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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
Roses can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction does not use seeds and generates exact duplicates, or clones, of the parent rose. If you want to create new varieties of roses, you must grow them from seeds instead of utilizing asexual reproduction methods.
Types of Roses The method of asexual reproduction to use will differ depending upon the type of rose. According to the article "How Do I Propagate Roses?" in the Ultimate Resource and Learning Center, old roses, English roses and miniatures are the best candidates for softwood rooting because they grow vigorously on their own roots. You can also use hybrid teas and floribundas. Methods of Asexual Reproduction There are three methods of asexual reproduction of roses: softwood rooting, hardwood rooting and bud grafting. Rooting refers to cutting a cane of an existing rose and replanting it. Hardwood and softwood rooting are similar processes; according to rosemagazine.com, the only difference is that softwood cuttings are made from shoots that are still green and are kept indoors until they mature. Bud grafting refers to a process in which you cut a bud off a rose bush and insert it into the stem of the rose you want to reproduce. Hardwood Rooting To reproduce roses via hardwood rooting, you must begin in late summer or early autumn. Rosemagazine.com says to cut off a cane from an existing rose that is 1 to 2 feet in length. Remove the leaves, twigs and thorns and cut the cane into pieces 6 to 9 inches in length. Prepare a rooting hormone solution by soaking cut up willow twigs in water overnight. Place the cuttings in the willow water the next day and let them sit overnight. Once the cuttings have soaked, plant each one in a separate pot filled with potting soil. At least two-thirds of the cutting should be under the soil. Spray the cuttings with water. Place plastic bags over the cuttings and put them outside. They must be shielded from direct sunlight. Over the next month, check the pot once every few days to make sure the cuttings are moist and spray with water as needed. The cuttings will take root within a month.
Softwood Rooting Rosemagazine.com says that softwood rooting is similar to hardwood rooting, but you should use a green side shoot and trim off all soft growth when preparing the cutting. You should also keep the cuttings indoors until winter is over to ensure they are not exposed to frost. The Ultimate Learning and Resource Center suggests planting your cuttings in plastic bags and transferring them to pots only after the roots have begun to grow. Bud Grafting Commercial roses are created by grafting buds onto existing roses. Love-of-Roses.com provides a method for doing this yourself. First, cut a green shoot off the rose bush as you would when softwood rooting roses. Soak the cutting in water overnight. Then cut the buds off the shoot with a sharp knife. Make a T-shaped cut in the rose to which you are grafting. The top of the T and the base of the T should both be approximately 1 inch long. This cut creates flaps on the stem of the rose; when you peel them back you should see a slimy, green layer, If you have cut into the green layer, you have cut too deeply. Pop the bud into the cut and bind it with grafting tape or twist ties. Monitor it to make sure roots don't form on the outside of the rose stem.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
Hundreds of millions of red roses are sold annually on Valentine's Day, a holiday dedicated to romance. Long-stemmed red roses have become almost intertwined with the holiday, but the meaning of a single, long-stemmed red rose extends far beyond a single day of the year. Popular in cut flower arrangements of all kinds, red roses have deep historical and cultural significance in many areas of the world.
History Commonly, hybrid tea roses are used for bouquets, arrangements, corsages and other floral embellishments. Hybrid tea roses were first introduced in the 17th century when Chinese roses were cross-bred with roses from Europe. The long-stemmed, sweet-smelling roses that resulted are widely used around the world today. The word "rose" originates from the Greek use of the word, "red," which to them symbolized the blood of the god Adonis. Roses were also frequently used by the Romans for decoration. Types Hybrid tea roses are among the most popular and commonly seen types of long-stemmed red roses, but there are many types of roses around the world. South American roses and Ecuadorean roses are highly sought-after for their large, beautiful blossoms. Bright red Kardinal, dark red Mr. Lincoln and deep red Madam Delbard roses are also used by florists when long-stemmed red roses are called for. All roses fall into one of four main groups: bush, climbing, ground cover and shrub, with most roses falling into the "bush" category.
Origins of Meanings According to Jack Goody's "The Culture of Flowers," Eastern cultures first assigned meanings to roses. The tradition stems from times when written language was forbidden in the Ottoman culture. The trend of talking through flowers became popularized in Regency-era England. A single rose in any color is a symbol of perfection. Meaning Red roses are strongly associated with love and passion, though the flowers may also convey respect, courage and congratulations. A single, long-stemmed red rose is often used to say "I love you." Red roses might also symbolize desire or attraction. Uses Red roses are as widely used today as they once were in Regency England. Some reality television shows use single, long-stemmed red roses on every episode. Annually, the winning horse in the Kentucky Derby is draped with a blanket of bright, red roses in a show of congratulations. Red roses are one of the most popular symbols of love.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
If you've ever heard of soapy water being used as a treatment for rose bushes, it certainly wasn't meant to clean them. Soap contains fatty acids and salts that are damaging to the protective coating of many soft-bodied rose pests. Soaps used to kill rose pests are called insecticidal soaps, and they are a nontoxic, biodegradable alternative to chemical pesticides, which often do more harm than good.
