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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
A walk on the wild side is not necessary if you want to enjoy the sight of masses of Red Valerian, because this wildflower is very much at home in urban settings too.
Identification A perennial plant with braching stems and opposite grey-green lanceaolate leaves, stalked near the base of the plant and unstalked further up, Red Valerian grows to a height of 80cm. Stems are topped by dense panicles of red, pink or white flowers. (White and red forms often grow together - there is an example further down on this page.) Individually the flowers are 8-10mm long and comprise a corolla in the form of a slender tube with five lobed petals of unequal length and a small spur at the base. Distribution Originally a wildflower of the Mediterranean region, this European wildflower has been introduced into the wild in northern Europe, mainly via garden escapes. In parts of Australia and North America where Red Valerian occurs it is an introduced alien species.
Habitat Between the stonework of walls, bridges and other vertical surfaces seem to be very attractive to this pretty wildflower, which is most commonly seen in coastal districts. Red Valerian is a common sight on railway embankments and coastal paths and on some reservoir dam walls. Blooming Times The flowers first appear towards the end of May, andyou will find red valerian (which also has a white variety, as shown above) in flower right through to the end of September and in sheltered places right through to the end of the year.
Uses The leaves of Red Valerian and roots can be eaten - the leaves either fresh in salads or lightly boiled, and he roots boiled in soups. Opinions differ as to whether either makes particularly good eating. Although Red Valerian is reported by some sources to have medicinal properties, this is probably due to confusion with Common Valerian, Valeriana officinalis.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Habitat This lovely and very common wildflower is a member of the Gentian family. It is common on the coast in England, Ireland and Wales and inhabits sand dunes and verges. Further inland it grows in dry, sandy soils and on chalk downland. A shorter form of Common Centaury (Dumpy Centaury - var. capitatum) grows on more exposed parts of the coast and is better adapted to survive the extreme coastal conditions, in particular the fierce winds that prevail there.
Description The flowers of Centaurium erythraea are a bright, pretty pink and grow in clusters on side-shoots up the plant's stem, culminating in a further terminal cluster at the top of the flower spike. Distribition and Blooming time In Great Britain Common Centaury flowers from May until August.
Common Centaury is also common throughout the Mediterranean region where it grows on calcareous dry, sandy substrates. In many parts of the most southerly parts of Europe it seems to flower almost all year round, but the peak flowering time is from May to August.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Bees, butterflies and those people who look closely at wildflowers are attracted to these spectacular wildflowers, but for different reasons. Identification A perennial with finely bristly erect grey-green stems, Greater Knapweed grows up to 1.2m in height and its upper part branches freely. Knapweeds are readily distinguished from thistles by the absence of spines and prickles.
Greater Knapweed leaves are alternate, stalked, dark green and slightly leathery; mostly they are pinnately lobed (but irregularly divided) with a few narrow leaflets. Flower heads, 3 to 5cm across, are borne singly or occasionally a few in an open cyme. Unlike Common Knapweed, which only occasionally has rayed flowers, the violet flowers of Greater Knapweed are nearly always rayed. Within each floret there are five stamens and a pistil of two fused carpels.
The flower head is backed by an almost spherical involucre comprising overlapping bracts that are green at the base and blackish brown at the fringed tips. (The bases of the bracts of Common Knapweed are brown rather than green, and this is a key distinguishing feature which can easily be observed in the field - very helpful when the flowers are in rayed form.) Distribution Very common throughout Most of Britain and Ireland except for the far north of Scotland, where it is an occasional find, Greater Knapweed is a European native species that has been introduced to many other parts of the world including North America, where it has become naturalised but generally sparsely distributed across the central region and in parts of Canada..
Habitat Greater Knapweed if found in dry grassland, in hedgerows, on chalk downland, and and on cliff tops on lime-rich soil. Blooming Times In Britain and Ireland Greater Knapweed flowers first appear in July (slightly later than those of Common Knapweed) and continue into September. Uses The leaves of this plant were used to treat scabies, a contagious and painful skin infection caused by mites that burrow into the skin - see Etymology, below. (We strongly advise against eating or using as medicines any plants without first obtaining professional advice.) Insects, including bees and butterflies (notably the Marbled White Melanargea galathea, as seen in the picture above) , are very fond of these long-flowering plants. Burnet Moths, Zygaena species, are often seen in great numbers on Greater Knapweed Centaurea scabiosa and other members of the Centaurea genus.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Identification A hairy perennial with stiff erect ribbed stems, Common Knapweed grows up to a metre in height and its upper part branches freely. Knapweeds are readily distinguished from thistles by the absence of spines and prickles.
