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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Agavaceae Stems - Essentially absent. Flowering stem to +2.5m tall. Leaves - All basal, linear, to 4cm wide, 1m long, margins often appearing shredded with coarse, curly fibers, spine-tipped. Leaves of the stem reduced to scales.
Inflorescence - Single large panicle, 2-3m tall, axis somewhat pubescent. Pedicels 1.1cm long, dense pubescent. Flowers - Petals 3, acute to acuminate, white, glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 4cm long, 2.5cm broad, succulent. Sepals 3, white, acute to acuminate, to +4cm long, 2cm broad, elliptic, glabrous, succulent. Stamens 6. Filaments clavate, 2cm long, dense pubescent, slightly bent. Anthers small, yellow. Ovary superior, greenish-white, puberulent, 3-locular. Placentation axile. Pistil +2cm long. Stigma 3-lobed, each lobe sometimes divided again and appearing as six shallow lobes. Fruit a 6 angled capsule to +5cm long, +3cm in diameter. Seeds many, flat, +6mm broad.

Flowering - May - August. Habitat - Cultivated but escaping to various localities. Origin - Native of southern U.S. Other info. - This species can be found cultivated throughout Missouri and is commonly escaped. It is very showy when in bloom and is easily recognizable. The leaf fibers of various Yuccas and Agaves can be mechanically extracted and used to make rope with very high tensile strength.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - To +30cm tall, herbaceous, multiple from caudex or short rhizomes, glabrous. Leaves - Lower leaves glabrous, on petiole to +/-5cm long, serrate. Blade reniform to cordate, apex rounded or acute, to +2cm broad, +1.7cm long. Upper leaves glabrous, on petioles to +3cm long, cordate, serrate, to +4cm long, +3cm broad. Stipules at base of petiole to 2cm long, -1cm broad, lanceolate, margins distinctly lacerate.
Inflorescence - Single flower from leaf axil. Peduncle to +8cm long, glabrous, curved at apex, with two bracts somewhere in upper half. Bracts attenuate, to 9mm long, 1mm broad.
Flowers - Corolla to 2.5cm broad, +2cm long. Petals 5, creamy white with purple venation inside. Lateral petals bearded just on upper half near "throat" of corolla. Lower petal spurred at base (saccate). Stamens 5, connate around ovary, lower two with curved nectaries to 3mm long extending into petal spur. Ovary conic, glabrous. Style to -3mm long, with bristles near apex, triangular at tip. Sepals 5, to 1.4cm long, 2mm broad, linear, with scarious margins, minutely ciliate near base. Auricles to -3mm long, rounded or somewhat pointed.
Flowering - April - June. Habitat - Rich moist ground of slopes, woods, streambanks. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is an easy Viola to identify because of the lacerate stipules, cream-colored flowers, and the fact that the flowers arise from the leaf axils. It is common in low-alluvial areas. V. striata can associated with other neat plants such as Elymus virginicus and Laportea canadensis.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Violaceae Stems - A stout, thick, elongated caudex. Leaves - Alternate, arising from ground level. Petioles to 12cm long, glabrous or with some pubescence near base of blade, with single vertical groove running the length of the petiole. Blade to +4cm broad, +3.5cm long, cordate at base, crenate to serrate, glabrous. Lower leaves typically reniform. Upper leaves with a pointed apex, ovate to deltoid.
Inflorescence - Single flowers arising from the base of plant. Peduncles glabrous, to +15cm long, curved at apex, with a pair of small bracts about in the middle of the peduncle. In early spring the flowers much exceed the leaves. Later, the leaves exceed the flowers.
peduncle. Flowers - Corolla solid white, to 4cm broad. Petals 5. Lateral petals bearded near "throat" of corolla. Lower petal saccate at base, with dark striping and fading to a dull yellow at base. Stamens 5, connate around ovary, two lowest with nectaries. Style deltoid at apex. Sepals 5, 8-9mm long, 3-4mm broad, lanceolate to linear, green with lighter margins, entire, glabrous or with a few hairs at base, rounded at base. auricles 1-2mm long.
Fruit - Capsule to +1cm long, 5-6mm in diameter, slightly 3-angled with angles greatly rounded, glabrous. Seeds numerous. Placentation parietal. Flowering - March - June and sometimes again around October - November. Habitat - Waste ground, fields, meadows, low woods, ditches, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is form of V. papilionacea is the least common. For other forms see the V. papilionacea page in the "Blue flowers alternate" section of this website.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - Sprawling to clambering or climbing (by means of tendrils on leaves), herbaceous, from taproot, villous, carinate to angled.
