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Miss Chen
2018年08月02日
Miss Chen
The name golden moss fern is deceptive as this plant is neither a moss nor a fern, but it does share characteristics of both. Like ferns and moss, this plant is non-flowering and produces spores as a primary means of reproduction. It grows just 6 inches tall with a spreading growth pattern that resembles a moss. Golden moss fern grows well as a ground cover in shady damp areas. It is also known by its scientific name, Selaginella kraussiana 'aurea,' or the common name gold clubmoss.
Step 1 Plant golden moss fern in peat or humus-rich soil. A shady spot that naturally stays slightly damp most of the year is ideal. Avoid planting it in areas that experience periods of standing water or perpetually muddy conditions. Step 2 Dig a planting hole the same depth and 3 to 4 inches wider than the root mass. Slide the golden moss fern out of the nursery container and place it upright in the hole. Backfill the hole and smooth the soil under the golden moss fern. Step 3 Space multiple plants 6 to 12 inches apart. Individual golden moss fern plants reach a diameter of up to 2 feet when mature, but you may plant them closer together to get a ground cover started and then divide the plant later if they get too crowded. Step 4 Fertilize the plants twice a month. Use an all-purpose balanced fertilizer but dilute it to one-quarter the strength recommended on the package. Select a water-soluble or a slow-release formula. Discontinue fertilizing in the fall and resume in the spring. Step 5 Water the soil around golden moss ferns when it starts to feel dry on top. Soak the area around each plant down to 1 to 2 inches deep.
Step 6 Divide golden moss fern in the spring. Dig up the entire root ball and pull it into sections of about 4 to 6 inches across. Replant the divisions in the garden or pot them for use as indoor plants. Replant the main root mass in the original spot.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月02日
Miss Chen
Anthurium is a genus of tropical flowers native to the West Indies, Mexico and South America. They are commonly grown in warm climates such as Hawaii and southern Florida, as well as indoors and in greenhouses. They are noted for their large, colorful flowers and long spathes and are often used in bouquets and floral arrangements. Anthuriums can be propagated from seed and through division or cuttings. Division is the fastest method to propagate anthuriums and can be done by the average home gardener.
Step 1 Examine the plant and look for offshoots that emerge from the ground near the main stem. The shoots grow from the roots of the main plant. In one year, up to 15 can appear from a healthy anthurium. Step 2 Dig up healthy-looking offshoots. Using sharp garden clippers, cut the roots about 4 to 5 inches deep to remove the offshoots from the mother plant. These aerial roots are necessary for successful propagation.
Step 3 Replant the divided shoots in 4- to 6-inch pots that are filled with rich, organic potting soil. Keep the soil moist and place the pots in a humid location with partial sun.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月02日
Miss Chen
Lamb's ear, known scientifically as Stachys byzantina, is a fuzzy plant with grayish-green leaves. It produces flowers in the spring and summer ranging in color from white to pink. In the early spring and late fall, lamb's ear creates a silvery coating on the ground that some find unappealing. Lamb's ear has a tendency to be invasive and often develops brown leaves near its base. You can remove unwanted or brown growth by pruning your lamb's ear plant in less than 10 minutes.
Step 1 Rinse your scissors or garden clippers to remove dirt and debris with warm water. Wipe the blades dry before sanitizing them with rubbing alcohol. Even though lamb's ear is a hardy plant, you should take these precautions to lessen the chance of infection from pruning. Step 2 Cut dead or browning leaves from the entirety of the lamb's ear plant, allowing only healthy foliage to remain. Make the cuts about 1/4 inch away from the body of the plant, ensuring you do not damage any other leaves in the process. The cut should be as small and clean as possible to lessen the time your lamb's ear must devote to healing. Discard the pruned leaves.
