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Miss Chen
2018年04月05日
Miss Chen
很多人都在疑问，可不可以用温水浇植物。今天在这里我要跟大家分享的并不是可不可以，而温水浇植物的好处。 [图片]首先，一般植物生长的最适温度为20～25℃，如采用20～25℃的温水浇水，可加速土壤里有机物的分解，促进根部细胞的吸收，增强根部的输送能力，供给枝、叶充足的养分，促进植物早发芽、早孕蕾、早开花。这是因为植株的叶、茎平均温度一般高于根部的温度。用温水浇水就能加速有机肥的分解过程，及时供给叶、茎充足养料。如果浇冷水，根部温度低，养分分解慢，就会产生营养供不应求的现象，影响植物生育。 其次，冬季多数植物处于休眠或半休眠状态，根系活动大幅度减少，若用冷水浇花，对一些植物有可能造成伤害，但水温太高，根部也会受到烫伤，引起局部受害，甚至整株死亡。所以用温水浇花较为稳妥。 此外，早春播种或盆栽育苗，用温水喷灌，也能促使早出苗。 [图片]呵呵，相信大家已经了解了吧，温水是可以浇花，但是说到这里，温水浇花，要注意很多问题，如下： 1.水温一定要控制好，水温过高，自然就不必说了； 2.水温浇花的季节也要选择，夏季浇花的水温和频率都要降低； 3.温水浇花的频率不宜过多。 说到这，大家就明白了，使用适度的水温和适度的频率的温水来浇花，是可以的，而且对植物是有好处的。
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Miss Chen
2018年04月05日
Miss Chen
城市的生活节奏较快，就是这忙忙碌碌的生活中，人们却总想寻找恬静的地方。 [图片]生活方式在钢筋混凝土丛林中忙碌的现代城市人，最想要的就是贴近于大自然，所以植物便成了现代城市人贴近自然的一种比较简单的方式之一。 大概是小时候习惯了绿色环境，所以，在城里养花，基本上喜欢养绿色植物，开不开花无所谓，有点绿色，哪怕仅仅是点缀，都能让人心里舒展许多。所以，我就常常往花市上跑，每次都不会空手回来，买回来的花放在阳台上或是屋子里，每天看它生长，好像就是有个人在陪伴着自己，你多看它两眼，它都能有感觉一样。慢慢地，就已经养了近百余盆花，这些花草，都很普通，没什么珍稀名贵品种。 刚刚参加工作的那会儿，住的是那种没有阳台的老式单身宿舍，没有条件的养花。但院子里有几棵大树，推开窗户即可看到，也算是居有绿色。自从住上比较宽敞的房子以后，就开始在阳台养花。 宋代文豪苏东坡留下”宁可食无肉，不可居无竹”的名句 ，我解释成现代版就是“宁可食无肉，不可居无绿” 。 [图片]我一直喜欢养花的，可能与我小时候在农村生活的经历有关。家中的院子里有两个大菜园子，南边一个，北边一个，里面种的是各种各样的蔬菜水果，家里一年的蔬菜来源都在两个菜园子。除了能种蔬菜水果，往往能长出些不知名的花花草草。特别是偶尔有一两只蝴蝶飞来，飘落在花柱上，一边悠闲的一张一翕地扇着五彩的双翅，一边把它那卷曲的细长的吸管慢慢地伸张开来，插入饱含花蜜的花蕊里，静静的甜甜的吸着，那神态真是羡煞人矣！吸完了，倏地抽出吸管卷曲成几个美丽的圈儿，犹如一盘旋紧地砝条，扇动着一对美丽的翅膀，又飞到了另一朵花上。正如诗人描写的那样“儿童疾走追黄蝶，飞入菜花无处寻！”有时，看着看着忍不住突然伸手去抓它，一旦抓住，则弄个满手的五彩蝶粉，蝴蝶儿也不停地争扎，这时，心里不免产生一丝怜悯心，蝴蝶又被放飞了。 闲暇之余，工作烦闷之时，我就坐在阳台上或窗户边，花草围着我，我看着它们，观察它们的变化。我希望有一天我能有个小花园，花园里全是花草，高低错落，走进去，你就被它们包围在中间，阳光透过它们的枝叶斑驳地洒在脸上、身上；这，大概就是现代城里人的《桃花源记》吧。 爱上心生活，爱上心绿色。找个闲悠雅致之处，不如自己启动一片绿荫，开始养花吧，让绿色走进生活，让生活变成绿色，爱他们更是爱自己。
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Miss Chen
2018年04月09日
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@silverRanger 千叶吊兰
silverRanger
2018年04月08日
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你好封面是什么植物
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Miss Chen
2018年04月05日
Miss Chen
很多朋友家中都有饲养猫咪，但猫咪总是去吃我们的植物，尤其是草本植物，这是为什么呢？ [图片]难道说草中有什么东西在吸引猫咪嘛？ 猫吃草是不是就像人吃菜一样，打算拿它来填饱肚子？依我看这很难。因为从能量的角度来说，单位重量的常见肉类所提供的卡路里是最好的牧草的4-5倍。粗略估算的话，就算猫能像马牛羊那样消化利用草，按野猫每天要吃掉10只左右老鼠算，如果有猫打算偷懒不去抓老鼠而去吃草，那为了获得同样的能量，它每天就得蹲在优质草场上啃光近2个平米的草皮——这些草堆在一起体积比猫本身还大不少。 而实际上猫根本消化不了草中的纤维素，因为它们没有食草动物那种长长的消化道和相应的酶。 所以说，猫从草里能吸收的主要就是水分、维生素和某些矿物质，而这些东西猫从别处也能获得。 猫咪为什么会吃草？ 既然草对猫来说没什么特殊的营养价值，那猫为什么要吃草呢？ 有人认为猫吃草是为了获得烟酸（一种维生素），但没有证据表明猫缺乏这种B族维生素，而且即使是吃不到草的家猫也基本都不缺这个。 也有说法是猫吃草是因为草富含纤维素，而纤维素会促进肠道蠕动，帮助消化。 [图片]还有人认为猫吃草是为了催吐，把消化道里日常积累的毛球都吐出来。 另外还有人认为，猫吃草是因为知道自己生病了，得吃草药治病（神农猫）。 不过以上这些说法并没有得到兽医的普遍支持，因为通过对猫主人的调查，发现绝大多数家猫在吃草之前并没有什么生病的迹象，而吃草之后也很少呕吐。根据他们的理论，猫吃草这一行为是从它们的猫科祖先那里继承下来的，因为野生猫科动物常会感染肠道寄生虫，而吃草有助于它们将那些虫子排出体外——换句话说，猫吃草不是为了吐的，而是为了拉…… 所以，尽管现在的家猫吃得比较卫生，不容易感染肠道寄生虫了，但遗传使然，还是动不动就想吃草，没什么特殊的目的。 其实说来说去，现在也还没有100%肯定的结论能说清猫为什么吃草，但至少做主人的可以放心，因为猫吃草不会有任何害处。另外，猫也不会像有些人担心的那样，一吃完草就到处呕吐。 不过，放自己的猫出去找草吃可不是个好办法，因为很多植物对猫都是有毒的，万一有个三长两短，就太让主人伤心了。 所以不如自己种些猫草吧。不用非要买那些很贵的所谓猫薄荷，其实燕麦、黑麦、小麦之类猫都爱吃。这些植物种子便宜，种着也简单——找一盒子，铺几厘米厚的土，撒上种，浇点水，等几天就OK。 猫为什么吃草的原因众说纷纭，但不管是因为本能还是干脆像人嚼口香糖那样只是为了找乐子，既然猫爱草，咱爱猫，那就给它种呗。
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Miss Chen
2018年04月05日
Miss Chen
说到眼镜蛇，人们就会想到这种剧毒的爬行动物欲发起进攻时的凶猛姿态。说来也真奇，在不产眼镜蛇的美国西北部沿海地区，竟然有一种被称为眼镜草的植物，不仅外形酷似眼镜蛇从草丛中挺起的上身，而且也是以捕食小动物为生的“职业杀手”。 [图片]眼镜蛇瓶子草是较难栽培的食虫植物之一。其需要较高的日间温度及较低的夜间温度。其原生地为终年有冰凉山泉流入的沼泽或河岸，根部能一直保持较低的温度。所以在栽培比较好的模拟方法即是以冷凉的纯净水培养。天气炎热时可将冰块放于土壤表面降温。在高湿度、温暖的环境下，可以给予植株充足日照；若湿度低或变化幅度大，则需稍微遮荫。 眼镜蛇瓶子草从种苗开始种植是非常困难且缓慢的，所以通常在晚冬或春季以其匍匐茎繁殖。通常在春分至晚春时，匍匐茎节间上会长出许多小牙。将匍匐茎剪成数段，每段带一些根。再将这些茎段放在凉爽潮湿的碎水苔上，保持明亮高湿的环境。数周后即可见到芽发育。 与其他生长于温带地区的食虫植物一样，眼镜蛇瓶子草需要在冬季休眠才能长期存活。植株在冬季会停止生长3至5个月。直到邻近春天，成熟植株会长出单一朵花，并于数周后长出数个大型的捕虫瓶。整个夏季其都会不断长出捕虫瓶，但其尺寸都远小于春季的捕虫瓶。 许多栽培者都已成功栽培了眼镜蛇瓶子草，并发现了三个变型：全绿、全红、红绿。野生的眼镜蛇瓶子草，在一般强度的日照下为全绿，强光下则呈现红绿色。 浇水需使用矿物质含量低的水（如雨水、纯净水等）；耐冷怕热，尤其是根部要保持冰凉，日夜要有较大的温差；喜欢强光，在温度不至于过高的情况下，可接受阳光的照射，植株顶部会呈现红色的网纹，非常的漂亮；如需施肥可按指示浓度的1/5以上喷施。 眼镜蛇草与瓶子草、猪笼草等一样，都是靠瓶状捕虫叶捕食小虫的食肉植物。但在捕虫器的构造和诱捕小虫的具体招数上，眼镜草又独辟蹊径，令人称奇。 眼镜蛇草的瓶状捕虫叶生长在根状茎上，一般高出地面４０－８０厘米，外表黄绿色并镶有红色的脉纹，颇为艳丽。与瓶子草的瓶状叶不同的是，在眼镜蛇草的形似兜帽的瓶子顶部见不到敞开的瓶口，仅有许多似小天窗样的透明斑块。在“兜帽”的下面，瓶状叶呈叶片状延伸，并分成左右两片，犹如眼镜蛇吐出的“芯子”。“蛇芯”上分布有许多蜜腺，而且越靠近“蛇头”，蜜汁越丰富。 当小虫受到蜜汁的诱惑，爬到“蛇芯”上后，再往前进就到了“蛇头”下蜜腺最多的口部。在这里叶子卷成了圆筒，小虫沿着卷筒的通道不断深入，最终被诱进了瓶内。此时，馋嘴的小虫如同进入了迷宫，想出去可不那么容易了。在瓶子顶部众多“天窗”的迷惑下，它已难以找到真正的出口。吃不到蜜汁又出不去的小虫在“蛇头”里乱撞，稍不注意就到了颈部区域，此时只有死路一条了。 [图片]在眼镜蛇草瓶状叶颈部光滑的内壁上，既有倒毛，又有表面充满蜡质的空地。到了这一区域，小虫再想爬回来已不可能，只能乖乖地向下滑。接着是布满了倒毛的瓶子中部，再向下就是瓶底的液池。掉在液池中的小虫，就像《西游记》中的金角大王被装入了玉净瓶，用不了多久就会化成肉汤。科学家的研究表明：在眼镜蛇草瓶状叶底部的液池中，有大量的细菌共生，因此用不着像猪笼草那样分泌消化液，小虫的身体将由细菌来分解，然后共植物体享用。 每一株眼镜蛇草都有几个至十几个瓶状叶，看上去好像一群高低错落的挺起上身的眼镜蛇。但这种外表凶猛的植物，却不堪大一些的动物的一击，有些鸟类甚至专门把它的瓶状叶啄破，取食其中未被完全分解的小虫尸体，或喝上几口美味的肉汤。 在自然界中，眼镜蛇草仅产于美国加利福尼亚州北部和俄勒冈州南部的山地沼泽中，是一种十分珍贵的植物。
