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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
These aquatic plants are difficult to identify to species level because the leaf shape varies with water depth andflow rate. Some starworts are annuals and others are perennials.
Distribution Common Water Starwort is illustrated here. In Wales, where this specimen was photographed, the River Teifi around Lampeter has several other startwort species including Callitriche hamulata, Intermediate Water Starwort.
Callitriche stagnalis is widespread also throughout the rest of Britain and Ireland and occurs as a native plant in most parts of mainland Europe and in northern Africa. In North America Common Starwort is an introduced species, first discovered in the New York area in 1861, and is now a nuisance invasive weed in parts of the USA and Canada.. Habitat and Blooming Times Starworts of various kinds occur mainly in shallow (depth to about a metre) static and slow- to moderately-fast-flowing water. The green flowers of Callitriche stagnalis, which are minute, appear at the bases of the leaves from May to August, and tiny, four-segmented fruits follow. It is mainly by examination of the shape of the fruits, which in the case of Common Starwort are nearly round. (Without their fruits, the various Callitriche species are very difficult to separate.)
Etymology Callitriche, the genus name, comes from the Greek words From the Greek kalli- meaning beautiful, and -thrix which means hair. Callitriche is therefore a reference to the hair-like stems of starwort plants. The specific epithet stagnalis is, as you might expect, a habitat reference: this species often occurs in stagnant (standing or stationary) water, although it is also probably the most common of the starworts that grow in slow-flowing streams and ditches in Britain and Ireland.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Gravelly sea shores are the natural habitat of many members of the family Brassicaceae including Sea Rocket. Changing the family name of this family of plants from Cruciferae to Brassicaceae (Cabbage plants) has done nothing for a group that already got quite a bad press. (Oilseed Rape, which causes allergic reactions in even normally healthy individuals, is an example.) It is therefore important to remember that some of our most loved garden plants and wildflowers are also 'cabbage's - Aubrieta deltoidea, for instance.
Identification This coastal member of the mustard family is a pioneer species, colonising bare sand and shingle close to the splash zone where few other plants are able to survive. To cope with the shifting sand, Sea Rocket puts down a long taproot that branches and helps stabilise the sand. Thick fleshy leaves to help this plant to retain moisture, while it low growing form helps it cope with the impact of sand blown by strong coastal winds. The four-petalled flowers, 10 to 15mm across, are mauve, pinkish or occasionally almost pure white.
Similar Species Related species such as black mustard, rape and wild turnip are all very similar in form, having four flower petals and leaves with a bluish tinge; they too are commonly found near the coast but unl;ike Sea Rocket their flowers are yellow.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Identification Up to 60cm tall, this bristly branching annual herb has pointed oval leaves with toothed wavy margins. The bright blue flowers of Borage, each with five pointed recurved petals and an extended column of purple-black-tipped anthers, range from 2 to 12.5m across and grow in loose clusters (cymes).
Distribution This gorgeous plant, which is established on a few roadsides and in waste ground in southern Britain, is cultivated as a culinary herb in summertime. Borage is common throughout the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, including the Algarve in Portugal where, as well as reproducing from seed annually, it is also capable of over-wintering.
Habitat Borago officinalis is a wildflower of fallow cultivated land, disturbed roadsides and waste ground. It thrives in sunny locations and copes surprisingly well during dry periods. Blooming Times Borage blooms from March to June within its native Mediterranean range but throughout the summer months in Britain and Ireland.
Uses Not surprisingly, Borage has been grown mainly as an ornamental plant, although its leaves are used to flavour drinks - notably Pimms. These days the plant is also grown in cultivation for its oil-rich seeds.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Identification Rarely more than 10cm tall, thisgrassland perennial has a basal rosette of spoon-shaped leaves and leafless stalks each topped by one individual (but composite) 'flower' comprising a central group of yellow disc florets surrounded by white ray florets. Especially when young the outer rays are often tipped with red, a feature that probably adds greatly to the appeal of this popular wildflower.
