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Miss Chen
2018年04月25日
Miss Chen
Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from yellowish green to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate in shape, and crenate or serrate along the margins. Different populations of plants can vary in the hairiness of their leaves – from nearly glabrous to conspicuously hairy or pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals. There are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as a landing pad for visiting insects. The flowers of this form of Viola sororia are medium to dark violet. The inner throat of each flower is more or less white, from which slightly darker veins radiate outward along the petals (particularly the lower one). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring, and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to average conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. The leaves have a tendency to turn yellowish green when exposed to full sun under dry conditions – this reaction is normal, and is not necessarily a sign of poor health. This plant is very easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. This wildflower will adapt to lawns, especially if they are not mowed too often during the spring or cut too low. Habitat & Range: The native Common Blue Violet occurs in every county in Illinois and it is very common (see Distribution Map). Natural habitats include moist to mesic black soil prairies, open woodlands, woodland edges, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In developed areas, it can be found in lawns, city parks, moist waste areas, and along hedges or buildings. Sometimes the Common Blue Violet is grown in flower gardens.
Faunal Associations: The flowers are not often visited by insects (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees (e.g., Mason, Halictid), skippers, Syrphid flies, and other insects. The Syrphid flies, however, feed only on stray pollen and are non-pollinating. The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies feed on the foliage, including Speyeria diane (Diana), Euptoieta claudia (Variegated Fritillary), Speyeria aphrodite (Aphrodite Fritillary), Boloria bellona (Meadow Fritillary), and Boloria selene myrina (Silver-Border Fritillary). The seeds have soft appendages that attract ants, which are in part distributed by them. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of Viola spp. (Violets). Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage of violets, including the White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and livestock. Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at the webmaster's wildflower garden in Urbana, Illinois, Crystal Lake Park of the same city, and at the edge of an agricultural field outside of the same city in Champaign County, Illinois.
Comments: The flowers and young leaves of violets are edible, and can be added to salads in small amounts. The taste is bland. This is the most common Viola sp. (Violet) in Illinois. There are several forms of Viola sororia with differently colored flowers; these often grow in close proximity to each other in a given area. The typical form that is described here, f. sororia, has medium to dark violet flowers and rather well-rounded leaves. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) consider these different color forms to be separate species, but this does not seem appropriate to me. Some authorities also consider pubescent and non-pubescent specimens of Common Blue Violet to be separate species, but they tend to intergrade in the field, possibly in response to levels of sunlight in a given habitat. However, if this taxonomic distinction is accepted, then non-pubescent specimens can be referred to as Viola pratincola (Common Blue Violet), while pubescent specimens can be referred to as Viola sororia (Woolly Blue Violet). Because the plants in the above photographs are non-pubescent, they would be considered specimens of Viola pratincola according to this taxonomy.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月25日
Miss Chen
Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from medium to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate, and crenate or serrate along the margins. The foliage is glabrous to slightly pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals; there are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as a landing pad for visiting insects. Behind the petals, there are 5 sepals that are green and lanceolate. The petals of this form of Viola sororia are a mottled combination of blue-violet with white; from a distance, they appear pale to medium blue-violet. From the throat of the flower, there are dark blue-violet lines radiating outward (particularly on the lower petal). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to mesic conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. This plant is easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. Habitat & Range: The Confederate Violet is occasional to locally common in Illinois; a Distribution Map is unavailable because the Confederate Violet is (or was) considered a mere color form of Viola sororia. Natural habitats include meadows, open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In more developed areas, it is sometimes found in city parks, lawns, and along hedges or buildings.