Step 3 Remove areas of the lamb's ear you find unappealing or sections of the plant that have spread beyond their boundaries. It will continue to grow back, requiring regular pruning, but this lessens the overwhelming effect lamb's ear can have on your garden. Cut the unwanted growth as close to the ground or main plant as possible for maximum impact.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月02日
Miss Chen
Elephant ear plants (Colocasia esculenta) are mostly grown for their showy foliage as they have massive, ornamental leaves. Common names for elephant ear include taro, dasheen and coco yam. Elephant ears are generally planted in spring, once all danger of frost has passed, and only grow outdoors year-round in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8b through 11. They can flower from late spring to early fall. Elephant ears can be invasive and are on invasive plants databases for Texas and Florida.
Bloom Period Elephant ears may bloom from spring through to summer with inconspicuous green flowers on long stalks. The flower has a modified leaf or spathe that covers the stalk, while the stalk consists of a cluster of tiny flowers. Flowering depends upon growing conditions and elephant ear plants may not bloom every year. Their showy foliage make up for their lack of attractive flowers. Foliage Color Elephant ears will grow up to 5 feet tall. The various cultivars bring a range of colors. "Black Magic" has burgundy or black foliage, "Chicago Harlequin" produces dark green foliage contrasted with random blotches of lighter green and the green foliage of "Illustris" has lime green veins and edging and is overlaid with black. Pigsqueak Also sometimes called elephant ears, pigsqueak (Bergenia cordifolia) grows in damp, shady areas. It produces tall panicles of pink flowers in spring. These plants grow up to 2 feet tall and are renowned for the vibrant fall colors. Pigsqueak grows in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 through 8.
Pigsqueak Colors Pigsqueak cultivars offer a range of spring bloom colors. "Silver Light" has white blooms, "Ballawlay" produces red flowers, while "Evening Glow's" flowers are magenta. The common variety blooms in pink.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a summer annual about 2-5' tall (in more tropical climates, it is a perennial). More or less erect, Mexican Tea branches occasionally to frequently; Small side branches frequently develop from the axils of the leaves. The stems are terete to slightly angular, hairless, conspicuously veined, and variably colored – often some combination of olive green, dull red, and cream. The alternate leaves are up to 4" long and 1½" across; they are ovate to narrowly ovate, medium green to yellow-green or red-green, and hairless. The bases of these leaves are always wedge-shaped and never rounded. The leaf undersides are never white-mealy. The leaf margins are highly variable, even on the same plant – smooth, undulate, bluntly dentate, or somewhat pinnatifid. The upper leaves are smaller in size than the moderate to lower leaves, and their leaf margins are more smooth. Both the stems and leaves have minute glands that secrete an aromatic oil; they exude a somewhat musky medicinal scent. The upper stems and smaller side stems terminate in spikes of sessile flowers (up to 1' long) that are interspersed with small leafy bracts. The small greenish flowers are arranged in dense clusters along these spikes. Each flower is a little less than ¼" across, consisting of 5 green sepals, a rather flat pistil with tiny styles, and 5 stamens with large white anthers. The small sepals are ovate in shape and curved inward; they are neither hairy nor white-mealy. The anthers are the most conspicuous part of the flower. The blooming period occurs from mid-summer into the fall and lasts 2-3 months. The bisexual flowers are wind-pollinated, although they can also self-pollinate themselves. Each flower is replaced by a single tiny seed (achene); a thinDistribution Map membrane surrounding the seed is rather loose and easily removed. The seeds are round, flattened, black, and shiny; they are small enough to be blown about by the wind. The root system consists of a taproot. Cultivation: Mexican Tea prefers full to partial sun and moist to slightly dry conditions. Growth is more robust in fertile loamy soil with abundant nitrogen, but it will adapt to other kinds of soil. Range & Habitat: The non-native Mexican Tea is occasional in the southern half of Illinois, becoming uncommon or absent in the northern half of the state. It was introduced from tropical America as a medicinal herb. Habitats include fields, roadsides, vacant lots, and waste areas. Mexican Tea is still cultivated in gardens, from where it occasionally escapes and manages to reseed itself. Disturbed habitats of a relatively open character are strongly preferred. Faunal Associations: Information that is specific to Mexican Tea is lacking (except for grazing mammals), therefore faunal-floral relationships for Chenopodium spp. in general will be presented. I suspect that some insects are deterred by the toxicity of the floral oil, and don't feed on this species to same extent as other Chenopodium spp. The caterpillars of two skippers, Pholisora catullus (Common Sootywing) and Staphylus hayhurstii (Hayhurst's Scallopwing), feed on the leaves of Chenopodium spp. Other insect feeders include moth caterpillars, flea beetles, leaf beetles, plant bugs, and aphids (see the Insect Table for a listing of these species). The tiny seeds are eaten by many small songbirds, particularly sparrows (see the Bird Table); some upland gamebirds (e.g., Bobwhite, Hungarian Partridge, & Ring-Necked Pheasant) also eat the seeds or seedheads. Small rodents eat the seeds, including the Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel, White-Footed Mouse, and Prairie Deer Mouse. Because the foliage is toxic and probably distasteful, it is not eaten by grazing mammals; even goats refuse to eat this plant (see Georgia, 1913). Photographic Location: A garden in downtown Champaign, Illinois.
