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Miss Chen
2018年05月10日
Miss Chen
颜色搭配的好坏，常常决定着花艺作品的成败。一个好的作品色彩必定是协调的，无论它表现的主题是素雅还是奢华、柔美还是艳丽。
一件插花作品给人的第一印象就是色彩。不同的色彩调子对人的情绪有不同的影响。有的使人欣喜，有的感到沉闷。只有把多种色彩适当地组合在一起，才可以得到好的效果。插花中色彩的组合原理与绘画中色彩的法则是一致的。比如： 互补色互补色就是色盘上位置相反的两种颜色。如红与绿、橙与蓝、黄与紫等。由于对比强烈、互为衬托，可以相得益彰。 三等分色三种颜色在色盆上处于相等距离。如红、黄、蓝一组或橙、绿、紫一组。 相邻色色蛊上相邻的三四种色彩。如红、橙、黄这三色构成一组暖色调的相领色，如需要四种颜色，可以再加一个绿色。而蓝、绿、紫构成另一组冷色调的相邻色。 插花中运用纯净浓烈的色彩调子可以表达强烈的感情，例如情人房中成丛成片的红月季花。柔和淡雅的插花色彩调子则适合于表达细腻的感情，例如淡暖色调插花中再加入干花。总之，设计一幅插花作品时应考虑到色彩的感情表现。 色彩的比例对色调很重要。在用到三种颜色的时候，最好多用一些浅色，少用一些深色。最浅色可占65%，中间色占25%，最深色占10%。最深色的花安排在插花作品的中心附近，效果最好。
插花的色调还要与造型相配合。在明快的插花造型中，须配以明快的色调。在沉着的插花造型中，须配以沉着的色调。重的形式配上重的色调，自然显得更重，轻的形式配上轻的色调，自然显得更轻。这是一方面的运用。但有时为了取得均衡，或者加强对比作用，在重的形式上配以轻的色调，量感自然就会减轻;在轻的形式上配以重的色调，量感自然就会加重;这是另一方面的运用。一件理想的插花作品，要靠作者高明手法的灵活运用。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月10日
Miss Chen
现在，很多人喜欢装饰家庭环境，闲暇之余，插插花，相信是不少朋友的兴趣所在。能否插出漂亮而且艺术的花，花泥也起着重要的作用。
插花一般是用金属花座和专门的花泥来做基座，但这些东西成本较高，来源有限，有时还会缺货。通过试验摸索，用冬瓜做为插花基座，取得了良好的观赏效果。冬瓜质地疏松，水分充足，各种材料一般均可直接插入，而且冬瓜基座洁白晶莹，配以花叶显得很雅致，现介绍如下： 1、选好插花材料 根据个人爱好与任务需要，选择好插花材料备用。 2、备好容器 可用水盘，菜盘，花蓝及其他器皿，款式可多种多样。 3、关于东瓜花泥的准备工作 取新鲜冬瓜，从中剖开，掏去种子，根据容器大小形状切块，还可根据容器形状削成各种形状，方形，长方形，菱形及不规则形，削成后备用。 4、插花 较硬的花梗、果枝等可以直接插入冬瓜块内。对一些比较柔软的花枝可以先用铁丝刺孔或沟后再插。花插好后放干净水养殖。插好后可保持5-7日。如用保鲜剂时间会更长。
插花时还要注意整体结构和布局，以使形成一幅和谐、绚丽的艺术作品。它唯一的缺点就是春季冬瓜较少，不易寻找。但在其他季节还是较多。做为家庭 来说还是很实用的。家庭主妇可以在厨房里学插花了。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月10日
Miss Chen
五大基本花型 ①直立型 使枝直立而插，角度最多不超过30度。花型平和、稳重，正式隆重的场合多用直立型。 ②倾斜型 使枝倾斜而插，角度在30度—60度之间。花型悠闲、秀美，随意而插的作品适用日常生活。 ③平出型 使枝由花器口倾斜而插，角度在60度—90度之间。花型洒脱、有强烈动感，有个性，在特别场合插做。 ④平铺型 使枝不同与其他花型要“先立而后斜出”，而是直接依附花器器沿或水面而插。花型平和、舒适有满足感。 ⑤倒挂型 使枝由花器立出而弯曲至花器器沿以下。花型有强烈的征讨、冒险意味，表现出强烈的生命感。
九种常见组合 ①南天竹、蜡梅、银柳组合。冬季瓶插春意浓郁。 ②松枝、南天竹、蜡梅组合。称为“岁寒三友”。 ③香石竹、满天星、文竹、天门冬等搭配。清秀典雅。 ④银柳、一品红、水仙等组合。春节前使用。 ⑤黄色玫瑰、满天星组合。具有朦一胧美。 ⑥香石竹、满天星组合。温馨。 ⑦紫罗兰、玫瑰、满天星组合。清雅俏丽。 ⑧郁金香、文竹组合。华贵非凡。 ⑨唐菖蒲、晚香玉、松枝组合。端庄秀美。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月10日
Miss Chen
插花艺术，常简称为插花，即指将剪切下来的植物的枝、叶、花、果作为素材，经过一定的技术（修剪、整枝、弯曲等）和艺术（构思、造型、设色等）加工，重新配置成一件精制完美、富有诗情画意，能再现大自然美和生活美的花卉艺术品。插花艺术的起源应归于人们对花卉的热爱，通过对花卉的定格，表达一种意境来体验生命的真实与灿烂。插花艺术对中国人而言，插花作品被视为一个天人合一的宇宙生命之融合。以“花”作为主要素材，在瓶、盘、碗、缸、筒、篮、盆等七大花器内造化天地无穷奥妙的一种盆景类的花卉艺术，其表现方式颇为雅致，令人把玩，爱不释手。