Common Knapweed leaves are dull green and finely hairy, but in other respects they vary greatly. The upper leaves are usually narrow and entire (without lobes) and untoothed, while the lower leaves are sometimes lobed and have coarse teeth. The flower-head is hard and solid, a mass of dark-brown-fringed green bracts overlapping over each like roof tiles. The flowers, which are hermaphrodite (having both male and female reproductive organs) look rather like pinkish-purple shaving brushes, with the bracts serving as stubby handles. Each 'flower' comprises many tubular florets, and generally all of similar length; however, rayed forms of Common Knapweed do occur, when the outer florets are more like those of Greater Knapweed Centaurea scabiosa. (The bracts of these species are very different: green bracts in the case of Greater Knapweed; brown in Common Knapweed.)
Distribution Very common throughout Most of Britain and Ireland except for the far north of Scotland, where it is an occasional find, Common Knapweed is a European native species that has been introduced to many other parts of the world including North America, where it has in places become a nuisance weed because it so easily invades places where the soil has been disturbed. Habitat Common Knapweed grows wherever grass is not closely cropped. It is often abundant beside lakes and streams in southern Britain, especially where grazing animals have been fenced off from themargins.
Blooming Times In Britain and Ireland Common Knapweed flowers first appear in June and continue into September. Uses In 14th century Britain this wildflower was known as Matfellon, and it was eaten with pepper at the start of a meal to stimulate the appetite. Knapweed flowers are edible and can be added to salads, but the tough bracts are definitely not worth trying. In Wales, the Physicians of Myddfai included Common Knapweed with many other herbs in a potion to counteract the toxins in Adder bites. (We strongly advise against eating or using as medicines any plants without first obtaining professional advice.) Insects, including bees and butterflies, are very fond of these long-flowering plants. Seen on the left is a Six-spot Burnet Zygaena filipendulae which, in central and southern Britain in particular, is a common sight on the flowers of Common Knapweed Centaurea nigra and other members of the Centaurea genus.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This annual wild flower, a close relative of the knapweeds, grows up to 0.8m in height with tough, greyish-green loosely branching stems and lanceolate leaves up to 4cm long. What makes the Cornflower such a memorable sight is the intense blue of its flowers, which like other members of the Daisy family comprise a cluster of central disc florets (these are more of a violet blue) surrounded by an unusually small number (typically 12) of ray florets. The ray florets are pure blue and widely spaced, with a trumpet-like appearance.
Distribution Cornflowers were once very common on wasteland and on arable farmland in Britain and Ireland. The use of agricultural herbicides has virtually eradicated this beautiful wildflower from the British landscape, and it is now only seen if seed has been deliberately spread. In some parts of southern Europe where intensive farming regimes have not yet been adopted it is still common to see cornfields flushed with bright blue and scarlet due to the presence of Cornflowers and Common Poppies. These wildflowers may be no good for cattle fodder, but they are excellent food for the human spirit!
Centaurea cyanus is also found in many parts of North America, where it is a naturalised introduced species and, as in Europe, a very popular choice for growing from seed in parks and gardens. Habitat and Blooming Times In Britain and Ireland Cornflowers grow wild in just a few cornfields where the land is not subjected to heavy doses of 'weedkiller' and artificial fertilliser; there are also odd patches of 'wasteland' where cornflowers still grow wild. For the most part, however, where you see Cornflowers in a wildflower meadow in Britain or Ireland they will have been grown from 'wildflower seed mixtures'. Rarely do such meadows maintain their brilliance for more than a year or two before they need topping up with more intriducerd seeds; even so, a planted Cornflower meadow is a wonderful sight. (The meadown on the left, in Hampshire, England, is a fine example of what can be achieved.)
Cornflowers bloom from late June until the first frosts of autumn, and in southern Britain, where the last few truly self-sustaining populations are, they are usually at their best in July. Similar Species A close relative, Centaurea montana, is a creeping perennial that is often grown in parks and gardens.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Many spring wildflowers have to struggle through rank vegetation, but Cuckooflower (sometimes written as Cuckoo Flower) usually manages to stand head and shoulders above the crowd. Being gregarious, they make wonderfully subtle floral display that is visible from afar. Identification Typically 30 to 50cm tall, these hairless perennials have short-stalked pinnate leaves with ellipsoidal leaflets; they alternate up an unbranching stem above a rosette of long-stalked round basal leaves.