Faunal Associations: The flowers have few visitors (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees and other insects. The species Andrena viola (Violet Andrenid Bee) is an oligolectic visitor of Viola spp. (Violets). The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies (Speyeria spp., Boloria spp., & Euptoieta claudia) feed on the foliage of Violets. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of violets. Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage. Photographic Location: The photographs was taken at Crystal Lake Park and Judge Webber Park in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: The Confederate Violet is the mottled form, f. priceana, of Viola sororia. The common name of this violet refers to the resemblance of the color of its flowers to the color of Confederate uniforms during the Civil War (pale greyish blue). The typical form of this species, Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet), which is more common, has flowers with a more homogenous shade of medium to dark violet. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) classify the Confederate Violet as a distinct species, Viola priceana; in this taxonomic reclassification, it appears that no distinction has been made between the Confederate Violet and Viola sororia albiflora (White Wood Violet). I disagree with this taxonomic revision as the Confederate Violet appears to freely hybridize with both the Common Blue Violet and White Wood Violet, and they often occur together in the same habitats. This viewpoint is consistent with the taxonomic classification of the American Violet Society.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月25日
Miss Chen
Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant with the leaves and flowers emerging directly from the rhizomes, and forming a basal rosette. A typical mature plant may be 6" across and 4" high, with the flowers slightly higher than the leaves. The leaves are individually up to 3" long and 3" across (excluding the long petioles), and vary in color from pale green to dark green, depending on growing conditions. They are oval-ovate to orbicular-cordate, and crenate or serrate along the margins. The foliage is glabrous to slightly pubescent. The flowers are about ¾" across, and consist of 5 rounded petals. There are 2 upper petals, 2 lateral petals with white hairs (or beards) near the throat of the flower, and a lower petal that functions as aClose-up of Flower landing pad for visiting insects. The flowers of this form of Viola sororia are white to mostly white, except for violet lines radiating from the throat of the flower (particularly the lower petal). There is no noticeable floral scent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about 1-1½ months. During the summer, cleistogamous flowers without petals produce seeds, which are flung outward by mechanical ejection from the three-parted seed capsules. The root system consists of thick, horizontally branched rhizomes; there is a tendency to form vegetative colonies. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun or light shade, and moist to mesic conditions, although full sun is tolerated if there is sufficient moisture. The soil should be a rich silty loam or clay loam with above average amounts of organic matter. This plant is easy to grow, and it will spread under favorable conditions. Habitat & Range: The native White Wood Violet is occasional to locally common in Illinois; because it is (or was) considered a mere color form of Viola sororia, a Distribution Map is currently unavailable. Natural habitats include open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, and wooded slopes along rivers or lakes. In more developed areas, it is sometimes found in city parks, lawns, and along hedges or buildings. It is often found in close proximity to Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet). Faunal Associations: The flowers have few visitors (hence the need for cleistogamous flowers), but sometimes they attract bees and other insects. The species Andrena viola (Violet Andrenid Bee) is an oligolectic visitor of Viola spp. (Violets). The caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies feed on the foliage of violets, including Speyeria diane (Diana), Euptoieta claudia (Variegated Fritillary), Speyeria aphrodite (Aphrodite Fritillary), Boloria bellona (Meadow Fritillary), and Boloria selene myrina (Silver-Border Fritillary). Some seeds have soft appendages that attract ants, which help to distribute them. Various upland gamebirds and small mammals occasionally eat the seeds, including the Wild Turkey, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, and White-Footed Mouse. Wild Turkeys also eat the leaves and fleshy roots of violets. Although it is not a preferred food source, mammalian herbivores occasionally eat the foliage, including the White-Tailed Deer, Cottontail Rabbit, and livestock.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken of plants growing along the edge of a yard in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: The White Wood Violet is the white form, f. albiflora, of Viola sororia. The typical form of this species, Viola sororia sororia (Common Blue Violet), which is more common, has medium to dark violet flowers. Generally, the White Wood Violet doesn't appear to spread as aggressively as the typical form of this species; it is equally attractive and its light-colored flowers are more conspicuous in shady areas. Some authorities (e.g., Mohlenbrock) combine the White Wood Violet with Viola sororia priceana (Confederate Violet) and regard the two of them together as a distinct species, Viola priceana. However, I disagree with this taxonomic revision and prefer to regard them as distinct color forms of Viola sororia at the present time. This corresponds to the taxonomic classification of the American Violet Society.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月25日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial herbaceous plant consists of a low rosette of basal leaves up to 5" across, from which one or more flowering stalks develop. The blades of the basal leaves are up to 3½" and 2" across, although they are typically about one-half of this size during the blooming period. These leaf blades are ovate, oval, or cordate-oval in shape, while their margins are crenate. The upper surface of these leaf blades is medium green and glabrous to sparsely pubescent, while the lower surface is pale green and either glabrous, pubescent along the central vein, or pubescent generally. The petioles are less than one-third of the length of the leaf blades; they are light green to reddish green and glabrous to pubescent (hairs are especially likely to occur toward the bases of the petioles). The ascending pedicels of the flowers are 3-5" long, light green to reddish green, terete, and glabrous (less often pubescent). Toward the middle of each pedicel, there is a pair of tiny leafy bracts that are lanceolate in shape. The apices of the pedicels curve downward, where the flowers occur. Each flower is about ½" across, consisting of 5 white spreading petals, 5 light green sepals, and the inconspicuous reproductive organs. The lowest petal of each flower has several purple veins and it is beardless (lacking a patch of hairs) at its base. Toward the back of the flower, this petal tapers into a short stout nectar-spur. The two lower lateral petals have either reduced purple veins or they are veinless; their bases are either beardless or slightly bearded. The upper lateral petals lack purple veins and they are always beardless. The sepals are lanceolate and glabrous; the basal lobes of the sepals are short and rounded. The blooming period of these flowers occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 3-4 weeks. In addition to the showy flowers that have been described, there are also inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers that are self-fertile; they are produced shortly afterwards. The fertilized showy flowers and cleistogamous flowers are replaced by green seed capsules that become up to ½" long at maturity; they are ovoid-oblongoid in shape and glabrous. At maturity, these capsules divide into 3 parts, flinging their seeds in the process. The small seeds are 1.0–1.5 mm. long and globoid to ovoid in shape. The root system consists of a slender crown with fibrous roots and stolon-like rhizomes; clonal offsets are produced from the rhizomes, causing small colonies of plants to develop.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun, moist conditions, and sandy soil. Range & Habitat: Primrose-leaved Violet occurs in only 3 counties of NE Illinois, where it is rare and native (see Distribution Map). It is state-listed as 'endangered.' Outside of Illinois, this violet occurs primarily in sandy areas along the Atlantic coastal plain and Gulf of Mexico region. There is also a variety of this violet that occurs in the Pacific northwest. Habitats include moist sand prairies, sandy shrub prairies, moist sandy savannas, openings in moist sandy woodlands, and sandy paths through wooded areas. Primrose-leaved Violet is found in high quality natural areas, especially where there have been wildfires that reduced overhead woody vegetation. It also adapts to grassy paths in these areas if they are not mowed too often or too low.
