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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
Although an introduced alien species, Ivy-leaved Toadflax has had nearly 400 years to make itself at home in Britain and Ireland, and few people are aware that it is not a truly native wildflower.Identification This trailing hairless perennial plant has lilac two-lipped flowers with two yellowish bulges on the lower lip. Its curved spur is unusually short for a toadflax. Flowers are 9 to 15mm across and each is borne on a long stalk growing from a leaf base. It is easy to see how this plant spreads so rapidly: the fruit capsules develop on long stalks that gradually recurve towards the growing substrate and tuck their oval seeds into any likely places where the plant can get new toe-holds.The long-stalked leaves of Ivy-leaved Toadflax are palmate (sometimes but not always shaped rather like the leaves of Ivy!) with 3 to 7 lobes and ranging between 2.5 and 5cm across. Leaves alternate along the thin creeping red-flushed stems, which root at nodes whenever they find a suitable crevice. It seems meaningless to discus the 'height' of a plant that is equally at home on vertical and horizontal surfaces, but Cymbalaria muralis is low growing and the flowers are rarely more than 10cm away from the substrate. Distribution Native to the Mediterranean region and thought to have been brought to London with imported marble slabs from Italy in 1640, Ivy-leaved Toadflax was planted in gardens and has since escaped and become naturalised and very common throughout Britain and Ireland except for some parts of northern Scotland.Now very common throughout most of northern, central and southern Europe, Cymbalaria muralis has also become naturalised in many other parts of the world including North America, where its invasive qualities have resulted in a widespread distribution. Habitat Cymbalaria muralis is mainly found growing in and over walls, piles of rubble and similar places where its roots can get a grip in sparse soil that does not remain wet long enough for other plants to take over. Blooming Times The first flowers of Ivy-leaved Toadflax usually appear April and continue through to at least the end of September. In sheltered southern locations flowers can be seen all year round except in the harshest of winters. Uses Bare walls are made more attractive when colonised by Ivy-leaved Toadflax, but it is rarely necessary to plant these wildflowers because seeds, complete with a starter-pack of organic growing medium, are usually delivered by birds. The fruits are capsule-shaped which grow on long stalks that gradually recurve towards and into a likely place where the plant can get a new 'toe-hold'. Bees gather nectar from the flowers, and in so doing they contribute to pollination.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
Dodder is parasitic on a wide range of plants and shrubs, but in particular on members of the pea (Fabaceae) and heath (Ericaceae) families. Common dodder forms a mass of purple or reddish thread-like stems that crawl all over the host plant; and both the leaves, which are reduced to small scales, and the tiny flowers are very difficult to spot. The flowers appear in clusters and are white or pale pink.
This curious parasitic plant is found throughout Europe including the Mediterranean region except for Cyprus. This wildflower grows in the same places as its hosts, and it produces minute pale blooms from April to October.
The dodder family is Cuscutaceae. The plants shown above were photographed in Crete at the beginning of April. Below is a picture kindly contributed by Sue Rhodes; it shows Dodder scrambling over the gorse on a Cornwall clifftop.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
This orchid is the most commonly found of the Coralroot Orchids that occur in the Pacific Northwest of America. It shares territory with the only species of Coralroot Orchid that is found in Europe, namely Corallorhiza trifida. In America the latter is known as Early Coralroot Orchid, while in Europe it is known simply as Coralroot Orchid due to its sole representation of the genus there.
Description This colourful plant grows up to 60cm in height and has up to 40 dark red-to-purple flowers in its tall inflorescence. The name coralroot refers to the roots of the orchid plants, which are said to resemble coral - although digging up a plant to confirm its identification is, of course, strictly illegal and so we have never seen this underground feature.
Distribution Western Coralroot Orchid occurs from the Pacific Northwest to northwestern California and through most of British Columbia; it also grows in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana. Habitat This attractive orchid occurs mainly in dark or partially shaded coniferous and broadleaved forests. Although it produces some chlorophyl (hence some plants are greenish, although many are purple-brown), this orchid is largely saprophytic, depending mainly for its food on the mycorrhizal fungi surrounding its roots. Coralroot orchids are capable of self-pollination.
In America Corallorhiza mertensiana is distributed from southern Alaska south to California, and east to Montana and western Wyoming. Flowering times Western Spotted Coralroot Orchid flowers in June and July.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
Western Spotted Coralroot Orchid, Corallorhiza maculata, must be one of the most attractive of the Coralroot Orchids, and like the other kinds of Coraroot orchids that grow in America it is much more robust and easier to spot than its European cousin Corallorhiza trifida.
Description By far the prettiest of the coralroot orchids that occur in North America, the Western Spotted Coralroot has delicate flowers with brownish sepals and white lips which are covered in deep pink spots.