插花发展至今，其方法已经十分丰富，在日本已形成各种流派。尽管各种流派都有自己的一套插花理论与技巧，但还是有其共同之处。 插花有两种基本形式:东方式插花和西方式插花。 东方式插花，是常见于日本与我国的插花形式。它具有强烈的东方艺术情调。东方式插花所用花材较少，叶疏枝少，以强烈枝叶的形态与构图，形成特有的艺术节奏与意境，具有浓厚的艺术感染力。它轻描淡写，寥寥数枝却意味深长，如同中国画中的写意画。因此，这种艺术形式的插花显得典雅古拙，耐人寻味。 西方式插花，多见于西方国家。这种插花形式与东方式相反，枝密叶茂，红红火火，五彩缤纷，强调插花的色彩。其构图多以对称均衡为主，具有图案美和修饰美。 插花的创作如同作画一般，在动手开始制作之前就应该“胸中有花”，即对插花的叶枝选择与处理，整体的构图与色彩以及最后的效果都要心中有数。如果“胸中无花”，即在插花之前没有整体构想，其插花往往失败。
插花有三大原则：即境物和谐、色彩协调、构图完善。 境物和谐 即要求插花作品与环境条件相和谐。插花作品多是放在室内，因此室内光线、家具形色、背景色调、空间大小、欣赏对象、插花用途等都要与插花本身的色彩、构图等相协调。一般来说，如果是哀悼性插花，则要求用花朴素清淡，并根据被纪念者的性格及生前喜好，选取适当的品种，务必做到肃穆端庄，忌插得枝繁花艳。相反，大喜节日插花，以轻松、热闹为主，可插得火红一些。平时作为摆设欣赏之用的插花可以插得新颖些，以富有艺术创新的作品为佳。 色彩协调 即要求插花所用的花材间色彩协调。既要有鲜明的反差，又要有和谐的统一。插花的色彩搭配有各种方式，有的以一种为主色，其他的为辅色，起点缀和加强主色的作用;有的两种色无主次之分，还有的把几种融为一体，各种颜色好像繁星一样，但整体上形成新的色彩视觉。插花材料色彩间的配合应根据插花的形式而定。东方式插花色彩整体效果以“雅”为佳，西方式插花则以“繁”为佳。 构图完善 构图很大程度上决定着插花的成败。尤其是东方式插花更要注意枝条、叶片的布置。既要做到重心稳重，又要有险枝突出，有节奏感。西方式插花构图讲究均衡，重心稳重，以四面皆可观赏为佳。插花构图常见的有垂直形、四角形、散开形、L字形、椭圆形、水平形、零星形、三角形、眉目形、环状形等。 插花构图形式尽管多种多样，千姿百态，但总的来说表现方式主要有： 对称与非对称构图 对称的构图左右结构较相同，较匀称，多见于西方式插花。这种构图显得端庄、严肃;非对称构图左右结构相差较大，多见于东方式插花，显得生动、活泼。 集中与放射构图 集中构图是形状上积聚，整体结构内敛，显得沉稳、凝重;放射构图即以中心为核心，线条向四周呈辐射状，显得遒劲、轻松。 独立与重复构图 独立构图即以单一的枝或叶为主，其他小枝衬托，显得灵巧、秀丽;重复构图，由几个大致相同的枝叶并列或重叠而成，富有节奏感。
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 4-8" tall. It consists of a rosette of basal leaves spanning about 6" across. These basal leaves are greyish green to green and glabrous. Each of these leaves is ternately compound and divided into 3 primary leaflets, while each primary leaflet is divided into 3 secondary leaflets. These secondary leaflets are pinnately cleft into linear or oblanceolate lobes. The long petioles of the compound leaves are slender and glabrous; they are pale red, tan, or brown. From the center of the rosette, there develops a semi-erect raceme of 2-6 pairs of white flowers on a long peduncle (flowering stalk). This raceme tends to bend to one side, while the flowers droop upside-down from their pedicels. Both the peduncle and pedicels are pale red or yellowish brown, terete, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous. The pedicels are about ¼" in length; in the middle of each pedicel, there is a pair of tiny linear bracts. Each flower is about ¾" long and assumes the form of an upside-down Dutchman's Breeches, hence the common name of the plant. It consists of 2 outer petals that are white and 2 inner petals that