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial wildflower is 3-6' tall and unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem is green, stout, and terete, bluntly angular, or ribbed; it is sparsely short-pubescent along the upper half of its length, becoming glabrous below. Alternate compound leaves occur along the entire length of the stem that are evenly pinnate with 6-12 pairs of leaflets. Individual leaflets are 1¼-2½" long and ½-1" across; they are oblong-elliptic in shape and smooth along their margins. The upper leaflet surface is medium green or bluish green and hairless, while the lower surface is pale green or bluish green, often glaucous, and hairless. At the base of each leaflet, there is a short petiolule (basal stalklet) 1/8" (3 mm.) long or less. The petioles of compound leaves are 2-6" long, light green, grooved along their upper surfaces, and either sparsely short-pubescent or hairless. At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of small stipules that are linear-lanceolate in shape and tardily deciduous. Along the upper side of each petiole near its base, there is a small gland that functions as an extra-floral nectary; this gland is often dome-shaped and dark gray-purple, with or without a short stalk at its base. The crushed foliage has an unpleasant scent. Both terminal and axillary inflorescences are produced. The terminal inflorescence is ½-1' long, consisting of either a raceme or panicle of flowers. The axillary inflorescences are up to ½' long, consisting of racemes of flowers. Individual flowers are about ¾" across, consisting of 5 spreading yellow petals, 5 spreading greenish yellow sepals, 10 stamens with dark brown anthers, and a pistil with a style that curls upward at its tip. The sepals are smaller than the petals; the former are joined together at the base and obovate in shape. The stamens are organized into three groups: the lower 3 stamens have long filaments and long anthers, the middle 4 stamens have short filaments and long anthers, while the upper 3 stamens have short filaments and short anthers. Of these, the lower and middle stamens are fertile, while the upper stamens are sterile. The slender green styles are covered with short appressed hairs. The flowers are without nectaries. The stalks of each inflorescence are green, often angular, and usually short-pubescent. The blooming period occurs from mid- to late summer for about 3-4 weeks. Shortly afterwards, the flowers are replaced by drooping seedpods. These seedpods are narrowly oblong in shape and flattened with single-seeded segments. They are initially green and their sides are covered with appressed short hairs, but they become dark brown and more hairless at maturity, dividing into two parts along its length to release the seeds. Individual seeds are a little less than ¼" long, dark-colored, oblongoid-ovoid in shape, flattened, and more pointed on one end than the other. The shallow root system is fibrous and long-rhizomatous. Small colonies of clonal plants often develop from the rhizomes. Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist well-drained conditions, and soil containing loam, sand, rocky material, or other soil types. The root system does not add nitrogen to the soil, unlike many species in the closely related Bean family (Fabaceae). This tall flowering plant is easy to cultivate in gardens. [图片]Range & Distribution: The native Maryland Senna is widely distributed throughout Illinois, but it is relatively uncommon (see Distribution Map). Populations of this species appear to be declining. Habitats include moist prairies, openings in wooded areas, thickets, savannas, riverbanks, and limestone glades. Occasionally this wildflower is cultivated in gardens. In wooded natural areas, some disturbance is required to reduce competition from trees and shrubs. Faunal Associations: The flowers are cross-pollinated by bumblebees, which collect pollen from the flowers. The extra-floral nectaries attract ants and occasionally flies, which feed on the nectar. The foliage of Maryland Senna and the closely related Wild Senna (Senna hebecarpa) is consumed by caterpillars of the butterflies Eurema nicippe (Sleepy Orange), Phoebis philea (Orange-barred Sulfur), and Phoebis sennae (Cloudless Sulfur). The foliage is also eaten by the caterpillars of Epargyreus clarus (Silver-Spotted Skipper) and Ascalapha odorata (Black Witch), while the flowers are eaten by caterpillars of the polyphagous