Distribution There are four different 'forms' of Western Spotted Coralroot growing in North America, and their ranges extend from as far north as British Columbia and east to Newfoundland, as far south as New Mexico and they also grow in California, Indiana, Arizona and Virginia. We have found and photographed two in the Rocky Mountains - forma immaculata and the one shown on this page. We have also been lucky enough to find Western Coralroot Orchid Corallorhiza mertensiana, another very attractive plant.
Habitat The name coralroot refers to the roots of the Coralroot orchid plants, which are said to resemble coral - not that we have dug one up to prove the point. Coralroot orchids occur in a wide range of habitats from dark forest (where we found this one) to dune slacks and open tundra. Although they produce some chlorophyl (hence some plants are greenish, although many are purple-brown), these orchids are largely saprophytic, depending mainly for their food on the mycorrhizal fungi surrounding their roots. Coralroots are usually self-pollinating.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
This orchid is now extremely rare in the UK... or is it just almost impossible to find it? It is one of those flowers that requires 'getting one's eye in' in order to find; in this respect it is rather like the Bog Orchid Hammarbya paludosa.
The coralroot orchid is also very difficult to photograph, because it is so tiny (between 7cm and 30cm tall but usually nearer to the 7cm mark!) and it frequently occurs in very dark forest locations. Description The name coralroot refers to the roots of this plant, which are said to resemble coral - not that we have dug one up to prove the point. The plants of Coralroot Orchid are not always as colourful as the ones shown on this page. Where they occur in dark woodland and forests these little orchids are often fawn, and that makes them extremely hard to find among dense conifer needles on the forest floor.
Although always growing close to trees, Coralroot Orchids sometimes occur in large numbers on the edges of paths and on roadside verges.The plant stems are brownish-green and the flowers have green sepals and petals with a paler lip sometimes marked with red. Despite being able to produce some chlorophyll (hence some plants are greenish, although many are purple-brown), this orchid is largely saprophytic, depending mainly for its food on the mycorrhizal fungi surrounding its roots. Coralroot is usually self-pollinating.
Distribution One of the best chances of finding this rare orchid in the UK is to make a visit to Sandscale Haws National Nature Reserve, in the Lake District. Corallorhiza trifida can be found widely throughout Europe, and we have seen many of them flowering in Slovenia. It also occurs in North America in the Pacific Northwest, in particular. The specimens shown above and left were photographed in a forest in the Rhodopi Mountains of Bulgaria in mid June. In North America the common name for this species is Early Coralroot Orchid. Habitat This orchid occurs in a range of habitats from dark forests and tree-lined roadside verges to dune slacks and open tundra. Flowering times Coralroot Orchid flowers in June and July.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月10日
Dummer. ゛☀
Seen at close quarters the intricacy of this lovely wetland wildflower is just amazing. Identification Marsh Cinquefoil has reddish-purple hermaphrodite flowers 20 to 30cm across, with five red sepals that are longer and broader than its five petals. The basal leaves are divided into five toothed leaflets, while leaves nearest to the flowers have just three leaflets. These spreading plants rarely grow taller than 40cm and their roots are often under water.
Distribution Marsh Cinquefoil, a relatively uncommon sight in some regions of Britain and Ireland, occurs also in many parts of mainland Europe, in northern Asia, and in North America. Habitat Comarum palustre is an acid-loving wildflower; it grows mainly in peaty marshes, swamps and fens and in the shallow margins of unpolluted upland lakes. In Ireland some of the high moorland in County Wicklow has Marsh Cinquefoil in ditches and other damp hollows and along the margins of rivers and streams.
Blooming Times From early June until late August the ruby red flowers of Marsh Cinquefoil are a great source of nectar for bees and many other kinds of insects that swarm around ponds and other wetland sites.. Uses In the past the roots of this plant were used to dye leather a reddish-yellow colour, and a red dye was produced from the flowers. Marsh Cinquefoil leaves are reputed to be good for making tea. Their rarity today makes collecting leaves or flowers of Marsh Cinquefoil not merely difficult but ecologically unforgiveable. Etymology Comarum may come from the Latin noun coma, meaning hair (of the head), a reference to the hairy sepals. Marsh Cinquefoil is listed as Potentilla palustris in some field guides, and Potentilla means 'powerful, despite its small size' and is a reference to the claimed medicinal value of plants in this genus. The specific epithets palustre and palustris means of swamps - a reference to the preferred habitat of this wetland wildflower.