The overall diameter of a Common Daisy 'flower' is usually between 1.2 and 2.4cm. Distribution Daisies are common and widespread throughout Britain and Ireland, and this species is also common on mainland Europe and in many other parts of the world including North America. Habitat Common Daisies, or simply Daisies as most people refer to them, grow in lawns, churchyards, playing fields and parks - indeed they seem able to thrive almost anywhere that permanent meadows or other kinds of grassland are kept to a short sward either by moderate grazing, frequent mowing, or just the passage of people's feet.
Blooming Times Flowers of Bellis perennis first appear in early spring and the plants continues blooming all through summer and into autumn. In May these robust wildflowers are usually at their very best. Uses Popular not only in posies but even more so as the raw ingredients of 'daisy chains', Bellis perennis is an amazingly tenacious plant and can be very difficult to eradicate from lawns and golf greens. Once very common in almost all permanent pastures, Daisies are still among the most abundant of wildflowers wherever fertilisers and weedkillers are not extensively applied to fields, parks and lawns.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Apiaceae Stems - To 1m tall, glabrous, herbaceous, carinate, erect, branching, from thickened roots. Leaves - Alternate, sessile, ternately divided. Petiolules winged. Petiolule of terminal leaflet to -4cm long. Petiolule of lateral leaflets to 1.5cm long. Wings -1mm broad. Leaflets glabrous, serrate, typically ovate-lanceolate, often irregularly divided again. Larger leaflets to 7cm long, 2.5cm broad.
Inflorescence - Terminal compound umbels. Main rays +/-20, to +4cm long, glabrous, subtended by attenuate bracts. Bracts to 4mm long. Rays of umbellets to 4mm long, glabrous. Central flower of each umbellet sessile.
Flowers - Petals 5, yellow, 2mm long, glabrous, incurved. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, spreading to erect, exserted. Filaments pale yellow, 1.8mm long. Anthers yellow, .3mm long. Fruit to ovoid-oblong, to 4mm long, 2mm broad.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Prairies, glades, fields, thickets, rich open woods. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - The species name - aurea - means "golden" and the flowers are certainly that. This species is quite striking when in flower and usually occurs in colonies. The flower petals are typically always folded in on themselves. The plant has been used historically as a fever remedy and for other ailments but the plant is mildly toxic and should not be eaten.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - To +20cm tall, glabrous below but with some pubescence in distinct vertical lines on stem ridges, nearly hirsute above, herbaceous, from thick roots, erect to ascending. Leaves - Basal leaves petiolate. Petiole to 15cm long, with erect hairs in vertical lines. Blade cordate to reniform, crenate-serrate, 4-5cm long, +3cm broad, glabrous. Cauline leaves with shorter petioles, stipulate. Stipules lanceolate, oblique at base, 5-7mm broad, 1-3cm long, with a few coarse teeth, glabrous. Petioles more densely pubescent than basal petioles. Blades cordate, acute, shallow coarse serrate, glabrous above, pubescent on veins below, 4-5cm broad, 4cm long.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers. Peduncles sparsely to moderately pubescent, 6-7cm long, 1.1mm in diameter. Flowers - Petals yellow, with some brownish-black striping, to 1.3cm long. Lateral petals bearded at throat. Lowest petal saccate at base. Stamens 4, with filaments connate around ovary. Stigma globose with tufts of hairs from opposing sides. Ovary 1-locular. Placentation parietal. Sepals 5, green with lighter margins, lanceolate, +/-8mm long, 3mm broad, glabrous. Margins minutely ciliate at base. Fruits ovoid to globose, lanate.
Flowering - March - May. Habitat - On rich wooded slopes, thickets. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - You can't miss this plant in the wild. Like most of the Violets, it blooms early and shows up well against the dark forest floor. The corolla is yellow which makes for easy identification in the wild.
Steyermark lists two varieties for the plant. Variety leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. has glabrous fruits. Variety pensylvanica has pubescent fruits. Both varieties are common in the state with the var. leiocarpa being a bit more frequent.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To 3m tall, herbaceous, erect, multiple from the base, branching, winged, glaucous. Wings to +2mm broad, antrorse strigose on the margins, sparse pubescent.