are pale yellow. The two outer petals form two nectar spurs that are long and spreading; they are joined together at the base. The two inner petals are much smaller and form the base of the flower; they have small wings that curl upward. The 2 sepals of each flower are white and more or less ovate in shape; they are much shorter than the petals. The blooming period occurs from early to mid-spring and lasts about 2-3 weeks. There is no noticeable floral scent. The flowers are replaced by oblongoid-ovoid seed capsules that taper into points at both ends. These capsules eventually split apart into 2 segments to release their seeds. The root system consists of a bulbous base with fleshy scales and secondary roots.
Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight of woodlands, mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil with abundant organic matter. This plant develops early and can resist moderate frost without damage. Range & Habitat: Dutchman's Breeches is a common plant that occurs in nearly every county of Illinois (see Distribution Map), where it is native. Habitats include deciduous mesic woodlands, especially along gentle slopes, ravines, or ledges along streams. This species occurs in original woodland that has never been plowed under or bulldozed over. It's abundance in such woodlands can be highly variable – from uncommon to common.
Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts long-tongued bees primarily, including honeybees, bumblebees, mason bees (Osmia spp.), and Anthophorid bees (Anthophora ursina, Synhalonia spp., Habropoda laboriosus). Less common visitors include short-tongued Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), Bombylius major (Giant Bee Fly), various butterflies, and skippers. The butterflies and skippers are not effective cross-pollinators of the flowers. Because the seeds have elaisomes (fleshy or oily appendages), they are distributed by ants. Ants carry the seeds to their nests, eat the elaisomes, and discard the seeds some distance from the mother plant. The foliage is toxic to mammalian herbivores and it is not often eaten by them. Photographic Location: A mesic area of Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois, and an upland woodlands in McLean County, Illinois.