moth, Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Common Tan Wave). A negro bug, Cydnoides ciliatus orientis, has been found in association with Maryland Senna, other Senna spp. (Sennas), and Cassia spp. (Partridge Peas); they are possible host plants of this insect. Because the foliage is somewhat toxic and cathartic, it is usually avoided by White-Tailed Deer and other mammalian herbivores. [图片]Photographic Location: A woodland opening at Busey Woods in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: A scientific synonym of this species is Cassia marilandica. Another common name of this wildflower is Southern Wild Senna, because its range doesn't extend as far north as a closely related species, Senna hebecarpa (Wild Senna). These two species are very similar in appearance and they are occasionally confused with each other. The flowers of Maryland Senna have styles with short appressed hairs, while the flowers of Wild Senna have styles with long spreading hairs. Maryland Senna also tends to produce fewer flowers than Wild Senna, although variations in environmental conditions can produce exceptions to this rule.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is largely unbranched and up to 6' tall. The stout central stem is light green, and slightly hairy in the upper stem and at the base of the upper compound leaves. The compound leaves are evenly pinnate with about 5-10 pairs of leaflets. The gray-green to medium green leaflets are individually up to 2½" long and ¾" across. Each leaflet is oblong or elliptic-oblong and smooth along the margins; it has a small pointed tip and a short petiolule (basal stalklet) that is 1/8" (3 mm.) in length or less. On the upper side of a petiole near its base is a small club-shaped gland; it is ovoid or dome-shaped above a short stalk. This gland secretes nectar to attract certain kinds of insects (see below for more information). At the base of each petiole, there is a pair of small linear-lanceolate stipules; they are tardily deciduous. The central stem terminates in either a raceme or panicle of flowers about ½-1' long. In addition, smaller racemes of flowers often develop from the axils of upper compound leaves. Each flower is about ¾" across; it has 5 pale yellow sepals, 5 yellow petals, 10 stamens with dark brown anthers, and a pistil with spreading white hairs. The petals have a tendency to turn white as they age, while the hairy pistil eventually develops into a seedpod. In each flower, the stamens are divided into 3 groups: the lower 3 stamens have long anthers and long filaments, the middle 4 stamens have long anthers and short filaments, while the upper 3 anthers have short anthers and short filaments. Of these, the lower and middle stamens are fertile, while the upper stamens are sterile. The flowers have no nectaries. The blooming period is mid- to late summer, which lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral scent. The flattened seedpods are about 3-4" long, ½" across, and dark brown when they are fully mature; each seedpod has 10-18 segments, and each segment contains a single seed that is less than than ¼" long. The seeds are ovoid-rhombic in shape and flattened; they are nearly as wide as they are long. The root system consists of fibrous roots and rhizomes. This plant often forms vegetative colonies from the rhizomes. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is partial to full sun, and moist to mesic conditions. A rich loamy soil is preferred, although sandy and rocky soil are also tolerated. This plant can become quite tall when the soil is fertile and moist; it may flop over while the flowers and seedpods are developing. Range & Habitat: The native Wild Senna occurs in scattered counties throughout Illinois; it is perhaps a little more common in the east than the west (see Distribution Map). This species is occasional in some areas, and uncommon or absent in others. Populations in the wild are probably declining as a result of modern development. Habitats include moist meadows near rivers, savannas, fens, pastures, and roadsides. Some disturbance is beneficial when it reduces competition from shrubs and trees. Occasionally, Wild Senna is found in flower gardens because of the showy flowers. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers atttract bumblebees primarily, which seek pollen. Halictid bees also visit the flowers for pollen, but are less likely to achieve cross-pollination. The extra-floral nectaries, on the other hand, attract primarily ants and a few other insects, including ladybird beetles and flies. It is possible that some of these insects protect the plant from other insects that would attack the foliage. The caterpillars of some Sulfur butterflies rely on the foliage of Senna spp. (Sennas) as a source of food. In Illinois, this includes Eurema nicippe (Sleepy Orange), Phoebis philea (Orange-Barred Sulfur), and Phoebis sennae eubule (Cloudless Sulfur). Other insects that feed on Sennas include caterpillars of the moths Ascalapha odorata (Black Witch) and Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Common Tan Wave); caterpillars of the last species feed on the flowers. Mammalian herbivores usually avoid consumption of the foliage, which has purgative properties. The seeds may be eaten by some upland gamebirds, particularly the Bobwhite. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken of plants growing in an herbal garden at Meadowbrook Park, Urbana, Illinois, and in the wildflower garden of the webmaster in the same city. Comments: This is a striking plant while in bloom and it has attractive foliage. It is difficult to distinguish Wild Senna from Senna marilandica (Maryland Senna), which has a very similar appearance. Generally, Wild Senna has a more northern distribution than Maryland Senna, but in Illinois their ranges overlap. On Wild Senna, the pistils of the flowers have long white hairs, while in Maryland Senna these hairs are shorter and more appressed. Wild Senna has a tendency to produce a greater abundance of flowers than Maryland Senna, although this characteristic is influenced by environmental conditions, such as the abundance of sunlight. Another scientific name for Wild Senna is Cassia hebecarpa.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial plant is 2-3' tall and little branched, except near the apex. The erect central stem is whitish green, bluntly 4-angled, and finely pubescent. The opposite leaves are up to 3" long and 1½" across; they are ovate in shape and crenate along their margins. The upper leaf surface is pale-medium or yellowish green and glabrous or nearly so (except for young leaves), while the lower leaf surface is whitish green and finely pubescent. The pubescence on the elevated veins of the leaf undersides is somewhat longer than the pubescence between the veins. The petioles are short (up to ½" in length), whitish green, and finely pubescent. From the middle to upper leaf axils, short secondary stems with smaller leaves may form. Racemes of Flowers The upper stems terminate in spike-like racemes of flowers up to 6" in length. These racemes are held upright and they have densely-spaced pairs of flowers. Each flower has a 2-lipped tubular corolla about ¾" long that is mostly blue-violet, and a short tubular calyx about ¼" long that is whitish green and finely pubescent. The reproductive organs of the flower are inserted within the corolla. The upper lip of the corolla is hood-like with lateral margins that are curled back, while its lower lip is larger and broader; there is a conspicuous patch of white in front of the throat of corolla. A very fine pubescence (canescence) covers the outer surface of the flower, particularly on the hood (visible with a 10x hand lens). The calyx has a conspicuous protuberance on its upper side. Both the central rachis of each raceme and the pedicels of the flowers (up to ¼" in length) are whitish green and finely pubescent. At the base of each pedicel on a raceme, there is a small leafy bract up to ½" long that is lanceolate or elliptic in shape. None of the hairs on this plant are glandular or sticky. [图片]The blooming period occurs from mid- to late summer, lasting about 1-1½ months. There is no noticeable floral scent. The flowers are replaced by oddly shaped capsules that contain 2-4 nutlets. The upper surface of each capsule is concave with a protuberance on one side. At maturity, these capsules turn brown and split open to release their nutlets; this process may be facilitated by raindrop logistics. The root system is rhizomatous, often forming tight colonies of clonal plants. Cultivation: The preference is partial sun and mesic to dry-mesic conditions. Full sun or light shade and moist conditions are also tolerated. The soil can contain loam, clay-loam, or some rocky material, which corresponds to the conditions in which this plant normally grows. Foliar disease rarely bothers this plant; some of the lower leaves may turn yellow and drop off the stem if there is a severe drought, but this