The narrow-stalked flowers, in upright spikes, are 1 to 2cm across; they have beautifully veined pinkish-mauve or occasionally white petals backed by six sepals of which four are long and two are short, and the anthers are yellow. The flowers droop and closeat night or during heavy rain. Distribution Common and widespread throughout Britain and Ireland, Cuckooflower is found throughout Europe and in many other temperate parts of the world. Several subspecies of Cardamine pratensis are recorded in North America, although some authorities recognise Cardamine pratensis not as a single species with subspecies and varieties but as a complex of closely-related species.
Habitat Cardamine pratensis favours damp meadows and the soggy margins of streams, ponds and lakes. Blooming Times This flower, like its avian namesake the Cuckoo itself, comes in April, but May and June are the months when Cuckooflowers bloom in greatest profusion. A few stragglers in shady places usually last well in to July. Etymology Cardamine, the genus name, comes from the Greek noun kárdamon, an expensive spice plant originating from India, Pakistan and Nepal, although nowadays most of the world's cardamom spice is grown and processed in Guatemala. There is no close botanical relationship between the various cardamon plants and Cuckooflower, so the reason for this choice of genus name is quite obscure. The specific epithet pratensis means 'of meadows', and damp meadows are indeed the habitat most associated with Cuckooflower.
Other common names for this lovely wildflower include Milkmaids and Lady's Smock. Milkmaids, Lady's Smock and Cuckooflower are just three of many common English names given locally to this spring wildflower. In some field guides you will also see the two-word form Cuckoo Flower used. Uses Although definitely not a substitute for the spice cardamom, Cardamine pratensis leaves are edible and can be used in salads. Orange-tip Butterflies Anthocharis cardamines find the flowers particularly attractive, and Cuckooflower is one of their main larval food plants. The young larvae generally eat first the flowers and then the leaves, stems and seedheads of their host plant. The Meadow Froghopper Philaenus spumarius is attracted to the sap of these plants, and itslarvae form frothy blobs on the stems; some people call this cuckoo spit.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This slender, delicate wildflower was known as the bluebell in some parts of Scotland, but most people in Britain and Ireland who know their wildflowers call it the Harebell. Identification Campanula rotundifoila is a hairless perennial that copes well with drought and exposure to sun and wind, but as a result its height is very variable and ranges from a mere 15cm to 40cm and occasionally more.
The short-lived basal leaves are round and have long stalks; leaves higher on the stems are narrower and stemless, persisting throughout the blooming period. The delicate nodding blue flowers, borne on short slender stalks, are bell shaped with nearly always five fused out-curved petals creating a toothed corolla 12 to 25mm long. Distribution Campanula rotundifolia is common and widespread throughout Britain and occurs in many parts of Ireland particularly along the western and northern coasts. This wildlfower is also found in many parts of mainland Europe and in North America.
Habitat Harebells are found in both acid and alkaline sites, but they favour dry grassy situations such as coastal sand-dune systems and the edges of pine woodland on sandy soils. Harebells grow in great abundance and make spectacular displays on banks, under sparse hedgerows and on well drained slopes in the hills of Britain and Ireland. Blooming Times In Britain and Ireland the first Harebells bloom in late June or early July and continue flowering through to the end of October and occasionally, if the weather is not too harsh, well in to November. Although late arrivals, therefore, these pretty little flowers add a welcome splash of colour to the countryside in late summer, just as most other wildflowers are dying back. Etymology Campanula, the genus name, referes to the campanulate (bell-like) form of the flowers, while the specific epithet rotundifolia means with round (in other words rotund!) leaves.
Uses Although it has in the past been used to treat various ailments, there is surprisingly little reference to Harebells as a herbal remedy. Perhaps some flowers really are best enjoyed for their beauty... unless you are a bee, in which case you will not be alone in visiting Harebells.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
This lovely wildflower is rare wherever it occurs. It is one of the most sought-after 'finds' for anybody who is interested in wild orchids. In America's high mountain regions this orchid waits for the snow to melt and then flowers in moist cool forests where there is plenty of humus beneath the trees. It grows high up in the mountains in the montane and subalpine zones in most northerly states, including west and central Montana, Colorado and California.
Distribution The worldwide distribution of Calypso bulbosa is circumpolar: apart from America it occurs also in Canada, Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, Mongolia and Japan. Habitat and Blooming Times Despite being widespread its continued existence is perilous. The plants live for a maximum of five years and they are easily destroyed by disturbance to their habitat. They cannot be transferred because they depend on a relationship with fungi in the soil in order to germinate and grow. These unique conditions can never be recreated in gardens.