Comments: This is a delightful spring wildflower of woodlands – both the flowers and foliage are attractive. Dutchman's Breeches is one of the earlier woodland wildflowers to bloom. The only other species with a similar appearance is Dicentra canadensis (Squirrel Corn). Squirrel Corn also occurs in mesic deciduous woodlands and blooms only a little later than Dutchman's Breeches. The nectar spurs of Squirrel Corn are shorter and more rounded than those of Dutchman's Breeches, and its white flowers are fragrant. It also has a root system that produces small edible tubers. Within the Fumitory family, Dicentra spp. differ from Corydalis spp. by the structure of their flowers – the former have flowers with 2 nectar spurs, while the latter have flowers with a single nectar spur.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant develops 1-2 compound basal leaves during the spring. The blades of these leaves are 3-7" long and 3-7" across; they are ascending to more or less parallel with the ground. Each leaf blade is divided into 3 leaflets (1 terminal & 2 lateral leaflets). In less developed leaves, the leaflets are pinnate-pinnatifid, ultimately dividing into narrow parallel lobes. However, in more developed leaves, each leaflet divides into 3 subleaflets, and these subleaflets are pinnate-pinnatifid, ultimately dividing into narrow lobes. The ultimate lobes of these leaves are ¼–½" long and about 3 mm. (1/8") across; they are linear, linear-elliptic, or linear-oblanceolate in shape with entire (toothless) margins and bluntly acute tips. The upper leaf surface is grayish green to medium green, glabrous, and sometimes slightly glaucous, while the lower leaf surface is white to greenish white, glabrous, and very glaucous. For each compound leaf, the petiolule (basal stalklet) of the terminal leaflet is longer than those of the 2 lateral leaflets. The petioles of the compound leaves are 3-6" long and ascending; they are pale red to pale reddish green, terete, glabrous, and often glaucous. An inflorescence consisting of a raceme of flowers sometimes develops shortly after the formation of basal leaves. This inflorescence is 6-12" tall and it is either erect or ascending. The peduncle (basal stalk) of the inflorescence is pale red or pale yellowish green, terete, glabrous, and glaucous. Each raceme has 3-10 pendant flowers. The corolla of the pendant flower is ½–¾" long, mostly white, narrowly obcordoid in shape, and somewhat flattened. Two fused outer petals form the rounded nectar spurs (above), the lateral sides, and the pair of of upturned lips (below) of the corolla. Two fused inner petals form a pair of transverse crests and a pair of small inner claws near the entrance of the corolla. The small lips are shaped like keeled hoods with translucent parallel veins. The flat crests are half-cordate in shape, slightly wrinkled, slightly undulate, and white; sometimes they are pinkish along their bases. Inserted within the corolla is a pistil with a single style and several stamens. There are also a pair of tiny sepals; they are about 2-3 mm. long, linear-lanceolate in shape, and light pink with whitish margins. The nodding pedicels of the flowers are pale green or pale reddish green, terete, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous; they are up to ¼" long. At the bases of these pedicels, there are solitary floral bracts about 3-5 mm. long; they are ovate to obovate in shape and light pink with whitish margins.
The blooming period occurs during mid-spring for about 2-3 weeks. The flowers have a sweet fragrance. Afterwards, fertile flowers are replaced by drooping seed capsules that become about 12 mm. (½") long at maturity; these capsules are ovoid in shape and somewhat flattened. Each capsule divides into 2 parts to release its seeds; there are several seeds per capsule. The seeds are 1-2 mm. long, short-reniform in shape, and obscurely reticulate; each seed has an attached elaiosome (food appendage). The foliage dies down by mid-summer. The root system consists of a cluster of yellow globoid corms and fibrous roots. Cultivation: The preference is dappled sunlight to medium shade, mesic conditions, and a loose loamy soil with decaying organic matter. Growth and development occur during the spring. Germination of the seeds can be slow and difficult, although it may be possible to start new plants by separating some of the corms. Insects and disease organisms are rarely troublesome.
Range & Habitat: The native Squirrel Corn occurs primarily in NE, east-central, and the southern tip of Illinois, where it is uncommon (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies toward the western range limit of this species; it is more common further to the east. Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands, wooded bluffs, wooded slopes, ravines, and shaded stream banks. Squirrel Corn is found in high quality woodlands in Illinois, where the native ground flora is intact. It is one of the spring wildflowers that is threatened by the invasion of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and some Eurasian shrubs, particularly Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by queen bumblebees. Both nectar and pollen are available as floral rewards. The seeds are distributed to some extent by ants because of their elaisomes (food appendages). Because the foliage is toxic, it is usually avoided by mammalian herbivores. The overall value of this plant to faunal wildlife is low.