member of the Mint family withstands dry conditions rather well. Occasionally, insects may chew holes in the leaves, sometimes causing major damage. Overall, this plant is easy to grow in a garden setting. [图片]Range & Habitat: The native Downy Skullcap occurs occasionally in the southern half of Illinois, while in the rest of the state it is largely absent (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the northern range limit of this species. Habitats include upland forests, rocky slopes of woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, rocky slopes along rivers, upland meadows in wooded areas, thickets, and roadsides that run through woodlands. Downy Skullcap usually occurs in and around upland forests, but it occasionally strays into adjacent meadows. This plant is usually found in higher quality natural areas. [图片]Faunal Associations: The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees primarily, which suck nectar or collect pollen. Less common visitors are bee flies, skippers, or small butterflies, but these visitors are less likely to cross-pollinate the flowers. Some species of wasps may perforate the base of the flower and steal nectar (specifically, the Eumenid wasp Euodynerus foraminatus has been observed to do this), and Halictid bees sometimes take advantage of these perforations to suck nectar themselves. Insects that feed destructively on Downy Skullcap and other Skullcaps (Scutellaria spp.) include the flea beetles Phyllobrotica circumdata and Phyllobrotica limbata, the leaf-mining larvae of Caloptilia scutellariella (Skullcap Caloptilia Moth), and the larvae of Prochoreutis inflatella (Skullcap Skeletonizer Moth). Because the foliage is bitter-tasting and possibly toxic, mammalian herbivores usually don't bother this plant to any significant degree. [图片]Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at the webmaster's wildflower garden in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Downy Skullcap has attractive foliage and flowers; it is one of the more showy species in this genus. It is similar to Agastache foeniculum (Anise Hyssop) in the appearance of its foliage and habitat preferences, but its flowers are larger and more attractive. Therefore, it's surprising that this plant is not grown in flower gardens more often. Distinguishing Scutellaria spp. (Skullcaps) is rather tricky, but here are some key characteristics of Downy Skullcap: 1) Except for the lowest leaves, the leaf bases are well-rounded, rather than heart-shaped; 2) this species of Skullcap blooms later and grows taller than most; 3) except for the upper leaf surfaces, the entire plant is finely pubescent, and it has no sticky glandular hairs; and 4) the racemes of its flowers are terminal, rather than axillary.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This herbaceous plant is a short-lived perennial that forms a rosette of basal leaves; it later bolts to form a flowering stalk that becomes 1–3' tall. The basal leaves are 2½–6" long and 1–3½" across and variably shaped; they are ovate, obovate, oblanceolate, or broadly elliptic in outline. The majority of basal leaves are pinnatifid with a larger terminal lobe and 1-3 pairs of smaller lateral lobes. These lobes are rounded, shallow to deep, and somewhat undulate. Some basal leaves lack significant lobes, however, and their margins are merely undulate. In addition, some basal leaves may have blunt dentate teeth. The whitish and relatively stout petioles of the basal leaves are ¾–3½" long; they are concave above, convex below, and sparsely to moderately hairy. The flowering stalk is light to medium green, sparsely to moderately hairy, and 4-angled. Along the lower one-half of its length, there are 0-2 pairs of opposite leaves (usually a single pair). The opposite leaves are 1–3" long, ¼–1" across, and sessile (or nearly so); they are elliptic to broadly elliptic in shape or, less often, shallowly pinnatifid. The margins of the opposite leaves are either toothless or they may have blunt dentate teeth. The leaf surfaces of both basal and opposite leaves are medium to dark green, sometimes with purplish coloration; they are sparsely hairy. Leaf venation is pinnate. The inflorescence consists of a spike-like raceme of whorled flowers about ½–1½' long; the whorls of flowers are remotely spaced along the central stalk, and there are 4-12 flowers per whorl (typically about 6). Each flower is about ¾–1" long, consisting of a light blue-violet or lavender corolla, a medium green calyx, 2 