General destruction of the forests by logging (particularly in California) where Calypso bulbosa lives is only a small part of the problems which face this plant. It also suffers human predation by orchid hunters, who dig up the plants in order to try and cultivate them. In common with many other rare and beautiful wild orchids this endeavour nearly always fails, and so we lose many more plants than we gain. Calypso Bulbosa flowers at lower elevations from June, but at higher altitudes it can still be found blooming well into July.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Marsh-marigold Caltha palustris is one of those wonderful wildflowers of early spring that offer hope of warmer weather to come after a long cold winter. Identification Between 2 and 5cm in diameter, most of the bright yellow flowers of Caltha palustris have five petal-like sepals (although sometimes you may see flowers with as few as four petals and very occasionally there can be up to nine) with numerous yellow stamens.
The waxy green kidney-shaped or roundish leaves are 5 to 20cm across and have bluntly-serrated margins. Another very helpful identifying feature is that the stems of Marsh-marigolds are hollow.
Distribution Common and widespread throughout Britain and Ireland, Marsh-marigolds are found throughout mainland Europe, northern Asia and the cooler northern parts of North America. Habitat Found mainly in wet (carr) woodlands, river and stream margins, bogs, marshes, and the banks of lakes and ponds, the aptly named Marsh-marigold, alsoknown by many other local names including Kingcup and May Blobs, is a most conspicuous wildflower. These large butter-yellow flowers also light up the edges of shady woodland streams and damp ditches beside country lanes.
Blooming Times In sheltered locations the first flowers of Caltha palustris can appear in late February well before the spring fireworks display of other wildflowers, but April and May are when you will see these flowers at their best in Britain. A few stragglers sometimes continue to bloom well into June or early July, but by then the plants have collapsed and lost their youthfulness. Uses Roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds of this plant are all poisonous, and if handled they have been known to cause irritation of the skin and even dermatitis. Nevertheless, their value in the margins of a garden pond or any other shaded boggy hollow is not restricted to their aesthetic beauty: in common with other members of the Buttercup family, Marsh-marigolds are pollinated by the many small insects of springtime.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
When heather is in full bloom it turns moors and mountainsides a lovely mauve colour, and in some places the combination of heather and gorse creates a colourful (and often impenetrable) patchwork on hillsides and coastal cliffs. Usually growing to about 50cm but occasionally twice that height, the flowers spikes are a lovely pale pink-to-mauve or sometimes white (known as 'lucky white heather'), and small oblong opposite scale-leaves occur along the stems.
With sepal-like bracts at the flower bases and a calyx of four pink-purple sepals, the corolla comprises four triangular lobes. Distribution Calluna vulgaris is the dominant heathland plant in many parts of Britain and Ireland, where it can be found on almost any heath or moorland except for very wet areas, where Erica tetralix is more at home. In mainland Europe, from northern Scandinavia right down to the Mediterranean and the Iberian Peninsula, Common Heather is indeed common in many non-calcareous regions; it occurs also in parts of Asia.
This is the only known Calluna species, and it is easily distinguished from other commonly-encountered kinds of heathers. Habitat and Blooming Times Heather thrives in low-nutrient acidic soils, and so moorland an mountain slopes where thin peaty soil lies upon granite are places where you can expect Heather to flourish. Calluna vulgaris can also be found in mature conifer woodlands, often along with Erica tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath) and Erica cinerea (Bell Heather), particularly where selective felling has created small clearings or a patchwork of light and shade. Depending on longitude and the degree of sunshine exposure, Common Heather (also referred to as Scots Heather or sometimes Scotch Heather) blooms from July until September and is usually at its best in late August, brightening up the countryside when most of the other wildflowers have died back.
Uses Traditionally, besoms are made by tying bunches of heather to a handle to make a coarse broom for sweeping floors; they were standard household items in the days of 'dirt floors' and are still pictured as 'witches' brooms'. Other past uses of Heather was in the dyeing of wood and the tanning on leather, but perhaps its most enduring value is as the source of 'heather honey'. During late summer hives of honey bees are transported to heather moorland, where the bees gather nectar from the Heather flowers and produce a very special and much valued kind of honey. Sheep and deer eat the growing tips of Heather - as do Red Grouse, which also feed on the seeds in winter. Calluna vulgaris is also an important source of food for several kinds of butterflies.
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