Photographic Location: A deciduous woodland at Jim Smith's farm in Vermilion County, Illinois. Comments: This is another wonderful spring wildflower that can be found in eastern deciduous woodlands. Both the foliage and flowers of Squirrel Corn (Dicentra canadensis) are similar in appearance to those of Dutchman's Breeches (Dicentra cucullaria). Both of these species are found in similar habitats and their blooming periods overlap (Squirrel Corn begins to bloom about 1 week later). However, Dutchman's Breeches is by far the more common wildflower in Illinois. The flowers of Squirrel Corn have short rounded nectar spurs, while those of Dutch's Breeches are longer and more narrow. The basal leaves of these two species are very difficult to distinguish, although those of Squirrel Corn appear to have slightly longer ultimate lobes on average. The corms of these two species are also different in appearance: the corms of Squirrel Corn are yellow and globoid in shape, while the corms of Dutchman's Breeches are pink and more ovoid in shape.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a short leafy stem (4-12" tall) and a flowering stalk (1½-3' long) that are separated from each other at the base. The leafy stem is erect, light green to reddish green, and short-pubescent; it has 1-2 pseudo-whorls of 3 compound leaves at its apex. The compound leaves are trifoliate with slender petioles about 2-3" long. Individual leaflets are 2-3½" long and 1½-2½" across; they are lanceolate-ovate to oval in shape and their margins are smooth. The upper surface of the leaflets is medium green and short-pubescent to glabrous, while their lower surface is pale green and glabrous. The terminal leaflet of each trifoliate leaf has a slender petiolule (basal stalklet) up to ¾" long, while the lateral leaflets have slender petiolules less than 1/8" long. The erect to ascending flowering stalk is light green to reddish green and short-pubescent; it is usually leafless, although a less common variety of Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil has 1-2 trifoliate leaves. The upper part of the flowering stalk consists of a raceme or narrow panicle of flowers up to 1' long. The flowers are arranged along the stalk in widely spaced pseudo-whorls. The pedicels of the flowers and lateral branches (if any) are about ½-¾" long. Individual flowers consist of 5 whitish pink or pale lavender petals, a short tubular calyx with blunt teeth that is greenish red to white, several stamens with white filaments, and a pistil with a single style. The corolla of each flower has a typical pea-like structure consisting of an erect banner, a straight horizontal keel, and a pair of spreading wings. The calyx is short-pubescent and its bottom tooth is larger in size than the others. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late summer for about 1 month. On each plant, only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time and they are not noticeably fragrant. The flowers are replaced by flattened seedpods called 'loments.' The loments usually have 2-3 one-seeded segments (less often, 1 or 4 segments); the upper side of each segment is straight or slightly concave, while the lower side is convex or rhombic. The lateral sides of each loment are covered with short hooked hairs; each loment has a long stipe (about ½" long) at its base and a shorter beak (less than ¼" long) at its tip. Each segment of the loment is about 8 mm. (1/3") long. The root system consists of a short broad taproot or caudex. This wildflower reproduces by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: The preference is light to medium shade, mesic conditions, and a slightly to moderately acidic soil containing sand, rocky material, or loam with decaying organic matter. The root system of this wildflower fixes nitrogen into the soil via symbiotic bacteria. Range & Habitat: Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil is occasional in central and southern Illinois, while in the northern section of the state it is uncommon (see Distribution Map); it is native. Habitats consist of mesic beech-maple woodlands, sandy oak woodlands, and rocky woodlands where sandstone is present. This wildflower occurs in higher quality woodlands where the native ground flora is intact.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, other long-tongued bees, and Halictid bees; these visitors collect pollen. Nectar is not available as a floral reward. Other insects feed on the foliage and other parts of Desmodium spp. (Tick Trefoils). These species include the caterpillars of several skippers, butterflies, and moths; the leaf-mining larvae of the Buprestid beetles Pachyschelus confusus and Pachyschelus laevigatus; the larvae of the seed weevil Apion decoloratum; the thrips Echinothrips americanus and Neohydatothrips desmodianus; and the aphid Microparsus variabilis. There are also several leaf beetles that feed on the foliage of tick trefoils: Anomoea laticlavia, Bassareus lituratus, Cerotoma trifurcata, Colaspis brunnea, Cryptocephalus insertus, Odontata dorsalis, Pachybrachis nigricornis, Pachybrachis othonus, Phyllecthris dorsalis, and Saxinis omogera. Some vertebrate animals also use these plants as a food source. The seeds are eaten by the Wild Turkey and Bobwhite, while the foliage is palatable to deer, rabbits, horses, cattle, and other mammalian herbivores. Because of the height of the flowering stalk (up to 3') and the habitat (woodlands), White-tailed Deer are probably the primary transporters of the seeds of Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil as the loments (seedpods) can cling to fur.
