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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
These striking shrubs are very familiar to people familiar with British gardens, but to see them at their best the Iberian Peninsula is the place to go. Identification The flowers have rather crumpled-looking petals, some pure white and others white with dark maroon spots. The sticky, oderous substance which comes from the tough, dark green leaves of the plant is used in the perfume industry.
Habitat From the maquis (areas with shrubs up to 5 metres in height) and well into the hills of Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula in general Gum Cistus flourishes.
Distribution Gum Cistus, a member of the Rockrose family, is native to Spain, Portugal, southern France and North West Africa. In other places - Cyprus for example - this plant has been introduced and is now naturalised. Blooming times In their native (Mediterranean) countries, Gum Cistus flowers can be seen from April to June.
Similar species Some other species of cistus to appear in the Mediterranean region include Cistus Albidus (Grey-leaved Cistus) and Cistus salviifolius (Sage-leaved Cistus). Many of the bushes are parisitised by Cytinus hypocistis, and the best time to see this fascinating plant (growing around the roots of the cistus bushes) is from mid-April until June.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Identification Cistus albidus grows up to 1.5m in height, although most plants are little more than half this height. The hairy pale grey-green leaves are oblong to elliptical and have three prominent veins. The flowers are 4 to 6 cm across and have five purplish-pink petals backed by five sepals.
The leaves of cistus plants are very tough. The flowers, by comparison, seem very fragile and have wafer-thin, crumpled looking petals: they are nontheless beautiful for that, and it is easy to see why cistus is considered such a well-loved addition to northern European gardens.
Habitat In the UK these shrubs are much-loved garden plants, but it is in the Mediterranean region that they really come into their own: vast tracts of hillsides (particularly in Portugal and Spain) are smothered with various species of these members of the Rockrose family.
Blooming times Grey-leaved Cistus produces flowers from March to June and can be found in maquis, garrigue, open woodland, on steep slopes and rocky ground. Some of the other cistus species to be found in the Mediterranean include Cistus ladanifer (Gum Cistus), and Cistus salviifoloius (Sage-leaved Cistus).
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This broomrape is localised in parts of the Mediterranean and is parasitic on woody Goosefoots of the Chenopodiaceae family. Cistanche phelypaea is one of the approximately 150 species of the Broomrape family that occur in the Mediterranean region. It grows in lowland areas, often in damp estuary sand habitats, but it is both rare and localised.
Identification An impressive wildflower, Cistanche phelypaea grows up to 40cm in height, but this varies depending on the habitat and position of the plant - some can be much shorter. The flowers are big and bright yellow with a five-lobed corolla, while the leaves are much smaller and scale-like in appearance.
Distribution Cistanche phelypaea grows in Portugal, Spain, Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, and in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.
Blooming times Cistance phellypaea blooms in March and April.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
In the UK Chicory is only common in southern England, although it is also found in parts of South Wales. In the Mediterranean this plant is common, particularly in the west, but it becomes less evident as you travel further east. Chicory is grown there as crop, and the cultivated forms have larger flowers. Cultivated plants frequently become naturalised, adding to the difficulty of accurately identifying truly wild plants.
The pleasantly bitter-tasting young leaves of Chicory are used in salad dishes, but sometimes the shoots are forced and blanched. The roots, when dried, are powdered and then added to coffee - in the UK we became familiar, out of necessity, with this (much disliked) form of instant coffee during WWII, but in France chicory is still added to some instant coffees today.
Chicory is a member of the Daisy family (Asteraceae). The wildflower grows in fields, waysides and on waste ground and flowers from May to August. The bright blue flowers are very eye-catching, and perfect examples are very pretty.
Chicory is found in many European countries including Slovenia where we saw it frequently on roadsides in the Triglav Narodni National Park.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Whereas Lesser Celandines are members of the Buttercup family, the Greater Celandine is in fact a relative of the various poppies. Identification Usually 30 to 90cm tall but occasionally well over a metre in height, this sparsely-hairy plant is characterised by greyish-green pinnate leaves with lobed margins. The branching stems are topped with loose cymes of typically three to five yellow flowers, 15 to 25mm across, with four oval petals.
Distribution This perennial wildflower is fairly common throughout Britain and Ireland and can also be found in many parts of mainland Europe and Asia. Greater Celandine was introduced and is now quite widely distributed in North America. Habitat Chelidonium majus is most often seen in urban hedgerows, beside woodland paths, and on sheltered tree-lined riverbanks, but occasionally this plant occurs on disturbed scrubby waste ground too.
Blooming Times In Britain and Ireland the first flowers of Greater Celandine appear in April, but it is usually June or even July before these lanky plants make much of a show; they continue blooming until at least the middle of October.
Uses The orange sap within this plant contains toxins which, in appropriate amounts, may have medicinal value - and in the past this plant was used as the basis for many herbal remedies including the treatment of toothache.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This tiny orchid is difficult to spot, even when it occurs in colonies of many hundreds. Description As well as being one of the latest orchids to flower, this is also the smallest of the European orchids. Only growing to a height of 10cm at the most, the green flowers are sometimes washed with brown - only adding to the problems with their visibility. They are not so dissimilar to the flowers of the Frog Orchid Dactylorhiza viridis. There are 4 to 10 narrow pointed basal leaves and small green bracts among the flowers.