Leaves - Alternate, sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, reduced upward, dull dark green and scabrous adaxially, light green and less scabrous abaxially, to 25cm long, 7-8cm broad. Margins typically somewhat revolute, shallow serrate. Venation of blade expressed abaxially. Leaf tissue decurrent and winging the stem. Base of leaf and its node often purplish.
Inflorescence - Loose corymbose arrangement of terminal flower heads. Peduncles scabrous, antrorse strigose. Involucre - Phyllaries uniseriate, reflexed, spatulate to oblanceolate, to 1cm long, 2mm broad, acute, mostly glabrous but with antrorse strigose margins.
Ray flowers - 5-8 per flower head, reflexed at maturity, sterile. Ligule yellow, +/-2.2cm long, +/-8mm broad, glabrous, with a single notch at the apex. Corolla tube greenish, antrorse strigose. Achene green in flower, 1.2mm long in flower. Pappus of two awns. Disk flowers - Disk becoming globose with age. Corolla 5mm long, constricted for the basal 1mm, glabrous and yellow externally, 5-lobed. Lobes erect, 1.2mm long, acute. Stamens 5, included, adnate at the apex of the constriction of the corolla tube. Filaments 1mm long, compressed, with an obvious midvein, glabrous. Anthers purple, 2.2mm long, connate around the style. Style bifurcate. Stigmas yellow, curling, slightly exserted. Achenes ovate, compressed, 2mm broad and long in flower, glabrous, with a few hairs on the margins. Pappus of 2 awns. Chaff partially enclosing the achene, acuminate, +/-5mm long, keeled, antrorse strigillose on the margins and keel. Flowering - August - October. Habitat - Low open and rich woods, low meadows, valleys and alluvial woods near streams, ditches, thickets, roadsides. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This showy species can be found throughout Missouri and is quite common. The plant is easy to identify in the field because of its winged stems and reflexed ray flowers and phyllaries. Many insects are attracted to the plant and it would do well in cultivation. Another species, V. helianthoides Michx., is similar but has appressed phyllaries and spreading ray flowers. V. helianthoides is less common in Missouri.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To +2m tall at anthesis, from stout taproot, herbaceous, densely stellate pubescent, winged by decurrent leaf tissue, erect, sometimes branching at inflorescence.
Leaves - First years leaves in a basal rosette to +1m in diameter but typically less. Blades entire to crenate to crenate-dentate, to 75cm long, 15cm broad, oblong to narrowly obovate, tapering at base, rounded or subacute at apex, dense stellate pubescent (soft to the touch), with prominent veins below. Margins often undulate. Cauline leaves becoming oblanceolate, sessile, reduced upwards, with tissue decurrent and undulate.
Inflorescence - Indeterminate dense terminal spike to 1m tall (long). Foliaceous to scalelike bracts subtending flowers. Bracts equaling or longer than calyx, dense stellate pubescent. Flowers - Corolla yellow, zygomorphic, 5-lobed, +/-2.5cm broad. Corolla tube to +/-8mm long. Lobes rounded, stellate pubescent externally, glabrous internally. Stamens 5(3+2), alternating with corolla lobes, adnate on basal half of corolla tube, the upper 3 shorter than the lower 2. Filaments yellow, to 1.1cm long, villous mostly in upper half (hairs fewer and secund on lower two stamens). Anthers orange, 2mm long. Style green, mostly glabrous but with some hairs at base, -1cm long. Stigma capitate. Ovary superior, stellate pubescent to tomentose, 2-locular. Placentation axile. Ovules many. Calyx accrescent, 5-lobed, dense stellate pubescent. Tube to 2mm long. Lobes 5-6mm long, 2-3mm broad at base, lance-acuminate. Capsule to 1cm long, broadly ovoid, stellate pubescent, many-seeded, with persistent style.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Pastures, fields, waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - This common plant was one of the first, if not the first, introduced plants from Europe to North America. In Carravaggio's painting "Saint John the Baptist", (painted ~1604AD), V. thapsus is painted at the feet of John the Baptist. Incidentally, this painting is displayed in Kansas City at the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art. V. thapsus is unmistakable in the field. The fuzzy leaves and long flowering spikes can't be missed. The plant is common throughout Missouri. Traditionally V. thapsus has been used to cure headaches, fevers, cramps, burns, and a host of other ailments (including cold feet). The plant does contain coumarins and other toxins so it should be used wisely.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To +1m tall, glabrous below, glandular pubescent in inflorescence, carinate, from large taproot, herbaceous, branching above or simple, erect.