Photographic Location: A sandy woodland at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in NW Indiana. Comments: Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil is usually easy to identify because, unlike other Desmodium spp. (Tick Trefoils), it produces its leaves and flowers on separate stalks (except for an uncommon variety). While other species in this genus produce leaves that are clearly alternate, Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil produces its leaves in pseudo-whorls. This species also has loments (a type of seedpod) with straight or slightly concave upper sides above their segments. In contrast, most species of tick trefoil have loments with convex upper sides above their segments. Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil also prefers shady woodlands, while other species of tick trefoil usually prefer partially shaded savannas or sunny prairies.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 3½' tall (including the inflorescence). It has a single erect stem about 1-2' tall that terminates in a pseudo-whorl of 5-6 spreading trifoliate leaves. The stem is light green and either hairless or sparsely hairy. Each trifoliate leaf has a slender petiole about 1½-5" long and 3 leaflets that are 2-5" long and 1½-3" across; the terminal leaflet is larger in size than the lateral leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to broadly ovate in shape with long narrow tips; their margins are smooth and sometimes slightly ciliate. The upper leaflet surface is medium to dark green and hairless, while the lower leaflet surface is pale green and sparsely hairy along the veins. The petiolules (basal stalklets) of the lateral leaflets are less than ¼" long, while the petiolule of each terminal leaflet is 1-3" long. From the central stem, a narrow raceme or raceme-like panicle of flowers develops that is 1-2' long; this raceme can be erect, ascending, or lean over to one side. The central stalk of the raceme is light to medium green, terete or somewhat angular, and covered with stiff short hairs. The flowers are sparsely to moderately distributed along the central stalk on short pedicels about ¼" long. The slender pedicels are light green to reddish green and covered with short stiff hairs. Individual flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) long with a typical pea-like floral structure consisting of a banner, 2 lateral wings, and 2 petals that form an inner keel. These petals are light pink to rosy pink. Each flower has a light green to whitish green calyx that is short-tubular with shallow lobes; it is often ciliate or slightly hairy.
The blooming period occurs during the summer for about 1-2 months. Usually, relatively few flowers are in bloom at the same time. There is no noticeable floral scent. The flowers are later replaced by flattened loments (seedpods) about ½-1½" long; these loments are initially green, they later turn brown at maturity. The sides of each loment are covered with short hooked hairs. Each loment is divided into 1-4 segments (each one about 1/3" or 8 mm. long); the segments have upper sides that are slightly concave and lower sides that are convex or angular-convex. At the front of each loment, there is a narrow stipe about ¼" long. Each loment can break apart along each pair of its segments; each segment contains a single reniform seed that is somewhat flattened. The root system consists of a taproot. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and loamy soil with decaying organic matter. However, clay-loam and rocky soil are also tolerated. Distribution Map Range & Habitat: The native Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil is occasional throughout Illinois, except for some areas of southern Illinois, where it is uncommon or absent. Habitats consist of upland woodlands that are often rocky, moist to mesic woodlands, woodland borders along roads and railroads, and areas along woodland paths. This wildflower can be found in both disturbed and higher quality woodlands that are dominated by various deciduous trees. Faunal Associations: Robertson (1929) observed the Halictid bee, Lasioglossum versatus, collecting pollen from the flowers. Other insects that may visit the flowers include bumblebees and other long-tongued bees. While the caterpillars of several butterflies and skippers feed on the foliage of Desmodium spp. (Tick Trefoils), they are usually found in savannas and prairies, rather than the shady woodlands that Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil prefers. Other insects that feed on this group of plants include the aphid Microparsus variabilis, the thrips Echinothrips americanus and Neohydatothrips desmodianus, the leaf-mining larvae of the Buprestid beetles Pachyschelus confusus and Pachyschelus laevigatus, the larvae of the seed weevil Apion decoloratum, and several leaf beetles: Anomoea laticlavia, Bassareus lituratus, Cerotoma trifurcata, Colapsis brunnea, Cryptocephalus insertus, Odontata dorsalis, Pachybrachis nigricornis, Pachybrachis othonus, Phyllecthris dorsalis, and Saxinis omogera. Some vertebrate animals also use Tick Trefoils as a food source: the Wild Turkey and Bobwhite eat the seeds, while the White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and various domesticated animals (cattle, horses, sheep, etc.) browse on the foliage. The seed-bearing loments have the capacity to cling to the feathers of birds, fur of mammals, and clothing of humans: in this manner, the seeds are spread to new areas. Photographic Location: Along a woodland path of a state park in east-central Illinois.