Comments: Because of its anthelmintic properties, Mexican Tea has been used to remove intestinal worms. This is one of the reasons it is cultivated as a medicinal herb. This plant can be distinguished from other Chenopodium spp. by the shape of its leaves, the absence of white-mealiness on its leaf undersides and sepals, and the strong aroma of its foliage. Its lower to middle leaves have wedge-shaped bottoms, while the leaf bottoms of similar Chenopodium spp. are usually well-rounded. Sometimes the margins of these leaves are more wavy or pinnatifid than those of other species. This combination of factors makes Mexican Tea one of the easier Chenopodium spp. to identify. A variety of Mexican Tea that is without leafy bracts in its floral spikes has been referred to as Chenopodium ambrosioides anthelminticum. It is less common than the typical variety.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This biennial plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves during the first year. During the second year, this plant becomes about 2' tall; it has branching stems that have a tendency to sprawl. The foliage contains a yellow-orange sap with irritating properties. The rather stout stems are angular, glaucous, and covered with scattered hairs. The alternate compound leaves are up to 6" long and 3" across; they are pinnate-pinnatifid or bipinnatifid and hairless to mostly hairless. Each compound leaf typically has 5 leaflets or lobes that are ovate or obovate in overall shape. These leaflets or lobes are pinnatifid with secondary lobes; they are green and hairless above, and pale green and hairless below with conspicuous veins. Their margins may be coarsely crenate or dentate as well. The secondary lobes have blunt tips. The rachis (if present) and petiole of each compound leaf may have a few scattered hairs. The flowering stalks develop oppositely from the compound leaves. Each stalk is several inches long and it has an umbel of 3-8 flowers at its apex. Each flower is ½–¾" across, consisting of 4 yellow petals, 2 sepals that fall early, a pistil with a stout style, and many yellow stamens. The pedicel of each flower is about ½–1" long. The blooming period occurs during the summer and lasts about 1-2 months. Each flower is replaced by an ascending seedpod that becomes ¾–2" long. Each seedpod is cylindrical and tapers gradually toward the apex; its outer surface is smooth, glaucous, and hairless. As the seedpod matures, it becomes somewhat constricted at intervals (torulose). The seeds are ovoid, flattened, and shiny; they have small white appendages (elaisomes). This plant reproduces by reseeding itself. Cultivation: The preference is full sun to light shade, mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil. Range & Habitat: Greater Celandine has naturalized in a few scattered counties in Illinois, where it is uncommon and usually doesn't persist (see Distribution Map). This species was introduced from Europe into North America as an herbal plant and it is still cultivated in gardens. Other habitats include woodlands, roadsides, and waste areas. Faunal Associations: As a member of the Poppy family (Papaveraceae), the flowers produce pollen only; likely flower visitors include bees and Syrphid flies. Ants are attracted to the seeds because of their elaisomes (food appendages); they carry the seeds off to their nests and help to distribute them. Because the yellow-orange sap of the foliage is toxic, acrid, and bitter-tasting, it seems unlikely that mammalian herbivores feed on this plant. With the possible exception of insects, the value of this plant to wildlife is low.