fertile stamens and 2 infertile residual stamens, a slender style with a bifurcated tip, and a 4-celled ovary. [图片]The corolla is tubular-funnel shaped (widest at its mouth, tapering gradually toward its base) and two-lipped. The upper lip is smaller in size and divided into 3 rounded lobes (1 upper lobe and 2 lateral lobes), while the lower lip is larger in size, slightly notched, and often whitish. The 2-lipped calyx has 3 small upper teeth that are little more than awns and 2 larger lower teeth that taper into awn-like tips; the entire calyx is angular-ribbed and wider at its mouth than its base. The outer surface of the corolla has sparse fine pubescence, while the outer surface of the calyx is sparsely hairy. The pedicels of the flowers are less than ¼" long and pubescent. The blooming period occurs from mid-spring to early summer, lasting about 1 month. Afterwards, each flower is replaced by 4 dark brown to black nutlets that are about 2 mm. in length. and ovoid in shape. The root system consists of a shallow crown with coarse fibrous roots. Cultivation: The preference is full sun to light shade, moist to dry-mesic conditions, and soil containing sand, rocky material, or gravel. However, ordinary garden soil containing loam or clay-loam is acceptable if competition from taller plants is eliminated or reduced. Northern ecotypes of this plant are more likely to be winter-hardy in colder regions. [图片]Range & Habitat: Lyre-leaved Sage (Salvia lyrata) is occasional in southern Illinois, where it is native (see Distribution Map). Illinois lies along the northwestern range-limit of this plant. Habitats include upland woodlands in rocky areas, areas adjacent to woodland paths, rocky semi-wooded slopes, upland savannas, edges and upper slopes of bluffs, limestone or sandstone glades, sandbars and gravel bars along rivers, semi-shaded roadsides, and pastures. This plant is sometimes cultivated in flower gardens, especially cultivars with purplish foliage. Outside of the state, Lyre-leaved Sage is often found in sandy habitats. In Illinois, it is found in both high quality habitats and more degraded sites. Faunal Associations: Smith et al. (2012) observed large carpenter bees (Xylocopa), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile), and mason bees (Hoplitis, Osmia) visiting the flowers (probably for nectar). Mourning Doves eat the seeds (Lewis, 1993). The foliage of this plant is probably avoided as a food source by most mammalian herbivores. It is possible that the awn-like tips of the calyces may cling to the fur of mammals, dispersing the seeds to new areas. [图片]Photographic Location: Along a woodland path at the Portland Arch Nature Preserve in west-central Indiana. Comments: Except for Wild Blue Sage (Salvia azurea), Lyre-leaved Sage (Salvia lyrata) is the only native sage (Salvia) in Illinois. All of the others are either adventive from areas further to the west, or they were introduced from abroad as ornamental plants and culinary herbs. Lyre-leaved Sage is remarkable for the variability of its basal leaves. Because other sages and similar species in the Mint family in Illinois have mostly opposite leaves, rather than basal leaves, it is relatively easy to identify. Another common name of this plant is Cancer Weed.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
Description: This perennial herbaceous plant is 3-6' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green, terete, and sometimes slightly furrowed; they are covered with spreading hairs. The lower to middle leaves usually have 3-5 deep lobes; they are up to 8" long and 4½" across. The upper leaves usually lack lobes; they are up to 3" long and 1" across. The lobes of the lower to middle leaves are more or less lanceolate in shape and coarsely dentate along their margins; the terminal lobes usually taper to petiole-like bases. The upper leaves are elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate in shape, while their margins are sparsely to moderately dentate. The upper leaf surfaces are medium green and rough-textured from short stiff hairs that are sparsely distributed, while the lower leaf surfaces are light-medium green and hairy, especially along the undersides of major veins. The petioles of alternate leaves are up to 1½" long, becoming shorter as they ascend the stems; the uppermost leaves are often sessile, or nearly so. The petioles are pubescent to hairy. [图片]The upper stems terminate in solitary flowerheads on long peduncles. The peduncles are up to 8" long, light