Comments: Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil is relatively easy to identify because it is one of two species of its genus within Illinois that produces a single pseudo-whorl of leaves. The other species that has this characteristic, Desmodium nudiflorum (Naked-Flowered Tick Trefoil), differs by producing its inflorescence on a naked stalk that is entirely separate from the central stem of its leaves. The inflorescence of Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil is produced above its pseudo-whorl of leaves; they both derive from the same central stem. Other Desmodium spp. (Tick Trefoils) produce their leaves alternately along their stems, instead of being bunched together in a pseudo-whorl.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 3-10" tall, producing from its rootstock both basal leaves and fertile shoots with cauline leaves. The basal leaves are separate from the fertile shoots; they help to store energy for next year's fertile shoots. A fertile shoot consists of a single flowering stalk with a whorl of 3 leaves. Each leaf is up to 3" long and across, but palmately cleft into 3-5 narrow lobes with dentate teeth along the margins. The basal leaves have a similar appearance to the cauline leaves; both types of leaves are greyish green to medium green and largely hairless. The central stalk is greyish green to medium green, glabrous or slightly pubescent, terete, and unbranched. This stalk terminates into a short raceme of white flowers that becomes longer as it matures. This inflorescence is rather floppy; the flowers open up and become more erect in the presence of sunshine on warm spring days. Each flower is about ½" across when fully open, consisting of 4 predominately white petals, 4 green or purple sepals, several stamens with conspicuous yellow anthers, and a single pistil. The petals are lanceolate-oblong and sometimes tinted with pink or light purple. The sepals are oblong and shorter than the petals. The slender pedicels are at least as long as the flowers; they are light green to purplish green and terete. The blooming period occurs during mid-spring and lasts about 2 weeks. The flowers are quite fragrant. Each flower is replaced by an elongated seedpod that has a short beak (i.e., a silique); this seedpod is held more or less erect. The seeds are arranged in a single row within the seedpods; they are ovoid and somewhat flattened in shape. The root system produces fleshy rhizomes that are jointed and knobby; they are parallel to the surface of the ground and fairly shallow. In addition to these rhizomes and their secondary roots, the root system produces small fleshy tubers. This plant often forms vegetative colonies from its spreading rhizomes; it also reproduces by seed.
Cultivation: Its easiest to start plants from pieces of the rhizome. These should be planted a little below the surface of the ground in an area with sparse ground cover that receives shade during the summer. Cutleaf Toothwort develops quickly and it is one of the earlier spring wildflowers of woodlands. The foliage turns yellow and fades away by the end of spring. This plant typically grows in dappled sunlight before the trees leaf out; it prefers moist to mesic conditions and a rich loamy soil with decaying leaves. Range & Habitat: The native Cutleaf Toothwort is a common plant that occurs in nearly every county of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include deciduous mesic woodlands, floodplain woodlands, wooded bluffs, and upland savannas. The presence of this species in a woodlands indicates that its soil has never been plowed under or subjected to heavy construction activities. However, this species can survive some disturbance caused by occasional grazing and less disruptive activities of human society. When the introduced Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) invades a woodlands, this is one of the spring wildflowers that declines in abundance.
Faunal Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts both long-tongued and short-tongued bees, including honey bees, bumblebees, mason bees (Osmia spp.), cuckoo bees (Nomada spp.), Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), and Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.). Less often, the nectar of the flowers attracts early spring butterflies and Bombylius major (Giant Bee Fly). Short-tongued bees also collect pollen from the flowers. Caterpillars of the butterflies Pieris napi oleraceae (Mustard White) and Pieris virginiensis (West Virginia White) feed on the foliage of Dentaria spp. (Toothworts); however, the former butterfly has not been observed in Illinois since the late 19th century, while the latter butterfly is found in areas that are SE of the state. Other insect feeders include the flea beetles Phyllotreta bipustulata and Phyllotreta zimmermanni. The tubers of Toothworts were a minor food source of Ectopistes migratorius (Passenger Pigeon); this bird species became extinct in the United States during the early 20th century.
Photographic Location: An upland savanna in McLean County, Illinois, and a mesic woodland in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Cutleaf Toothwort is the only native Dentaria sp. (Toothwort) in Illinois. Other species of Toothwort can be found in areas to the east and north of Illinois, including Indiana. The species Dentaria diphylla (Two-Leaved Toothwort) has been observed in Kane County, Illinois, where it is probably adventive. This latter species has two cauline leaves on each flowering stalk, while Cutleaf Toothwort usually has three. Both the basal and cauline leaves of Two-Leaved Toothwort have broader lobes than those found on the leaves of Cutleaf Toothwort. Some authorities have merged the Toothworts into the genus Cardamine (Bitter Cress), in which case the scientific name of Cutleaf Toothwort is Cardamine concatenata.