Common Rose Pest Aphids are the most common rose pest. Different species attack roses, including the rose aphid, the potato aphid and the cotton aphid. Healthy roses and resistant varieties can withstand light aphid infestations, and aphids can easily be dislodged by hand or by a strong jet of water. Heavy infestations can secrete a lot of honeydew, which not only attracts ants--which end up protecting the aphids from their natural predators as they pirate the honeydew--but also leads to development of sooty mold, a black fungus that completely covers the foliage. Since aphids are soft-bodied insects, they are among the pests that insecticidal soaps can control. Function Insecticidal soaps are formulated to kill garden pests, specifically soft-bodied pests such as aphids, spider mites and thrips, pests that commonly attack roses. Insecticidal soaps wash away the cuticle--an insect's protective coating--allowing the fatty acids in the soap to penetrate the insect's exterior, causing cell death. Benefits Unlike chemical-based insecticides, insecticidal soap, when used as directed by the product, poses few risks to neighboring plants, the environment or people and animals. It is possible, provided the right soap is used, to make homemade insecticidal soaps, which also saves money.
Risks Insecticidal soaps can harm aquatic life and should be used with caution near waterways. They are also capable of harming beneficial insects such as pollinators, but especially the ladybug larvae that love to feed on aphids. Considerations In order to be effective, insecticidal soaps must make contact with the insect and must cover the top and bottom of the leaves as well as the affected buds. Roses should be sprayed in the morning so the soap will dry completely. If the soap does not evaporate quickly enough, there is a risk of the soap burning the leaves. This is called phytotoxicity. Hard water is not effective with insecticidal soaps, which must be used with soft or distilled water.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
The rose plant (Rosa genus) is about 35 million years old, according to the University of Illinois. Historically, roses have always been popular plants, beloved for their long blooming period, fragrance and beauty, although these things vary depending on species and cultivar. There are around 150 species of roses, with many more cultivars, making it easy for home gardeners to choose just the right rose for their gardens.
Types There are five broad types of roses, according to the University of Illinois. Species roses are those plants that grow naturally in the wild. They are very hardy rose plants, require minimum care, and range widely in size and appearance. Old European roses are those roses that were hybridized in England before the 18th century. They were bred to be very cold hardy and thrive best in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) growing zones 3 through 5. Repeat-blooming roses were cultivated from old European roses to bloom all summer long. Along with their cold hardiness, these roses are also known for their strong, pleasing fragrance. Modern roses are the most popular roses sold. These are also called hybrid tea or grandiflora rose plants. They are known for their heavily petaled flowers and wonderful fragrance. Shrub roses are those that do not fit into any of the other categories. They are not all shrubs or upright plants. Some are also ground covers or climbers. Appearance Roses have canes, which can be very thick or quite slender. These are the branches from which the flowers bloom. Some are covered with thorns. The leaves of rose plants are ovate and range from medium to dark green in color. They grow in clusters of three or five. The flowers of roses can range from simple, five-petaled blooms to large, heavily ruffled beauties. Rose plants range widely in size, according to Clemson University. Some miniature roses only reach a maximum height of 8 inches, while a few species of climbing roses can climb to 50 feet. Most climbing roses do not get more than 15 feet tall, however. The popular hybrid tea rose plants, which are upright and bushy in form, average between 4 and 6 feet in height and width.