green, terete, and hairy. The daisy-like flowerheads are 2–3½" across, consisting of 10-20 ray florets that surround numerous disk florets. The central disks of the flowerheads are hemispheric in shape; they are fragrant after being crushed. The petaloid rays are bright yellow, narrowly oblong, and slightly notched at their tips; they are widely spreading. The corollas of the disk florets are narrowly tubular in shape and dark reddish purple (at least above). The ray florets are infertile, while the disk florets are fertile. Around the base of each flowerhead, there are many overlapping phyllaries (floral bracts). Individual phyllaries are up to ½" long, light-medium green, linear-lanceolate in shape, and pubescent. The blooming period occurs during mid- to late summer, lasting about 1–1½ months. Afterwards, fertile disk florets are replaced by narrow achenes. These achenes are 2-3 mm. long, dark-colored, and narrow in shape; their apices are truncate, sometimes with minute scales. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous. [图片]Cultivation: The preference is full or partial sun, moist to mesic conditions, and soil consisting of loam or sandy loam. This plant is relatively easy to cultivate, although it may topple over if it is spoiled by too much water or fertilizer. Range & Habitat: Sweet Coneflower is occasional in most areas of Illinois, where it is native. It tends to be more common in central and northern Illinois than in the southern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include black soil prairies, sand prairies, cemetery prairies, typical savannas and sandy savannas, thickets, openings in deciduous woodlands, woodland borders, gravelly seeps, banks of streams, and banks of ditches. This plant is often cultivated in flower gardens, from where it occasionally escapes. Sweet Coneflower is usually found in higher quality natural areas, although it also colonizes disturbed areas. Fidelity to any particular habitat is low. [图片]Faunal Associations: Many kinds of insects visit the flowerheads for either nectar or pollen. These species include little carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), Epeoline cuckoo bees, digger bees (Melissodes spp., Svastra spp.), leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp.), Halictid bees, dagger bees (Heterosarus spp.), Sphecid wasps, Vespid wasps, Syrphid flies, bee flies (Bombyliidae), Tachinid flies, small- to medium-sized butterflies, skippers, beetles, and true bugs (Robertson, 1929). Among these species, bees are the most important pollinators. One bee species, Heterosarus rudbeckiae, is an oligolege (specialist pollinator) of Rudbeckia spp. Other insects feed destructively on the foliage, flowerheads, and roots of Sweet Coneflower and other Rudbeckia spp. They include larvae of a leaf-mining fly (Calycomyza frickiana), Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua (Coneflower Gall Midge), Neolasioptera rudbeckiae (Coneflower Stem Midge), larvae of another gall fly (Lestodiplosis rudbeckiae), larvae of a sawfly (Macrophya simillima), and a few aphids (Uroleucon leonardi, Uroleucon rudbeckiae); see Spencer & Steyskal (1986), Felt (1917), Smith (2006), and Blackman & Eastop (2013). The caterpillars of a butterfly, Chlosyne nycteis (Silvery Checkerspot), sometimes feed on Rudbeckia spp. as host plants, as do the caterpillars of such moths as Epiblema carolinana (Gray-blotched Epiblema), Epiblema tandana, Epiblema tripartitana, Eupithecia miserulata (Common Pug), and Synchlora aerata (Wavy-lined Emerald); see Opler & Krizek (1984), Miller (1987), and Wagner (2005). Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at a prairie garden in Urbana, Illinois. Comments: Sweet Coneflower (Rudbeckia subtomentosa) is also called Fragrant Coneflower. It is more long-lived than two similar species, Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) and Brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba). Compared to the Black-eyed Susan, Sweet Coneflower is a taller plant with many deeply lobed leaves. The leaves of Black-eyed Susan lack lobes. Compared to Brown-eyed Susan, the flowerheads of Sweet Coneflower are larger in size with longer and more abundant petaloid rays. Otherwise they are quite similar to each other in appearance. Another species, Orange Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida), also lacks lobes on its leaves and it is a shorter plant. All of these species are native to Illinois and they sometimes share the same habitats.