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Miss Chen
2018年05月09日
Miss Chen
不管是专业开花店的，亦或是平时兴趣，喜欢摆弄些小花饰的，我们在日常生活中总是会接触到一些插花。但并不是每一个人都是专业的插花技师，所以掌握一些小的插花基础知识就显得非常重要了。
(一)插花基本造型 1.水平型 设计重心强调横向延伸的水平造型。中央稍微隆起，左右两端则为优雅的曲线设计。其造型最大特点是能从任何角度欣赏。多用于餐桌，茶几，会议桌陈设。 2.三角形 花材可以插成正三角形，等腰三角形或不等边三角形，外形简洁，安定，给人以均衡，稳定，简洁，庄重的感觉。多作典礼，开业，馈赠花篮等用。若在大型文艺会演及其他隆重场合应用，亦显豪华气派。 3.L型 将两面垂直组合而成，左右呈不均衡状态。宜陈设在室内转角靠墙处。L型对于一些穗状花序的构成往往起重要作用，大的花果用于转角处，小的花自己向前伸延，给人以开阔向上的感觉。 4.扇形 按基本的三角形插花造型作变化，在中心呈放射形，并构成扇面形状。适宜于陈设在空间较大之处。 5.倒T字型 整个设计重点成倒T字型的构成。纵线及左右横线的比例为2:1，给人以现代感。适合装饰于左右有小空间的环境中。 6.垂直型 整体形态呈垂直向上的造型，给人以向上伸延的感觉。适合陈设于高而窄的空间。 7.椭圆形 优雅豪华的造型。采用大量的花材，集团式插法，对结构，对比要求比较低，呈自然的圆润感。以古典的花瓶作容器，宜置于教堂或典礼仪式等空间位置较大的场合。 8.倾斜型 外形是不等边三角形。主枝的长短视情况而定，整个构图具有左右不均衡的特点。多用于线状花材，可有效的表达舒展，自然的美感。 (二)插花中尺寸的确定 花材与花器的比例要协调。一般来说，插花的高度(即第一主枝高)不要超过插花容器高度的1。5-2倍，容器高度的计算是瓶口直径加本身高度。在第一主枝高度确定后，第二主枝高为第一主枝高的2/3，第三主枝高为第二主枝高的1/2。在具体创作过程中凭经验目测就可以了。第二，第三主枝起着构图上的均衡作用，数量不限定，但大小、比例要协调。自然式插花花材与花器之间的比例的配合必须恰当，做到错落有致，疏密相间，避免露脚、缩头、蓬乱。规则式插花和抽象式插花最好按黄金分割比例处理，也就是说，瓶高为3，花材高为5，总高为8，比例3：5：8就可以了。花束也可按这个比例包扎。
(三)插花色彩的配置 插花的色彩配置，既是对自然的写真，有是对自然的夸张，主色调的选择要适合使用环境。浓重温暖的色调(红，橙，黄)适于喜庆集会，舞场餐厅，会场展厅;明快洁净的中性色调适用于书房，客厅和卧室;而冷色调(浅黄，绿，蓝，紫，白)常用于凭吊悼念场所。 就花材的种类而言，本木求其深重有力，草本求其鲜明可人。自然式花艺以丽不乱性，艳不眩目的色彩为主，纵使无花，亦可用苍松翠柏作主角。而图案式花艺则以色彩浓厚，火爆热烈，亦可将反差强烈的颜色集于同一作品之中。 就花材与容器的色彩配合来看，素色的细花瓶与淡雅的菊花有协调感;浓烈且具装饰形的大丽花，配釉色乌亮的粗陶罐，可展示其粗犷的风姿;浅蓝色水孟宜插以低矮密集粉红色的雏菊或小菊;晶莹透剔的玻璃细颈瓶宜插非洲菊加饰文主，并使其枝茎缠绕于瓶身。 就东西方花艺特点而言，西方的花艺，花枝数量多，色彩浓厚且对比强烈;而东方的花艺则花枝少，着重自然姿态美，多采用浅，淡色彩，以优雅见长。
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