Colors and Cultivars Roses come in all colors and hues, from a very deep red that looks almost black, to roses that have two or three colors in one flower. There are no blue roses, however. "Golden Celebration" is a bright, cheerful yellow that has a scent to match the flower. This rose smells like honey and will bloom from June to November in USDA zones 5 through 10. "Martin Frobisher" features light pink or lavender blooms, has no thorns and will bloom all summer long. This cold-hardy rose (to USDA zone 2) will reach heights of 7 feet if left unpruned. "Kiss Me" has very large (up to 24 petals) flowers that are a delicate, salmon color. They are very fragrant and grow in USDA zones 4 through 9. Growing Environment Rose plants are somewhat particular about their growing environment. Roses must have well-draining soil in order to survive, according to Clemson University. A raised bed works well, which should be in full sunlight. Roses also need plenty of air circulation and rich, organic, loamy soil. Problems Rose plants can suffer from insect pests and diseases. They may develop brown or black spots on the leaves, which are caused by a fungus that travels on water and can be avoided by making sure watering is done at the ground level. Aphids, which are tiny white or light green insects, love roses and may cover the stems and leaves of the plant. Insecticides might be needed to get rid of them. Rose plants may also seem to wither up or wilt. This could be caused by root rot, which develops when the soil becomes overly wet for too long. Do not over-water roses, and make sure the planting site does not collect standing water.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
Roses are the classic flowers of romance and elegance, and purple roses can make a remarkable statement in a bouquet or garden. This color is available in all types of rose plant cultivars (cultivated varieties), including hybrid tea, floribunda and climbing. Fragrance, shape and purple shade all vary among types, and sometimes even depending on the nutrients available to the rose from the soil and fertilizer. Purple roses may also be grandiflora, miniature or hedge roses.
Shades of Purple Purple roses, regardless of type, divide into three main categories by shade: lavender, mauve and purple. Lavender roses are the palest shade, with more blue than red defining the purple color, although they can sometimes appear pinkish in photos. Mauve has more red than blue in the purple, sometimes resembling a burgundy color, but still truly purple. Finally, true purple roses are a perfect combination of red and blue, creating an eye-catching, deep purple color. Purple Hybrid Tea Roses Rose enthusiasts developed hybrid tea varieties by cross-breeding two kinds of roses. These roses grow tall on straight stems, usually with a single blossom per stem. They are ideal as cut flowers or specimen plants. Varieties of purple tea roses include Silver Star, Blue Moon, Blue Nile, Blue River, Stainless Steel and Neptune. Purple Floribunda and Grandiflora Roses Floribunda roses tend to be shrubby, with a profusion of blossoms on every stem, sometimes tending to grow in clusters. They are a modern rose developed by cross-breeding two other rose types. Purple floribunda varieties include Cotillion, Burgundy Iceberg and Enchanted Evening. Grandifloras are rose bushes similar in form to floribundas, but tend to be larger, with their flowers taking more of a hybrid-tea-rose shape. Melody Parfumee and Sweetness are both grandiflora cultivars. Purple Climbing Roses Any variety of rose, including floribunda and hybrid tea, can develop a climbing form. The canes of climbing roses are longer and more flexible than those of bush forms and can reach heights of 8 feet or more, although shorter ones are also available. Night Owl is a purple climbing rose.
Purple Miniature Roses Measuring 6 to 36 inches in height, miniature roses are often sold as houseplants, although they descend from outdoor shrubs. Most modern miniature roses are repeat bloomers, rather than the single bloomers they once were. Demitasse, Sweet Chariot and Blue Peter are three varieties of modern miniature roses. Shrub and Purple Hedge Roses A shrub rose is simply a type of rose that takes on a shrub form, while hedge roses are roses--usually a shrub rose type--used to form a hedge or border. Lavender Dream, Lavender Lassie, Blue Boy and Outta the Blue are purple shrub roses, and Fragrant Lavender Simplicity® is a purple hedge rose.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
The joy of having "Knock Out" roses is that they are so easy to grow. The disease-, drought- and pest-resistant roses practically take care of themselves. They make attractive, low-maintenance hedges in the landscape. By rooting the cuttings from a "Knock Out" rose, you can have your own easy-to-grow roses.
Step 1 Take cuttings from the tip of the "Knock Out" rose, in the area where the hip is beginning to form. Cut a stem six to eight inches long, at a 45 degree angle, using a sharp knife. Do not allow cuttings to dry out. Step 2 Select a location for the cuttings to root. A location on the east side of your house, which gets plenty of sunlight, but not direct light, is a good location for your "Knock Out" cuttings. Mix peat moss and composted pine bark, with the existing soil. Soil should be kept moist, but well drained. Step 3 Remove the leaves on the lower half of the rose cutting, allowing them to remain on the upper half of the cutting. Dip half of the cutting into the rooting hormone. Take your pencil and make a small hole into the soil. Put that portion of the cutting, which has rooting hormone on it, into the hole.