Photographic Location: An herbal garden at Meadowbrook Park in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: In the past, the sap of Greater Celandine was used to remove warts and it had other medicinal applications. However, such practices are not recommended because the sap is toxic and extremely irritating to the skin and eyes. Greater Celandine has smaller flowers than other members of the Poppy family in Illinois and its seedpods are more narrow and cylindrical as well. Because its flowers have four petals and its seedpods resemble siliques, this species could be confused with a member of the Mustard family. However, the flowers of Greater Celandine are larger in size than most members of the Mustard family and it has a distinctive yellow-orange sap. Lesser Celandine refers to another European species, Ranunculus ficaria (syn. Ficaria verna), which is a member of the Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). This latter species has yellow flowers with 8-12 petals and its leaves are orbicular-cordate with crenate margins. Therefore, it is easily distinguished from Greater Celandine.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a summer annual forming a mat of branching leafy stems up to 2' across. The stems are light green, pale red, or nearly white; they are terete, hairy, and slightly succulent. The stems are slightly swollen where the stipules of the leaves occur. Pairs of opposite leaves occur at intervals along the stems. Individual leaf blades are 3-11 mm. long and 2-6 mm. across; they are broadly oblong or ovate-oblong in shape and finely toothed along the upper margins. Leaf venation is palmate, although only the central veins are conspicuous. The upper blade surface is dull medium green and hairless to slightly hairy, while the lower surface is pale green to white and hairy. The tips of leaf blades are well-rounded, while their bases are rounded to slightly cordate and often asymmetric. Sometimes the margins of the leaf blades are tinted red. The short petioles are light green to nearly white and usually hairy. Small clusters of 1-4 inflorescences develop from the axils of each pair of leaves. Each inflorescence is about 2 mm. across, consisting of a cup-like cyathium on a short stalk that contains a single pistillate flower on a short stalk and 4 staminate flowers. Each cyathium is light green and glabrous to slightly hairy; there are 4 red nectar glands with whitish petaloid appendages along the upper rim of each cyathium. The pistillate flower consists of a 3-lobed ovary with a divided style at its apex; the ovary is light green (while immature), ovoid-globoid in shape, and its lobes have spreading hairs. The stalk of the pistillate flower curves sideways or downward initially, but it later becomes erect at maturity. A staminate flower within the inflorescence consists of a single stamen. The blooming period occurs from mid-summer into fall for about 2 months. At maturity, the ovaries develop into 3-celled seed capsules; each cell of a capsule contains a single seed. The seeds are distributed, in part, by mechanical ejection. Individual seeds are about 1.0 mm. in length, oblongoid-rectangular in shape, and transversely ridged. The root system consists of a slender taproot that branches. The foliage of this plant contains a milky latex. Cultivation: The preference is full to partial sun, dry-mesic to dry conditions, and barren soil containing sand, gravel, or clay. However, Green Creeping Spurge also adapts to soil containing fertile loam if disturbance removes taller ground vegetation. Because of its C4-metabolism and slightly succulent nature, this plant can withstand hot dry conditions.
Range & Habitat: Green Creeping Spurge is a rare plant in Illinois, where it has been accidentally introduced. It has been observed in NE Illinois and more recently in Champaign County (see Distribution Map). These records may underestimate its distribution within the state, however. Green Creeping Spurge is native to tropical America. Habitats include lawns, gardens, areas along railroads and roadsides, areas near parking lots, cracks of urban sidewalks, and barren waste places. Open sunny areas with a history of disturbance are preferred. Faunal Associations: The nectaries of the flowers attract Syrphid flies, Halictid bees, and various ants (Lasius, Formica, & Forelius spp.). Some bees may also collect pollen. Two aphids suck juices from Chamaesyce spp. (Low Spurges): Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Macrosiphum gei. Other insect feeders include the plant bug, Semium hirtum, and the flea beetle, Glyptina leptosoma. The latter insect feeds on the roots. Because of the toxic white latex and its low stature, mammalian herbivores have little use for Green Creeping Spurge and other Chamaesyce spp. However, the following birds eat the seeds of these plants: Greater Prairie Chicken, Bobwhite, Mourning Dove, Horned Lark, and Chipping Sparrow (Martin et al., 1951/1961). Because of an oily food appendage on each seed (referred to as a 'caruncle'), ants probably play a role in distributing the seeds to new areas.