Faunal Associations: The flowers of Primrose-leaved Violet probably attract the same, or similar, insect pollinators as other violets with white flowers. Such insects include honeybees, bumblebees, long-horned bees (Synhalonia spp.), mason bees (Osmia spp.), an oligolectic Andrenid bee (Andrena violae), the Giant Bee Fly (Bombylius major), small- to medium-sized butterflies, and skippers (Robertson, 1929). Bees are the most important pollinators. Sometimes ants enter the flowers of violets to feed on nectar, but they are not effective pollinators. Other insects feed on the foliage and other parts of violets. These insect feeders include the caterpillars of several Fritillary butterflies (Boloria spp., Speyeria spp.), larvae of the Violet Sawfly (Ametastega pallipes), the Violet Aphid (Neotoxoptera violae), larvae of the Violet Fruit Midge (Dasineura semenivora) and Violet Gall Midge (Prodiplosis violicola), and a thrips (Odontothrips pictipennis); see Bouseman & Sternburg (2001), Smith (2006), Hottes & Frison (1931), Felt (1917), Aldrich & Osten-Sacken (1905), and Stannard (1968). The seeds of violets are eaten to some extent by such birds as the Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, Bobwhite Quail, Mourning Dove, and Slate-colored Junco; the White-footed Mouse and Woodland Vole also eat the seeds. The Cottontail Rabbit and White-tailed Deer feed on the foliage of violets to a minor extent, as does the Eastern Chipmunk and Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta); see Martin et al. (1951/1961), Augustine (1997), Wrazen & Svendsen (1978), and Ernst et al. (1994).
Photographic Location: Grassy paths through moist sandy savannas and moist sandy woodlands at the Iroquois County Conservation Area in Illinois. Comments: This is one of the smaller violets with dainty flowers and foliage. It remains inconspicuous, except when it blooms. Primrose-leaved Violet (Viola primulifolia) is probably a naturally occurring hybrid of two other native violets, Lance-leaved Violet (Viola lanceolata) and Small White Violet (Viola macloskeyi pallens). As a result, some authorities refer to Primrose-leaved Violet as a hybrid, or Viola × primulifolia. This violet can be distinguished from other violets (Viola spp.) by its white flowers and the shape of its leaves. These leaves are more broad than those of Lance-leaved Violet, but they are less orbicular in shape than those of Small White Violet. The Sand Violet (Viola fimbriatula) has leaves that are similar in shape to those of Primrose-leaved Violet, but the foliage of Sand Violet is usually more pubescent and its flowers are blue-violet. Across its range, the Primrose-leaved Violet is somewhat variable in the pubescence of its foliage. In the northern parts of its range (including Illinois), the foliage of this violet is mostly glabrous, but in the southern parts of its range (e.g., in SE United States), its foliage is more pubescent.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月25日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves about 5" across. The blade of each basal leaf is about 2" long and ¾" across; it is oval to ovate-oblong, crenate and ciliate along the margins, and more or less hairy, especially along the lower surface. The bottom of each leaf blade has tiny basal lobes that are rounded or bluntly pointed, while the tip of the leaf blade is rather blunt and obtuse. The leaf blade may fold upward along its central vein. The stout petiole of each leaf is green to reddish brown and hairy; it is as long as the leaf blade or a little shorter. From the center of the rosette, there develops one or stalks of flowers up to 6" long. These stalks develop directly from the rootstock; they are reddish purple and either glabrous or hairy. Each of these stalks is naked, except for a pair of tiny leaf-like bracts near the middle. At the apex of each stalk, there is a single flower about ¾" across. It consists of 5 green sepals and 5 blue-violet petals consisting of 2 upper lateral petals, 2 lower lateral petals, and a bottom petal. The sepals are lanceolate and glabrous or hairy. The lower lateral petals have conspicuous white hairs near the throat of the flower. The bottom petal is white at the base and it has dark blue-violet lines that function as nectar guides for visiting insects. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late spring and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral scent. Flowers that are successfully cross-pollinated will develop ovoid-oblongoid capsules that contain many seeds. Later, self-fertile cleistogamous flowers will develop from erect or ascending stalks; they lack petals and are inconspicuous. The cleistogamous flowers also produce seed capsules. These capsules divide into 3 parts at maturity, flinging the seeds. The seeds are small, globoid, and brown. The root system consists of stout scaly rhizomes with fibrous roots. Cultivation: The preference is full sun to light shade, moist to slightly dry conditions, and sandy soil.