Step 4 Place the cuttings eight inches apart. Firm the soil around the cuttings, by pressing the soil with your palms, to ensure good soil contact. Water the cuttings thoroughly. If necessary, protect the cuttings from the cold. Step 5 Water the cuttings every other day, if it does not rain. In the spring the "Knock Out" roses will develop leaves and roots. Although they have roots, it is best to leave the young roses in place for one year or until they can be transplanted, without damage. Step 6 Transplant the young roses to a location that has at least six hours of sun. Do this while the plants are dormant in late winter.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
The rose family (Rosaceae) is an amazingly large family of flowering plants characterized by flowers with five separate petals and numerous stamens that protrude from a cup-like base. There are over 2800 species of ornamental roses: over 100 of these are wild with 35 native to the United States. Rosaceae is the third largest plant family in both world distribution and economic importance. Plants in the Rosacea family are surpassed in number only by the plant families of peas (Fabales) and grass (Poaceae).
The Family Rosaceae The Rosaceae family includes several popular fruit bearing plants such as almond (Prunus dulcis), apricot, (Prunus armeniaca), pear (Pyrus calleryana), plum (Prunus domestica), apple (Malus pumila), cherry (Prunus avium or sweet cherry) (Prunus cerasus or sour cherry), peach and nectarine (Prunus persica), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and raspberry (Rubus), as well as ornamental roses (Rosa). Plants from the Rosacae family yield fruits and flowers that are of immense economic importance. The value of these fruits, rose plants, cut roses and other products derived from the plant family support a wide variety of industries, farms and employees. The monies generated from product sales exceed $180 billion dollars annually. Rose Bushes & Cut Flowers Rose bushes are used as ornamental plants and cut roses are the favored flower of wedding bouquets and floral gifts. The majority of cut roses are sold by florist for three major United States holidays; Valentine's Day, Mother's Day and Christmas. However, roses are considered the "gift of lovers" and are sold year-around for floral delivery and cut flower sales. Roses sold during the three holiday periods may sell for up to ten times the cost of the price realized by growers during the remainder of the year. It is estimated, that as many as 130 billion rose stems are sold annually worldwide. Roses grown for transplant can be planted from early spring until late fall. Rose bush sales are a major portion of plant nursery and landscape plant contractor sales.
Fragrance Bulgaria, which produces the famous "Bulgarian Rose", highly prized by the perfume industry for it's intense fragrance, has seen a sharp decline in rose production. Subsidies to farmers that grew Bulgarian Roses have been reduced and land cultivation has been diverted to more lucrative cash crops. To replace the depletion of Bulgarian Rose cultivation, other highly fragrant roses from Persia and Africa are grown for their fragrant oil. Rose essential oil is used in soaps, shampoos, lotions, potions and a plethora of cosmetic products. North American Rose Growers The number of North American growers of commercial roses has declined over the past decades from over 500 growers to less than 50. The majority of the world's rose supply is provided by over 200 million rose plants grown in Africa, Central and South America. North America is unable to compete with the low cost of labor available in these regions. Economic Impact Roses are cherished around the world for their beauty and scent. To meet the enormous demand for cut roses, rose bushes and rose oil, commercial growers plant literally tens of thousands of acres of roses. Growing roses is labor intensive as they require pruning, spraying, fertilizing and harvesting, most of which must be done by hand. Rose cultivation provides employment to workers in the farming, transportation, marketing, delivery industries as well as wholesale and retail sales outlets. Internationally, the cut floral industry, of which roses accounts for two-thirds of all selections, exceeds $40 billion dollars each year.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
Roses hold a spiritual significance throughout history. Monks took care of rose gardens in the Middle Ages. Biblical scholars cite references to roses in the Bible. A single red rose, as the Alchemy Guild points out, symbolizes the mystic center.
Soul The rose is a symbol of the soul in the Muslim religion. Prophet Muhammad used roses as part of his spiritual practices. The fragrance of the rose reminds followers of the connection with their souls. Christianity Roses appear in religious depictions of paradise. As the Rev. Theodore A. Koehler notes, the red rose stands for martyrs. The five petals of the rose signify the wounds of Christ. The Virgin Mary is the "Mystic Rose." Colors The color of a rose has spiritual significance. The white rose, the "rose of confession" stands for pure spiritual love. White roses in a bridal bouquet represent a holy union. Red roses stand for sacrifice.