Photographic Location: Along a parking lot and a railroad in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Green Creeping Spurge is a relatively recent invader of Illinois. Because of its low habit and similarity to other Chamaesyce spp. (Low Spurges), this invasion has gone largely unnoticed. At a cursory glance, Green Creeping Spurge resembles a common native species, Prostrate Spurge (Chamaesyce maculata, formerly Chamaesyce supina), and the two species can be found together in the same habitats, particularly in some urban areas. The latter species differs from Green Creeping Spurge as follows: 1) its leaves are about 3 times as long as they are across, rather than 2 times as long as they are across, 2) its leaves often have a patch of dark red in their centers, 3) the lobes of its ovaries/capsules have appressed hairs, rather than spreading hairs, and 4) its mature seed capsules are often found below the leaves on curved stalks, rather than above the leaves on erect stalks. Scientific synonyms of Green Creeping Spurge include Euphorbia prostrata and Euphorbia chamaesyce. Another common name of this species is Prostrate Sandmat.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This plant is a summer annual that becomes 3-18" tall; it is low and spreading, but not prostrate. The stems are pinkish red, round, and hairless, except for a few fine hairs on new growth. The opposite leaves are up to 2" long and ¾" across. They are oblong, with short petioles and margins that are smooth or irregularly serrate. The lower surface of each leaf is light green, while the upper surface may have a red blotch in the middle. A few fine hairs may occur near the base of eachStems, Leaves, & Flowers leaf. The inflorescence consists of a small cyathium on a straight pedicel. Usually, several cyathia develop near the ends of each major stem when a plant is mature. A cyathium is a small cup-like structure containing the pistillate flower and one or more staminate flowers, which have neither true petals nor sepals. It is initially green, but often turns red in bright sunlight. On this particular species, the cyathium has 4 tiny petal-like appendages that are bright white. Eventually, a round tripartite fruit develops from the cyathium on a short stalk; it often turns red in bright sunlight as well. This fruit is noticeably larger than the flowers. The blooming period is mid-summer to fall, lasting about 1-2 months. There is no noticeable floral scent. The root system consists of a slender central taproot. Cultivation: The preference is full sunlight, dry conditions, and poor soil. The soil can contain significant amounts of gravel, sand, or clay. Foliar disease rarely bothers the leaves, and drought resistance is excellent. This plant can reseed itself readily in sunny open areas. Range & Habitat: The native Nodding Spurge is a common plant that occurs in nearly every county of Illinois (see Distribution Map). Habitats include dry upland areas of prairies, clay prairies, gravel prairies, thickets, openings in upland woodlands, fields and pastures (whether abandoned or still in use), areas along roadsides and railroads, poorly maintained lawns and gardens, and miscellaneous waste areas. This plant prefers disturbed open areas and it is somewhat weedy. This plant seems to be more common in rural than urban areas, possibly because of its intolerance to herbicides and frequent mowing of lawns. Faunal Associations: The tiny flowers occasionally attract small bees, Syrphid flies, and wasps. These insects seek nectar primarily. The seeds are consumed by the Mourning Dove and Greater Prairie Chicken, and to a lesser extent by the Bobwhite and Horned Lark. The Wild Turkey has been known to eat the foliage, developing buds, and fruits, apparently without ill effects. Mammalian herbivores rarely eat this plant because of the poisonous white latex in the stems and foliage.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at the Windsor Road Prairie in Champaign, Illinois. Some flowers are in bloom in one of the photographs as their stamens are clearly visible. Comments: The Nodding Spurge can be readily distinguished from other Chamaesyce spp. by its more erect habit, larger leaves, and mostly hairless stems. Several scientific names have been applied to the Nodding Spurge in the past, including Chamaesyce maculata, Euphorbia maculata, and Euphorbia preslii. Sometimes the entire plant will turn reddish green in response to strong sunlight and dry conditions.