Range & Habitat: The native Sand Violet is occasional in sandy areas of central and northern Illinois, otherwise it is rare or absent (see Distribution Map). Habitats include sandy woodlands, thinly wooded slopes, sandy savannas, sand prairies, semi-shaded areas along sandy paths, and abandoned sandy fields. Usually, this species is found in mesic to slightly dry areas of these habitats. It benefits from occasional wildfires, as this reduces the competition from taller vegetation. Faunal Associations: The flowers of violets (Viola spp.) are pollinated by bees, especially mason (Osmia spp.) and Andrenid bees. Butterflies and skippers may suck nectar from the flowers, but they are less effective at cross-pollination. The foliage of violets is eaten by the caterpillars of Fritillary butterflies and several species of moths (see Butterfly & Moth Table). The seeds are eaten to a limited extent by upland gamebirds, including the Mourning Dove, Ruffed Grouse, Bobwhite, and Wild Turkey. The Wild Turkey also digs up and eats the rhizomes. The White-Footed Mouse also eats the seeds of violets, while the White-Tailed Deer and Cottontail Rabbit browse on the foliage only very sparingly. Because the seeds have oily elaisomes (food appendages), they are distributed to some extent by ants and possibly other insects.
Photographic Location: Along a path through a sandy savanna that had been subjected to a recent wildfire in Kankakee County, Illinois. Comments: The Sand Violet (Viola fimbriatula) is closely related to Viola sagitatta (Arrow-leaved Violet), and it is classified as a variety of the latter species, Viola sagitatta ovata, by some authorities. The Sand Violet is usually hairier and its basal leaves are more broad with blunt tips. The Arrow-leaved Violet has basal leaves that are more lanceolate with spreading basal lobes (i.e., they are hastate in shape). The Arrow-leaved Violet occurs throughout Illinois in both sandy and non-sandy habitats. Another species, Viola primulifolia (Primrose-leaved Violet), has basal leaves that are similar in shape to those of the Sand Violet, but its flowers are white. Sometimes this latter species is regarded as a hybrid.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月24日
Miss Chen
雪莲果，菊薯的别称，在中国四川被称作“万根苕”，是一种菊科多年生草本植物，原产于南美洲的安地斯山脉。安地斯山脉的居民栽种这种植物做为根茎类蔬菜食用，菊薯的块根含有丰富的水分与果寡糖，尝起来既甜又脆，也可以当做水果食用。在台湾的市场里，商贩以“地下水果”或“天山雪莲”的名称，来贩卖菊薯的块根，实际上，菊薯和雪莲花是两种不同的植物。当然今天为小伙伴们带来的是如何时种植雪莲果。