The ability to form large colonies is due to this plant's ability to spread via root tubers, but it is also pollinated by very small insects. Distribution Although occuring in some locations in large numbers, this orchid is very localised and rare. The picture on this page was taken in the Dolomites, in Italy. Chamorchis alpina grows in the mountains of Germany, Switzerland, Austria and France as well as in several other central and eastern European countries including Slovenia, Further north this orchid grows in Scandinavia, Finland, and in Russia its range extends far north as the Kola Peninsula.
Habitat In more southerly parts of Europe Chamorchis alpina occurs high up above the mountain tree-lines - up to 2,700m above sea level. Further north in Scandinavia and Russia, for instance, it occurs at sea level. This plant grows in alkaline short-sward grasslands in open sunny positions.Flowering times Chamorchis alpina flowers from the beginning of July to the end of August.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Honeywort, a member of the family Boraginceae, is mainly found on the coast; it is a curious-looking plant with a leaf and flower stem which gradually uncurls. The flowers shown above are creamy-yellow, but there is also a deep purple form, shown below. Both colour forms are found in Portugal.
Identification Typically 2o to 40cm in heightbut occasionally growing to 70cm, Honeywort in an annual and produces tubular flowers typically 22mm long and 6mm in diameter. Young flowers have a sweet scent. Leaves of Cerinthe major are alternate, spatulate (spoon shaped) and stalkless.
Habitat Generally favouring river valleys and other depressions that provide a degree of water retention, Honeywort is also seen on some dry roadside verges. Distribution This plant is common and widespread throughout the Mediterranean region and parts of North Africa, and its range extends eastwards at least as far as Turkey.
Taxonomy Cerinthe comes from the greek Keros, meaning wax, and anthos, meaning flower. The implication is that bees were thought to take wax from these flowers. The specific epithet major means greaer; it refers to the large size of the flowers compared with those of other Cerinthe species.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
The orchid is in steep decline and is now classified as Critically Endangered in the UK. Although now seemingly confined to only three sites in the UK, it could be that there are other undiscovered plants in suitable areas. Even when in flower these orchids are difficult to spot, but when only leaves are present they are even harder to distinguish from other long-leaved woodland plants.
Description Red Helleborine grows to between 15 and 60cm in height and has slender often wavy-looking stems. The greyish-green leaves are long and narrow. The inflorescence is lax and can carry up to 17 flowers, although that is unusual with 7 to 10 being more common. The flowers are a delicate shade of pink.
Distribution The Red Helleborine is now both rare and localised in the UK and probably confined solely to southern England. Fortunately these lovely orchids are not so rare in other parts of Europe, and we have seen them in southern France (in the Lot Valley) and also in considerable numbers on tree-shaded roadside verges in the Triglav National Park in Slovenia.
Habitat Red Helleborine Cephalanthera rubra usually grows in dark woodland habitats on calcareous soils. Flowering times The Red Helleborine flowers from May to July.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Description The Sword-leaved Helleborine grows to about 40 cm in height and is distinguished from Cephalanthera damasonium by the shape of its leaves, which are long and narrow. Both the Latin namelongifolia which means long-leaved and the English common name 'sword-leaved' refer to the distinctive shape of the leaves.
The flowers are white, and there is a distinctive yellow patch on their lips. Distribution Although generally associated (in the UK, that is) with the chalk-rich habitats of southern England, the Sword-leaved Helleborine also occurs in western Scotland, in a few sites in Ireland and on the western fringes of Mid and North Wales. This species is in steep decline both in the UK and throughout mainland Europe, where it is widespread but nowhere very common.
We have found these lovely orchids in the Algarve (southern Portugal), in the Lot Valley in France, and also in the Triglav Narodni National Park in Slovenia. Habitat Although mainly associated with woodlands in the UK and France, we have seen Sword-leaved Helleborine in a number of other habitats including on roadside verges. In the Algarve region of Portugal Cephalanthera longifolia can be found sheltering in the lee of dry stone walls and at the base of slopes where moisture tends to collect, but always where trees are never far away.
Flowering times In the UK and France Cephalanthera longifolia flowers in June, but in southern Europe it comes into flower much earlier, often in February and March.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Don't expect to find carpets of these lovely orchids; they tend to grow singly or in small groups. Description This lovely orchid grows up to 60cm in height, has heavily-ribbed oval leaves, and carries up to 16 white flowers on an upright stem. The flowers do not open fully and so the blunt yellow lip is barely visible.
The flowers are mainly self-pollinated, although pollination by insects has also been recorded. The plants take at least eight years to develop from seed, and flowering can take an additional two to three years after that. These orchids occur in woodlands (they are more common in Beech woods) where the underlying ground is chalk or limestone, although they are also found in more open positions from time to time.
Distribution Two of the specimens shown on this page were photographed near Bryanston, in Dorset, and this orchid is only common in South-east England although there are confirmed sites in South-east Wales. Cephalanthera damasonium is in serious decline due to loss of habitat caused by the clearance of woodlands. The White Helleborine is also found throughout continental Europe and as far east as Asia, where it is widespread but not abundant. We have also photographed this woodland orchid in Slovenia.
Flowering times Cephalanthera damasonium blooms from early May until the end of June.
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