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Miss Chen
2018年08月01日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial herbaceous plant consists of a tuft of decumbent leafy stems about 4-12" tall and similarly across. The stems are light green, terete, and more or less covered with short white-woolly hairs; they branch occasionally. Alternate leaves occur along these stems that are ½–2" long and ½–1" across; most of these leaves are located close to the ground where the lower stems sprawl. The leaves are deeply bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid and rather irregular in their branching patterns; their ultimate leaf segments are linear-filiform and short. The leaves are light-medium green and sparsely to moderately covered with very short white-woolly hairs. Solitary flowerheads about ½–1" across are produced from long peduncles up to 6" long. The peduncles are light green, terete, and more or less covered with short white-woolly hairs. Underneath the flowerheads, however, the peduncles become more swollen, slightly furrowed, and more densely covered with white-woolly hairs. Each flowerhead consists of 10-20 ray florets surrounding numerous disk florets; the disk florets are arranged together in a hemispheric head that has a solid interior. The ray florets are pistillate and fertile, while the disk florets are perfect and fertile. The petaloid rays of the flowerheads are white, broadly oblong-elliptic in shape, and widely spreading; their tips have 1-2 small notches. The corollas of the disk florets are 2-3 mm. long, narrowly tubular in shape, and yellow; they have 5 spreading lobes at their apices. Between the corollas of the disk florets, there are chaffy scales; these scales are white-membranous along their margins and oblong in shape with rounded erose (somewhat frayed) tips. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are phyllaries (floral bracts) in several overlapping and appressed series that together form a shallow saucer-like shape. The phyllaries are lanceolate-oblong with blunt tips, light green with white-membranous margins, and more or less covered with short white-woolly hairs. The blooming period occurs during the summer and early autumn for 1½–3 months. Afterwards, fertile florets are replaced by small achenes about 1–1.5 mm. long. These achenes are oblongoid in shape, pale-colored, and slightly flattened or 3-angled; each achene has 3 filiform ribs on one side. The root system is fibrous, rhizomatous, and relatively shallow. This plant can spread by reseeding itself or by forming clonal offsets from the short rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and soil consisting of either loam or sandy loam. This plant is easy to cultivate and it occasionally spreads into adjacent areas.
Range & Habitat: Roman Chamomile has rarely naturalized in Illinois and thus far wild populations have been reported from only a few counties (see Distribution Map). Roman Chamomile is native to western Europe and it was introduced into North America as an ornamental and herbal plant for gardens. In North America, naturalized populations of this plant are found primarily in urban areas, including such habitats as areas near gardens, lawns, grassy roadsides, vacant lots, and construction sites. In Europe, it has been found in such habitats as grassy roadsides, sandy lawns in commons areas, and sandy pastures. Roman Chamomile is still cultivated in flower and herbal gardens, from where it occasionally escapes, but rarely persists. Areas with a history of disturbance are preferred. Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads probably attract small bees and various flies; wasps and beetles may visit the flowerheads to a lesser extent. Two aphids, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and Macrosiphoniella tapuskae, are known to feed on Roman Chamomile (Blackman & Eastop, 2013). A polyphagous leafhopper, Empoasca erigeron, also feeds on this plant (Dmitriev & Dietrich, 2010). At the present time, information about this plant's relationships with granivorous birds and herbivorous mammals is unavailable.
Photographic Location: An ornamental garden at the Urbana Public Library of Urbana, Illinois. Comments: There are several species of plants in the Aster family that have daisy-like flowerheads with white petaloid rays. Many of these species have been introduced into North America from Eurasia as garden plants, including Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). Roman Chamomile can be distinguished from most of these species by its highly fragrant foliage and crushed flowerheads, which have an apple-pineapple scent. One other species in this group that has naturalized in Illinois, German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomile), also has foliage and crushed flowerheads with a similar fruity scent. German Chamomile can be readily distinguished by its glabrous foliage, more erect habit, the hollow interior of its flowerheads, and the lack of chaffy scales between the disk florets. This latter plant is also an annual, rather than a perennial. Both of these species have been used as ingredients in Chamomile tea, and the chemical constituents of their flowerheads are said to have relaxing and soothing properties. An alternative scientific name for Roman Chamomile is Anthemis nobilis, and it has other common names, including Low Chamomile, English Chamomile, and Garden Chamomile.