(一)雪莲果的生长环境、气候、水质和土壤的要求雪莲果惧霜、畏寒，最适宜生长环境温度在18-24℃之间，海拔在1000米以上的高山上，而且要在昼夜温差大，有夜潮、云雾缭绕的地方生长，雾气对雪莲果成长储存营养最为有益;水质的要求很高，最好用蓄积起来的泉水或山泉水，否则对雪莲果的品质不利;需土质疏松、通气良好的红砂土、红土及砂壤土，其它土壤即使长得根茎大品质也不佳。 (二)肥料选择和施肥技术雪莲果由枝叶、种球、雪莲果和根系组成，枝杆的末端盘绕着像姜饼一样的种球，种球下就是雪莲果及其根系。所有最长的根系不超过35厘米，其中1/4的根系从中上部向两端成长膨大成雪莲果，3/4的根系吸收养份供给叶枝成长，叶枝利用热、气、阳光、雨露、雾等外界有益物和光合作用得到养分反哺雪莲果及种球而进行成长。这一特殊的生物结构与其它作物的生物因子有着根本的不同，雪莲果的生物因子如果受到农药、化学肥料及污染的水质或光合作用差，土壤水份过量过干及土质不适宜均会影响生物因子的正常活动或阻止雪莲果有效成份的形成，经不同的种植取样检测证实：凡采用农药、化肥施肥、种植密度大光合作用差，生育期低于10个月的雪莲果的有效成份几乎无几，进一步证实了雪莲果是天生的纯天然绿色食品。使雪莲果品质，产量兼优，该作物种植是一个系统工程，有一定的科技含量。 1、肥料必须选用完全腐熟后的家畜肥，最好是牛、马、猪粪进行腐熟后的肥料比较温和。其忌不能单独或大量使用羊、鸡、鹅、鸭粪热性大的做肥料。　 2、施肥宜采用深层施肥与分层施肥相结合，粗肥深施与细肥浅施相结合，由于雪莲果和根系都分布在30厘米左右深的土层内，所以基肥要施在30厘米深的土层才有利吸收，加之雪莲果生长期长，根系不发达，生长前期气温低，雨水较少，肥料分解慢，所以施用基肥时粗肥放入底部，细肥放在上部，对雪莲果生长初期吸收养分有益。若有腐植土的地区拌合部分腐植土在肥料中更佳。 3、施壮苗肥，肥要细、要早施少施，雪莲果采用种球栽插，种球出苗后成长靠自身积蓄的养分供给成长，尚未长根，自身有限的养分是无法保证它的成长，适当施壮苗肥并保持小苗周围土壤湿润，才能有壮苗长出。施肥时应从墒沟里提土覆盖肥料，注意肥料要离小苗适当距离，以免伤害幼苗成长。
4、追肥是雪莲果施上层肥，施用多少，根据土层肥力和枝杆健壮而定，一般整个施肥量为产一吨雪莲果施肥一吨计算追肥用量。 (三)整地施基肥 1、雪莲果是根茎作物，要求土层深厚，土质疏松和通气良好的红砂土、红土及砂松土，种前必须深耕细作，为雪莲果创造良好的土壤环境，深耕在35厘米左右，过深生土翻上，肥力不足，过浅对雪莲果成长不利形成的果成球型，产量低。土质板结或土粒大对雪莲果成长非常不利，长出的果也是弯曲凸凹不光滑。 2、挖塘消毒，塘一定要深挖和宽大，深度35厘米左右，塘底宽30厘米左右，以利雪莲果广范吸收养分，行距100厘米，珠距80厘米，雪莲果枝叶的光合作用比任何作物都强，嵩明县常年西南风向，行距也应西南方向为宜，行距，珠距要整齐，力求行对行，珠对珠，保证四面透风透光。否则产量及品质都会下降。 3、对雪莲果的病虫害防治，雪莲果的天敌是白蚂蚁和土蚕，要在挖塘后进行，每塘用熟石灰粉或木炭灰0.06-0.08千克自然环保型的烧碱拌匀在塘中杀虫(不能拌入肥料，造成酸碱中合，减少肥效)。叶枝长出后常有青叶虫伤害，必须随时检查人工捕足。 4、施足基肥，每亩种植雪莲果800珠左右，每塘施基肥2.5-3公斤，每亩施用2-2.5吨，然后，理墒沟深10-15厘米，用土覆盖基肥3-5厘米厚，以便栽种种球时基肥离种球一定距离，避免伤害种球发芽。 (四)栽种雪莲果的全生育期12个月，其中生长期10个月，果寡糖转化储蓄期2个月，栽种过早，幼苗出土后受霜冻伤害，过迟生长旺盛时霜冻来临伤害叶片，影响品质和收成，因此入春后的2月份就要即早栽种，栽种时将储存好的种球用刀切开，每塘留生长点(芽口)3-4个，用熟石灰粉拌匀外表消毒后，用线拉直，整齐地按入塘中，按种球时具不能过深接着基肥，也不能过浅让种球露在外面。栽种后即时浇透水，一直保持塘内土壤湿润，种球就开始发芽成长。在水源困难的山地，可以同一方法，采取营养袋装种球育苗法，集中浇水，待接近雨水落地再将营养袋破开放入塘中栽种。(五)锄草施壮苗肥，当雪莲果叶枝未茂盛时，地里小草不段从生，此时锄草提墒施壮苗肥(如何施肥见肥料选择和施肥技术3)，一并进行。(六)施追肥是提升产量和品质的重要工序之一，一般在雨季来临前进行，水源具备的地方越早越好，使其肥料充分溶解吸收，对作物大有好处，施肥时将肥料铺在枝杆四周，提沟培土在墒上，土越培得高越好，沟深不低于40厘米，以利排涝，沟越窄越好，雪莲果怕涝，忌干，受涝引起根系和雪莲果腐烂，过干会阻止雪莲果的正常生长。 (七)田间管理，雪莲果通过一系列的栽培管理工序及肥料的精心施用，排涝保旱后，长势是可观的，但放松管理势必影响品质、产量丰收，每珠雪莲果枝杆只保留2-3根壮苗，其余发出的枝叉要及时剪除(不能用手采)烤干后出售。管理工作中要认真保护已留的主枝，不能损伤每一根茎杆和叶片。若按时栽种，不受干旱影响，11月底即可采枝出售、采枝应从土表层采收。 (八)采收雪莲果应在枝杆采割后两个月进行，即下年1月底采收，采收时先深挖松两面墒沟，慢慢拔取雪莲果往上翻，再用尖刀从种球底切除，切除面直径不得大于2厘米，整个采收过程千万不要破伤雪莲果，否则增产不增收。 (九)完成生长期和果寡糖转化储蓄期后采收的雪莲果其品质及产量才达标，此时雪莲果的水份含量适中，表皮裂口少，出售定有个好价钱。　
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年04月24日
Miss Chen
插花艺术已经流行了几个世纪。许多人认为能够创造出一个精致而富有和谐美的花卉艺术作品是一项了不得的技艺。在不同国家，插花技艺风格各异。虽然大多数国家对于某种花卉所象征的意义的理解存在相似之处，但也存在不同的情况，即便是同一种花卉，其中的某一方面所代表的意义却是特定的。但是，很多人抱怨插花的存活时间不...来看看小编给你的一些延长插花寿命的小诀窍吧!