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Miss Chen
2018年04月04日
Miss Chen
很多花友每天都墨守成规的管理着自己的植物，施肥、浇水、防虫害、修剪等等，但是养出来的效果却并不另人满意，今天小编来给你支招，新奇又见效，甚至还可以在其它花友面前吹嘘一翻。 [图片]肥肉养花 有些植物有着我们意想不到的奇怪嗜好，就比如说，对于昙花来说，肥肉是很好的养分来源，尤其在昙花生长期内，“喂”它一些肥肉，可以让植物叶绿泛光，而且花开不断。 将肥肉用开水浸泡两三个小时，直到其中的盐分去除完毕，而后将肥肉切成小块，埋在昙花的土壤内部，表面覆盖上3厘米左右的土即可。 注意一定要讲肥肉煮熟切碎，一般20厘米直径的昙花放入两小块肥肉就行，可供其使用一年之久。 碎砖瓦养花 很多人养花的时候都在盆内的土壤这一块下了很多功夫，又是翻新旧土，又是寻找土壤配比。其实，远不如两块碎砖瓦来的实用。 在花盆底部放一些碎砖瓦，既能透气排水，还可以保湿保肥，效果显著。 将碎砖瓦敲成直径不超过0.5厘米的小碎块，养花的时候将较大的碎块放进花盆底部，较小的颗粒和土壤混合起来使用，可以让花卉根系发达，花期延长。 [图片]黄瓜插条 有没有花友会遇到这个问题，当身处离家几千里之外的地方之时，看见一株漂亮的花卉想要带上一支插条回去扦插的时候，保湿保鲜就是一个难题了。 装在塑料袋中虽然能够保湿，但却容易造成插条腐烂，着实令人头疼。其实，只需要几条新鲜的黄瓜，就能解决这个问题了。 将插条插到黄瓜中，如此一来，既能够保持插条内部的水分，黄瓜内部还含有一种杀菌成分，防止插条腐烂。使用这种方法，不管离家多远，都能安全将插条带回。 白酒促花 使用白酒浇花，可以缓解君子兰僵苗的问题，促进其更快达到花期。酒一定要使用白酒，不论品牌和度数，一般来说建议在清明之后深秋之前使用，效果更好。 这种方法很安全，不必担心君子兰会烧根，每半个月在花盆中倒入三分之一杯的白酒即可，倒酒的时候要小心，不要溅到君子兰的茎叶上。 如果担心这种方法不安全，可以先少量使用，看看效果。注意不要在别的植物上使用这种方法，以免烧苗。 鹌鹑蛋施肥 如果想要养好花，又不想辛苦施肥，一颗小小的鹌鹑蛋就能帮你解决这个难题了。可以用牙签在鹌鹑蛋上刺一个小孔，然后将其小孔朝下埋到花盆内部即可。 鹌鹑蛋内的蛋液在土壤中通过微生物的作用不断分解腐败，转化为肥料为花卉植物提供营养成分，促进花卉生长。一盆花卉里埋进一颗鹌鹑蛋即可。 蛋液腐熟的过程是在蛋壳内部进行的，对根系不会造成影响，此外，蛋壳分解之后也会转化成为钙肥。 香油防蚁 蚂蚁可以说是危害花卉健康生长的一大害，为了驱赶蚂蚁，很多花友使尽了浑身解数，却还是无济于事。其实，家中常备的芝麻香油，就是蚂蚁类害虫的天敌。 在花盆的小孔部位涂抹上香油，或是在花卉附近的蚁穴洞口滴上几滴香油，就能起到很好的驱赶蚂蚁的效果。 虽然芝麻香油这种物质看起来很是可口，似乎对蚂蚁造不成杀伤力，但香油确实是蚂蚁的克星，只要有它在，就再也不用怕蚂蚁的侵扰了。
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