Number Giving a single white rose expresses forgiveness. A bouquet of a dozen roses means "true love" because 12 is considered by many religions as a complete cycle. Nine roses stand for eternal love. Mythology Aphrodite is depicted with roses in her hair. Achilles's shield has a rose emblem. The Greek poet Sappho wrote about roses.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen

If you live in a growing zone where the ground freezes, you'll need to cover your Knock Out roses (Rosa 'Radrazz') with protective materials to get them ready for winter. Knock Out roses, including other varieties such as Double Knock Out (Rosa hybrida 'Radtko'), are hardy in United States Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 to 9. In those warmer zones where the ground doesn't freeze, you might find that the bushes are some of the most carefree plants you have because they won't require deadheading or much special winter care. Water in Late Fall The time to start thinking about the winterizing process is long before winter actually arrives. As the temperatures start to drop in the autumn, but before the first hard freeze -- which will be at different times, depending on your growing zone -- give your roses a good, deep watering. Knock Out roses need about 1 inch per week on a regular basis. Moist soil will help protect the plant's roots from damage. Also stop feeding the plants additional nitrogen as the days get cooler. Tie Canes Together Knock Out roses can grow as high as 5 to 8 feet tall, possibly putting them in danger of breakage from the weight of winter snow -- but since they're an "own root" species that grow from their own roots, they're vigorous plants that will survive the onslaught. Fall pruning is not recommended, suggests University of Illinois Extension Master Gardener Judy Penticoff on the Rockford Register Star website. For bush or shrub-type roses -- including Knock Outs -- the Ohio State University Extension recommends loosely tying the canes together near their tops with string, taking care not to bend the canes.
Add Protective Layers If you live in USDA zone 5 or lower, take additional steps to protect your Knock Out roses. As a general rule, roses need additional protection from the winter cold when the temperatures drop to 20 degrees Fahrenheit for a few days on end, suggests Colorado State University Extension. After tying the canes together, place 8 to 10 inches of garden soil around the bottom of the shrub, or use other types of mulch. Leaves, shredded newspaper, pine needles or other organic matter are all suitable choices. To further protect your roses, cover the entire shrub with burlap material, or purchase winterizing cylinders from a garden supply store. Pile mulch around the shrub, cover with the cone, and then place a heavy rock or brick on top to keep the cylinder from blowing away in the winter winds. Care for Knock Outs in Warmer Climates Knock Out roses were designed to be winter-hardy and low-maintenance, so in warm growing zones without a hard frost and plant dieback, you may be tempted to simply leave them to do their thing. But low-maintenance doesn't mean no-maintenance, reminds University of Florida master gardener Paula Wetherby of the Florida Times-Union. In warm climates, you still need to plant your Knock Out roses in an area that gets good soil drainage and air flow and at least four to six hours of sunlight. Wherever you live, your "winterizing" tasks will also include pruning your Knock Out roses in late winter, before new growth appears. Using pruning tools that you've wiped down with a solution of 1 part bleach to 2 parts water, cut the shrub back to half its height and width, making cuts at a 45-degree angle just above a bud nodule.
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Miss Chen
2017年08月10日
Miss Chen
Many insects eat holes in the leaves of rose bushes. The damage can range from ragged leaves to complete defoliation. The damage, while not pretty, is generally not enough to cause the rose bush to die. Remove the affected leaves by pruning the rose bush. Watch for pests as you work. Rose growers who do not grow organically may find that using a rose fertilizer with systemic insecticide solves rose pest problems.
Leaf-Cutter Bees Hollow rose bush stems attract leaf-cutter bees, according to Texas A & M University. The leaf-cutter bees use the plant material removed from the rose leaves to create walls in the nesting cells where the young bees develop. These bees are important pollinators, according to Clemson University. It is best to simply remove the affected leaves if the holes bother you. Rose Slug Large holes in the leaves of rose bushes will not appear until the rose slug larvae mature, according to the University of California. Young larvae, however, will skeletonize the lower surface of the leaf. Although the larvae may look like a caterpillar, they are not. Remove them immediately by handpicking. Spraying the rose bush with a hard stream of water from a hose can dislodge them from the underside of the leaf. The best time to look for them, according to Clemson University, is at night. Soil drenches, insecticidal soap and horticultural oil are additional options for control of rose slugs.
Japanese Beetles Japanese beetles are one of the worst of the rose pests because they eat both the leaves and the roses. Although it is more common to see leaves skeletonized once the beetles are on them, there are instances where the leaves simply have holes in them. Numerous control options are used for these pests, according to Clemson University. Milky spore will destroy grubs in your lawn but will not do anything for controlling beetles that fly in from other yards. Japanese beetle traps, according to Clemson University, simply attract beetles, so unless you can position it 50 feet from the plants you wish to protect, it is useless. The most effective method is to handpick the beetles during the early evening hours. Brush the beetles into a jar filled with hot soapy water, and put a lid on it. Shake the jar to submerge the beetles. Other natural control methods include poultry, which love to eat these pests, and using netting to keep the beetles off your flowers. Several chemical insecticides, according to Clemson University, work as well.
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