小诀窍1：花卉的选择。花卉水养的日期与花卉本身习性有关，不同的花卉其花朵供赏耐久程度是不同的。有的花卉如虞美人只能维持2～3天，而南天竹可保鲜1个月。挑选花枝时，应选花朵七、八成绽开，同时着生含苞待放花蕾的花枝最为理想。对花朵已开足或接近开足的花枝不宜人选。 小诀窍2：插枝宜在晨露末消时剪切，将花枝牌水中部分的叶片剪去，防止腐烂，剪后立即插入水中，以免因失水过多影响插花寿命。对含液汁多的花枝，如一品红等，剪后不宜立即插入水中，而要将其切断面入在蜡烛或酒精灯火焰上烧焦再将烧焦的部分剪去一些，然后用消毒并用清水洗净，最后插入水中，以防因液汁流失过多而枯萎。 小诀窍3：在500克水中放入碾成粉末的阿斯匹林半片，或维生素C一片，或适量的硼酸、硫磺或0.1%食盐，均有延长花期的效果。 小诀窍4：配制无菌溶液，加入1%酒精和0.1%食糖，将鲜花插入此溶液中，也可延长花期。 小诀窍5：合理用水，是延长插花寿命的关键。插花时应选用清洁的、接近室温的河水、雨水或塘水。如用自来水，必须先放缸(桶)内存放1天再用。同时要注意经常换水，并及时清除残花、残叶，适当剪短花枝，以利花材吸水，延长鲜花寿命。 小诀窍6：切口物理处理法。一些木本花枝如玉兰、丁香、牡丹等，可将花枝末端嵌入小沙粒，步骤：一是在剪花枝时将切口剪成斜面，以增加花枝吸水面;二是对一些枝梗脆的花枝，右用手直接折断，以扩大切口，使花枝的导管不爱剪压而破坏;三是将切口纵面劈联成数份，嵌入小石粒撑开切口：四是将剪切下的花枝基部约3厘米处轻轻南碎，以增大吸水面积，延长插花寿合，一般草木花卉宜用斜剪、撑开切口，木本花卉宜用折枝。
小诀窍7：水中剪取法。将花枝轩于水中剪取，便切口在切离母体时不与空气接角;也可将已剪切下的花枝浸入水中，在水中再剪去一段，同样档避免空气的进入。此法除有乳法的花枝外，其它花枝均适用，但要注意花头一定要露出水面。 小诀窍8：热处理法。对一品红、菊花等木本及宿根花卉的花枝，末端可用火烧焦，方法是将木本花卉的枝条末端放在烯烧的火焰上烧2-3分钟后将烧焦的花枝剪去一点放入酒精中浸泡1分钟，取出后放在清水中漂洗干净后插入瓶中。而草本花卉的花枝剪下后可将末端浸人80度热水中数分钟后取出插入花瓶内,这样既可避免花枝的输导组织补堵塞，又可防止枝条剪口被细菌感染。使花朵不断得到水分供应，得天保鲜。 小诀窍9：水瓶插入切花后，不要放在阳光直晒，更不宜放在离取暖源较近处，否则花朵容易早谢。此外，不宜将切花插花放在成熟的水果附近，不然会加速花瓣的脱落，如月季、香石竹、水仙、小苍兰、百合、满天星等对水果放出的气体都很敏感。 以上关于怎样延长插花寿命的小方法就给大家介绍到这儿了。其实，只要我们用心待花，细心去做，花儿们也会给我们绽放出最美丽的一面的。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年04月24日
Miss Chen
非洲茉莉株形丰满，有碧绿青翠的革质叶，花大而芳香，甚是讨人喜欢，是流行的室内观叶植物。摆在家中，清晨或黄昏，若有若无的淡淡幽香，沁人心脾。那非洲茉莉掉叶子的原因到底是什么，有哪些防治方法呢，我们去了解下。