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Miss Chen
2018年07月31日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-4' tall and usually unbranched, except sometimes at the base. The central stem is light green, short-pubescent, and 4-angled with shallow vertical grooves. At intervals, there occurs pairs of opposite leaves that become slightly shorter and more narrow as they ascend the stem. Each pair of leaves rotates about 90° from the pair of leaves either immediately above or below. The leaf blades are 1-3" long, 1/3-1¼" (8-31 mm.) across, and flat; they are ovate to oblong-lanceolate in shape and their margins are dentate to sparsely crenate. The upper surface of each leaf blade is medium green and sparsely short-pubescent, while the lower surface is slightly more pale and pubescent (at least along the central veins). On each leaf blade, there are usually 2 lateral veins that run parallel to the central central and a few secondary veins that branch from the central vein along its length. The petioles of the leaves are ¼-¾" long. The lowest leaves, which are wider, are often withered by the time that flowering occurs. The flowers occur in dense axillary clusters along the upper half of each stem; these floral clusters are whorled and sessile. Individual flowers are about ¼" (6 mm.) long and 1/8" (3 mm.) across, consisting of a 2-lipped tubular corolla with 4 lobes, a calyx with 5 teeth that have spine-like tips, 4 stamens, and a pistil with an ovary that is divided into 4 parts. The corolla is white to pink and softly short-hairy along the exterior of the upper lobe, which functions as a protective hood. There is also a rounded lower lobe and two smaller lateral lobes. A patch of red occurs within the throat of the corolla. The calyx is light green, sparsely canescent along its exterior, and 5-veined. The corolla of the flower is about the same length as the calyx (including the tips of its teeth) or a little longer. The blooming period occurs fromDistribution Map early summer to early fall for about 2-3 months. Usually, only a few flowers are in bloom at the same time across several floral clusters. Each flower is replaced by a cluster of 4 small nutlets during the fall. Individual nutlets are oblongoid and 3-sided. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. Clonal colonies of plants are often formed from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is full sun to light shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and loamy, rocky, or sandy soil that is calcareous. Depending on fertility of the soil, moisture levels, and time of year, individual plants can vary considerably in their height. Range & Habitat: False Motherwort is uncommon to occasional in both central and NE Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is rare or absent. This plant is not native to Illinois; it was accidentally introduced into North America from Eurasia. Habitats include dolomite prairies, sandy savannas near Lake Michigan, riverbanks, roadsides, and pastures. This plant is usually found in disturbed areas, although it sometimes occurs in higher quality habitats. Faunal Associations: Very little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this plant in North America, although they are probably similar to those for Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), which is closely related to False Motherwort and more common. The flowers are likely pollinated by various bees, including bumblebees, little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), and Halictid bees (Halictus spp., Lasioglossum spp.), which seek nectar or collect pollen from the flowers. Syrphid flies may also visit the flowers to feed on pollen, but they are less effective at cross-pollination. The Currant Aphid (Cryptomyzus ribis) uses Leonurus spp. (Motherworts) as summer hosts. Because of the bitter foliage, it is unlikely that mammalian herbivores browse on False Motherwort to any significant extent. Photographic Location: A sandy oak savanna near Lake Michigan at the Indiana Dunes State Park in NW Indiana.
Comments: Across different populations, the leaf blades of False Motherwort can vary significantly in their width and in the abundance or size of the teeth along their margins. This plant is sometimes referred to as Leonurus marrubiastrum, but it differs from Leonurus spp. (Motherworts) by the lack of cleft lobes on its leaves. Like Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), False Motherwort can be distinguished from many other members of the Mint family by the spiny teeth of its calyces, the shape of its leaves, and other characteristics. Other common names of this plant are Lion's Tail and Horehound Motherwort.
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玉露
玉露
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福州
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广州
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