Leaves - Basal leaves in rosette, pinnately lobed, to +17cm long, +/-5cm broad, oblanceolate, sessile, glabrous or with very sparse pubescence below on midrib, often rugose above. Lobes serrate to crenate-serrate or crisped. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile, clasping, biserrate, lanceolate, reduced above, glabrous or with sparse hairs on midrib below. Leaves in inflorescence reduced to bracts.
Inflorescence - Terminal spikiform indeterminate raceme to +40cm tall, elongating in fruit. Flowers subtended by foliaceous bracts. Bracts and axis densely glandular pubescent. Pedicels to +1cm long in flower, longer in fruit, 1.1mm in diameter, dense glandular pubescent. Flowers - Corolla zygomorphic, 5-lobed, yellow, to -4cm broad. Lobes rounded, glabrous. Stamens 5, filaments to 9mm long, densely villous, the pubescence wine in color. Anthers 3mm broad, bright orange. Style filiform, glabrous, 1cm long, purple. Ovary superior, densely glandular, subglobose, 2-locular. Placentation axile. Calyx 5-lobed, densely glandular pubescent. Tube to -1mm long. Lobes to 8mm long, -3mm broad, recurved, linear. Fruit a globose capsule to 8mm in diameter, many seeded, glandular pubescent.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Pastures, rocky open ground, waste ground, rocky streambanks, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is an interesting plant. The upper portion of the stems are densely glandular pubescent and the flowers are brilliant and neat to look at. The densely pubescent filaments contrast the yellow of the corolla and make for a striking display. I always wonder why people go to garden centers to buy plants when some of the best plants are growing on the side of the road. This plant is easy to grow from seed and produces huge quantities of it. The globose fruits contain many tiny seeds each. There is another form of the species, form erubescens Brugger, synonymous with form albiflora (G. Don) House, which has a white corolla, but otherwise is identical. You can find this form in the "White Flowers Leaves Alternate" section of this website. Both forms are common in Missouri except for in the Northwest corner of the state where the plant seems to be absent.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年08月09日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Liliaceae Stems - To +30cm tall, erect, simple to branching above, glabrous, glaucous, fleshy, herbaceous, from rhizomes and thickened roots. Leaves - Alternate, perfoliate, rounded at base, acute at apex, entire, glabrous, with 3-5 prominent parallel veins, to +8cm long, 3cm broad. Inflorescence - Single flower terminating stems. Pedicel to 1.5cm long, glabrous. Flowers pendant.
Flowers - Tepals 6, yellow, spirally curled, linear-oblong, entire, acute, glabrous, to +4cm long, 6mm broad. Stamens 6, erect. Filaments compressed, 5mm long, white, glabrous. Anthers 1.6cm long, yellow. Ovary superior, 3-sided, 5mm long, 4mm broad, 3-valved, 3-locular. Placentation axile. Ovules many. Styles 3, connate in basal 1/2, to 1.3cm long, yellowish-green, glabrous. Stigmas slightly curved at apex.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Rich rocky woods, steep slopes, alluvial valleys. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This striking species is common throughout Missouri except in some of the prairie areas. This species is one of the earlier plants to bloom in the spring. Another species, U. sessifolia L. is similar but has sessile leaves, not perfoliate leaves.
The roots and young shoots of U. grandiflora can be eaten. Traditionally, the plant was used to treat sore muscles, backaches, toothaches, and swelling. This species grows well from seed and should be cultivated more.
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