非洲茉莉掉叶子归根到底还是养殖非洲茉莉的环境问题，所以要让非洲茉莉活得好好的，不黄叶不掉叶的还得在养护的环境下手，造成非洲茉莉掉叶子的原因比较多，我们具体看看： 1、更换土壤：非洲茉莉盆栽隔一至二年要换一次盆土，换土之后，原来的根系不能承载上部叶片的用水量，所以植物肯定要舍弃一部分蒸发的叶片;也有可能是新的土壤里面缺乏某种微量元素。 2、浇水过多或过少：浇水过多或过少都会影响非洲茉莉的生长，从而引起非洲茉莉的叶子变黄脱落。盆土太干燥时，根系供水不足，满足不了植株的需求，从而使叶片缺水脱落;盆土太湿，则影响根系的呼吸，严重的还会引起植株烂根，养料供应不上，叶片就会凋落。 3、温度过低：非洲茉莉是热带植物，需要的生长温度较高，温度低于5摄氏度时就会停止生长，叶片易落。 4、阳光过少：非洲茉莉喜阳光，但忌强光照射，生长时要求有较充足的散射光即可，适合放在靠近窗边的位置，不宜过分阴暗，否则导致叶片失绿泛黄或脱落。 5、病虫危害：非洲茉莉养护不当也会造成虫害病害的发生，一些病害和虫害也会引起非洲茉莉的叶片变黄或脱落，要注意检查喷药治理。
非洲茉莉掉叶子怎么办? 非洲茉莉的生长对环境有一定的挑剔，养护不当就容易生长缓慢，经常掉叶子，这种情况在北方地区特别常见。非洲茉莉是观叶植物，叶子掉了就光秃秃的了，失去观赏价值，所以最常用的非洲茉莉掉叶子拯救方法就是“短截枝条，催发新叶”，我们看看怎么操作： 1、开春后五一前开始进行控水，让非洲茉莉植株干燥一段时间。 2、过了五一首先对植株实施重短截，将周围的枝条在基部留2-3个芽眼，其余全部剪除，叶片一个不留。 3、短截后立即换盆，施足底肥，然后分多次充分浇透水，一直到出现大量新芽都不要再浇水。 4、置于阴凉通风处养护，这时注意观察，防虫防病，保护嫩芽非常重要。 5、待嫩芽逐渐增多后，注意有计划地取舍，按预计株型成长，同时，要把干枯的枝条段随时剪除。 6、短截后3个月要逐渐见阳光，水分要充足，但不能内涝，注意养护即可。 非洲茉莉掉叶子的原因比较多，但最终原因还是养护不当造成，所以要养出一盆枝条茂盛、生机勃勃的非洲茉莉是要下一番心思的。
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文章
Miss Chen
2018年04月24日
Miss Chen
古装剧《芈月传》不少剧情桥段引起观众吐槽。其中，嬴荡与葵姑被杀人蜂严重叮伤，危在旦夕，这时自带女主光环的芈月机智地发现了七叶一枝花，救了他们。然而现实中七叶一枝花也却是如此吗？一起来了解一下吧。
关于七叶一枝花： 七叶一枝花为百合科重楼属的植物。别名蚤休、蚩休，[1]重台根、整休，草河车，重台草，白甘遂，金线重楼，虫蒌，九道箍、鸳鸯虫，枝花头，螺丝七、海螺七，灯台七，白河车，螺陀三七，土三七，又名七叶莲。其特征是由一圈轮生的叶子中冒出一朵花，花的形状像极了它的叶子，它可以分成两个部分，外轮花及内轮花，外轮花与叶子很像，约有六片，而内轮花约有八片，七叶一枝花的叶序属轮生叶，片数有个体差异、从4片到14片都有，“七叶”只是名称。花的结构特别：叶心如轮状会开花，花萼为绿色，花瓣呈细丝带状。台湾早期用来治蛇毒与疮疡肿毒等症状。 七叶一枝花的形态特征： 植株高35-100厘米，无毛;根状茎粗厚，直径达1-2.5厘米，外面棕褐色，密生多数环节和许多须根。茎通常带紫红色，直径(0.8-)1-1.5厘米，基部有灰白色干膜质的鞘1-3枚。叶(5-)7-10枚，矩圆形、椭圆形或倒卵状披针形，长7-15厘米，宽2.5-5厘米，先端短尖或渐尖，基部圆形或宽楔形;叶柄明显，长2-6厘米，带紫红色。花梗长5-16(30)厘米;外轮花被片绿色，(3-)4-6枚，狭卵状披针形，长(3-)4.5-7厘米;内轮花被片狭条形，通常比外轮长;雄蕊8-12枚，花药短，长5-8毫米，与花丝近等长或稍长，药隔突出部分长0.5-1(-2)毫米;子房近球形，具稜，顶端具一盘状花柱基，花柱粗短，具(4-)5分枝。蒴果紫色，直径1.5-2.5厘米，3-6瓣裂开。种子多数，具鲜红色多浆汁的外种皮。花期4-7月，果期8-11月。<
