in shape. During the fall, each seedpod splits open along one side to release its seeds. The seeds have tufts of hair at their apices; they are distributed by the wind. The root system consists of a taproot.
Cultivation: The preference is partial or dappled sunlight, mesic conditions, and a rich loam or sandy loam with organic matter. The location should be protected from prevailing winds. Range & Habitat: Poke Milkweed is widely distributed across Illinois, but it is relatively uncommon. Illinois lies along the western range limit of this species. Habitats consist of woodland openings, rich mesic woodlands, sandy woodlands, upland rocky woodlands, wooded slopes, areas along paths in woodlands, and woodland borders. Poke Milkweed is found in deciduous woodlands where oaks, maples, and similar trees are dominant. Faunal Associations: The flowers of Poke Milkweed attract bumblebees and butterflies, including the Monarch and Great Spangle Fritillary butterflies. These insects suck nectar from the flowers. Other insects feed on the foliage, flower tissues, seedpods, pith of the stems, or plant juices. The following beetles have been found on Poke Milkweed: Chrysochus auratus (Dogbane Beetle) and Labidomera clivicollis (Swamp Milkweed Leaf Beetle). Other insects that feed on milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) include larvae of Tetraopes basalis (Milkweed Longhorn) and Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Red Milkweed Beetle), larvae of Rhyssomatus lineaticollis (Milkweed Stem Weevil), Lygaeus kalmii (Small Milkweed Bug) and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Large Milkweed Bug), Aphis asclepiadis and other aphids, caterpillars of the moths Cycnia inopinatus (Unexpected Cycnia) and Cycnia tenera (Delicate Cycnia), and caterpillars of the butterfly Danaus plexippus (Monarch). Mammalian herbivores usually avoid consumption of milkweeds because their foliage contains toxic cardiac glycosides and it is bitter-tasting. Photographic Location: Along a path in a sandy woodland at the Indiana Dunes State Park in NW Indiana. Comments: This is a tall-growing milkweed with unusual bicolored flowers. In Illinois, only Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) and Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) are as tall and their flowers are usually more unicolored. In some areas of the United States, Poke Milkweed has been known to hybridize with Common Milkweed, producing plants with intermediate characteristics. So far, such hybrid plants have not been observed in Illinois. The common name, Poke Milkweed, refers to a junior synonym of this species, Asclepias phytolaccoides. This latter scientific name was no doubt inspired by the superficial resemblance of this milkweed's leaves to those of an unrelated species, Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana).
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