Similar Species Other members of the cinquefoil clan have yellow flowers, but Marsh Cinquefoil, arguably the most beautiful of the group and one of the loveliest wetland wildflowers, is unique in having lovely deep red or reddish-purple flowers and so is unlikely to be mistaken for any other Potentilla species.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
The shaded hedgerows and ditches of Pembrokeshire (and many other coastal parts of Britain and Ireland) are lit up in springtime by the brilliant white but short-livedflower-masses of Common Scurvy-grass. Identification Usually 15 to 40 cm tall, this untidy biennial plant is best admired from a distance. Its succulent lower leaves, varying from dark green to red and even deep purple, are held close to the ground.
The fragrant, four-petalled flowers, 8 to 15mm across, are usually white but sometimes tinged with mauve or purple. Once the short-lived petals have fallen from the flowers, roundish seed pods swell and ripen. Distribution Found throughout Britain and Ireland, Common Scurvy-grass occurs also in coastal regions of northern and central Europe; it is also found, although much less frequently, in some mountainous inland locations.
Habitat This plant is common only near the coast, where it grows on grassy cliffs, in salt marshes and on coastal roadside lanes where winter salting adds to the natural salinity. Inland locations near salt mines and saline springs are also favoured by Common Scurvy-grass. Heavily salted main roads inland sometimes have central reservations and verges lined with Common Scurvy-grass, but more often the species seen there is the much smaller Danish Scurvy-grass Cochlearia danica. Surprisingly, in view of Common Scurvy-grass's apparent craving for salt, there are also some mountain sites in northern England and in Scotland where Cochlearia officinalis has been recorded. Blooming Times The first flowers appear in April, but May is the best month for this member of the Cabbage family. You will see odd patches of scurvy-grass inbloom throughout the summer.
Uses Sailors ate scurvy-grass when at sea to ward off the debilitating diseaseof scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. The symptoms of scurvy are spongy and bleeding gums, bleeding beneath the skin, and extreme weakness. The sharp-tasting leaves of this plant are very high in vitamin C, and at one time scurvy-grass ale was a popular tonic drink. In herbal medicine Cochlearia officinalis was used for its antiseptic properties.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Clematis vitalba photographed at Nicholaston Dunes on the Gower Peninsula in Wales - picture by kind permission of Gordon Benson.
Another common name for this wild flower is Traveller's Joy. Identification Pinnate compound leaves each comprising three to five eliptical, toothed leaflets grow in an opposite arrangement. White flowers with conspicuous stamens form dense clusters. Individual flowers are typically 2cm across and have four tepals (in fact they are sepals, not petals).
Blooming times Old Man's Beard is a perennial clambering plant, producing pale creamy-yellow flowers in July and August and greyish-white fluffy seedheads that persist through the winter months. The fruiting heads, which appear in autumn, are a mass of white fluffy seeds - hence the common name Old Man's Beard. Distribution Traveller's Joy is common throughout southern England and in Ireland but does not venture very far into Scotland. It can also be found throughout Wales.
Habitat You will find this vine-like plant growing in hedges and on scrubby woodland. It is particularly common in limestone and chalk areas including sand dunes, but we have seen this plant in slightly acidic habitats, too.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This lovely creeping wildlflower is the only alpine clematis species to be found in Europe, the others being mainly confined to Asia.
Identification The size and beauty of the distinctive sky-blue flowers are much more reminiscent of the exotic imported clematis plants that we buy from nurseries to plant in our gardens at home in the UK than of our native species, Clematis vitalba. (The common name of Clematis vitalba, which is Old Man's Beard, describes the fluffy seedheads which are generally better known than the insignificant white flowers that precede them.)
Distribution Clematis alpina is found throughout Central Europe, and there is a subspecies with white flowers that is found in northern Norway, Finland and also in Poland. Habitat Alpine Clematis grows in rocky mountain woodlands and on the edges of pastures where it clambers over other plants, often creating magnificent cascades of flowers.
Blooming times In its native habitats this wildflower blooms in June and July.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This is a gorgeous wildflower, and in our opinion the most beautiful of the Cistus species that can be seen in the Mediterranean region. Identification Sage-leaved Cistus, a member of the Rockrose family, is one of the commonest of several types of Cistus that occur in the Mediterranean Region. The beautiful white flowers can occur singly or in groups of up to four. Unlike other Cistus flowers the petals are relatively un-crumpled in appearance.
Distribution Cistus salviifolius is native to Mediterranean countries including Portugal, Spain, southern France and Italy. Its range extends southwards to parts of North Africa and eastwards into parts of Asia. Habitat This shrub often forms vast colonies and favours dry, rocky places in the maquis and barrocal.
Etymology The specific epithet salviifolius (often mis-spelt as salvifolius) means 'with sage leaves' - a reference that the leaves are very similar in appearance to thos of the herb known as sage.
Related species Along with other Cistus shrubs, Sage-leaved Cistus is parasitised by a strange-looking plant called Cytinus hypocistis,which appears from mid April until June growing on the roots of the bushes.
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