七叶一枝花的药用价值： 性味：苦、凉。小毒。 归经：归心经、肝经、肺经、胃经、大肠经。 功能：败毒抗癌、消肿止痛、清热定惊、镇咳平喘。 主治：清热解毒，消肿止痛，流行性乙型脑炎，胃痛，阑尾炎，淋巴结结核，扁桃体炎，腮腺炎，乳腺炎，毒蛇、毒虫咬伤，疮疡肿毒。治痈肿肺痨久咳、跌打损伤、蛇虫咬伤、淋巴结核、骨髓炎等症，是云南白药的主要成分之一。 七叶一枝花的栽培技术： 七叶一枝花对大气候和土壤类别的要求不严，但力求有生长发育的特殊小气候，选地最为重要。选择日照较短的背荫缓坡地或平地和质地疏松，保水性、透水性都比较强的夜潮地、灰泡土、腐殖土地种植最为理想。重楼根系不深，整地后，理成120～150厘米宽的墒，每亩施农家肥或森林腐殖质3000～5000千克，然后捞沟盖肥，翻锄l遍，使耕作层肥土均匀，整平整细待种。喜凉爽、阴湿环境。宜肥沃沙质壤土或腐植质壤土栽植。用种子和根状茎繁殖。种子繁殖，9、10月种子成熟时，随采随播，条播或撒播，覆土4～5分。培育2～3年春或深秋移植。根状茎繁殖，是于采收时，切下芽尖部3～5节，开沟栽种，行株距8×4寸。生长期间要及时除草松土和浇水。追肥可在第二年春季出苗后进行，以氮肥、磷肥为主。
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Miss Chen
2018年04月24日
Miss Chen
艾草是一种很神奇的植物，早在春秋战国之际，人们就已经用它来作为针灸的必要工序了。用针刺完穴道之后，再拿点燃的艾草熏，可以抗菌防感染。可见，就算是在遥远的古代，艾草也依旧是很重要的一味药材。
艾草的形态特征： 艾草是多年生草本或略成半灌木状植物，植株有浓烈香气。主根明显，略粗长，直径达1.5厘米，侧根多;常有横卧地下根状茎及营养枝。茎单生或少数，高80-150(-250)厘米，有明显纵棱，褐色或灰黄褐色，基部稍木质化，上部草质，并有少数短的分枝，枝长3-5厘米;茎、枝均被灰色蛛丝状柔毛。 艾草的栽培技术： 一、生产中主要以根茎分株进行无性繁殖，需要注意分株的时间。但也可用种子繁殖。一般进行种子繁殖在3月份播种，根茎繁殖在11月份进行。 二、肥料有要求。每年3月初在地越冬的根茎开始萌发，4月下旬采收第一茬，每公顷每茬采收鲜产品11250～15000千克，每年收获4～5茬。每采收一茬后都要施一定的追肥，追肥以腐熟的稀人畜粪为主，适当配以磷钾肥。生产中要保持土壤湿润。 三、施肥有讲究。播种前要施足底肥，一般每667米2施腐熟的农家肥4000千克，深耕与土壤充分拦匀，排后即浇一次充足的底水。 三、选址需谨慎。畦宽1.5米左右，畦面中间高两边低似“鱼背”型，以免积水，造成病害。
艾草的文化含义： 艾蒿具有特殊的馨香味，做成馨香枕头，还有安眠助睡解乏的功效。艾蒿叶熬汁，然后稀释兑水沐浴，可除身上长的小红疙瘩。此外还可以驱蚊蝇、灭菌消毒，预防疾病。艾蒿还用于针灸术的“灸”，“灸”就是拿艾草点燃之后去熏、烫穴道。用艾蒿泡脚有很多保健功效。因为它有着治病的功能，特别是在五月节这天乘着露水采到后，药效最好。.艾蒿还是一种食用植物，艾草可作“艾叶茶”、“艾叶汤”、“艾叶粥”、艾蒿馍馒、艾蒿糍粑糕、艾蒿肉丸等食谱，以增强人体对疾病的抵抗能力。 悬艾草：民谚说：“清明插柳，端午插艾。”每至端午节之际，人们把插艾和菖蒲作为重要内容之一。家家都洒扫庭除，以菖蒲、艾条插于门眉，悬于堂中以防蚊虫，“避邪却鬼。”并用菖蒲、艾叶、榴花、蒜头、龙船花，制成人形或虎形，称为艾人、艾虎;制成花环、佩饰，美丽芬芳，妇人争相佩戴，用以驱瘴。秆枯后的株体泡水熏蒸以达消毒止痒，产妇多用艾水洗澡或熏蒸。
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