Leaves - Alternate, even-pinnate, stipulate, to +13cm long, with +/-10 pairs of leaflets, terminating with a branched tendril. Stipules foliaceous, lance-ovate, to +/-1cm long, villous. Leaflets alternate to subopposite, on short petiolules, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, mucronate, entire, to +2cm long, +/-6mm broad, dense pubescent.
Inflorescence - Pedunculate spiciform axillary raceme to +/-7cm long. Flowers secund. Peduncle to +/-6cm long, carinate, villous. Flowers nodding. Pedicels to 2mm long, connected to lower portion of calyx tube. Flowers - Corolla white, papilionaceous, glabrous. Standard to 1.3cm long, 7mm broad at apex, notched. Wing petals adhering to keel petals. Stamens 10, diadelphous, to 1cm long, glabrous. Style upcurved, pubescent at apex. Ovary compressed, green, glabrous, 6-7mm long, on short gynophore. Calyx tube to 3mm long, villous below(sparse above), bilabiate. Upper lip reduced, with two shallow lobes. Lobes to 1mm long, acuminate. Lower lip 3-lobed. Lateral two lobes to 4mm long, -1mm broad. Central lobe to 6mm long, -1mm broad, villous. Fruit compressed, to 3cm long, 1cm broad, pubescent, few seeded.
Flowering - April - October. Habitat - Railroads. Origin - Native to Europe. Other info. - The plant pictured above was the first finding of V. villosa f. albiflora in Missouri. It was found in Swope Park in Jackson County by some railroad tracks. Typical V. villosa has blue-purple flowers and is very common. The species is an introduced weed and is very aggressive. Here is a pic of both forms of the plant growing side by side:
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Asteraceae Stems - To +2m tall, winged,(wing to +/-3mm broad), erect, herbaceous, pubescent, from fibrous roots, typically simple, single or multiple from base.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate. Petioles winged(tissue decurrent on stem). Blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to +15cm long, +6cm broad, acute to acuminate, typically glabrous above, sometimes scabrous, appressed hairy to short hirsute below, typically entire. Inflorescence - Terminal corymbiform cluster of many flower heads. Peduncles pubescent to subtomentose. Involucre - To -1cm tall (long), 5-6mm broad. Phyllaries imbricate, linear-oblong, densely pubescent, appressed, acute.
Ray flowers - Fertile (pistillate), ~5 per flower head. Ligule white, glabrous, to 9mm long, 5mm broad, notched at apex, broadly oblong. Disk flowers - Disk to +5mm broad. Flowers +/-7 per head. Corolla whitish, 5 lobed. Lobes acute, +1mm long, spreading. Stamens 5, slightly exserted. Anthers purplish-black, to 2mm ong, connate around style. Style whitish, bifurcate, exserted. Achenes compressed, typically winged. Pappus of two short awns.
Flowering - August - October. Habitat - Open woods, streambanks, thickets. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This plant is common in the southern half of Missouri and apparently absent in the northern half of the state. There are yellow flowered species of this genus in Missouri but this is the only white flowered species. The winged stems and dense corymbiform clusters of flower heads are good characteristics for identifying the plant in the field.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Scrophulariaceae Stems - To +1m tall, glabrous below, glandular pubescent in the inflorescence, carinate, from large taproot, herbaceous, branching above or simple, erect.
Leaves - Basal leaves in rosette, pinnately lobed, to +17cm long, +/-5cm broad, oblanceolate, sessile, glabrous or with very sparse pubescence below on midrib, often rugose above. Lobes serrate to crenate-serrate or crisped. Cauline leaves alternate, sessile, clasping, bi-serrate, lanceolate, reduced above, glabrous or with sparse hairs on midrib below. Leaves in inflorescence reduced to bracts.
Inflorescence - Terminal spiciform indeterminate raceme to +40cm tall, elongating in fruit. Flowers subtended by foliaceous bracts. Bracts and axis densely glandular pubescent. Pedicels to +1cm long in flower, longer in fruit, 1.1mm in diameter, dense glandular pubescent. Flowers - Corolla zygomorphic, 5-lobed, white, to -4cm broad. Lobes rounded, glabrous. Stamens 5, filaments to 9mm long, densely villous, the pubescence wine in color. Anthers 3mm broad, bright orange. Style filiform, glabrous, 1cm long, purple. Ovary superior, densely glandular, subglobose, 2-locular. Placentation axile. Calyx 5-lobed, densely glandular pubescent. Tube to -1mm long. Lobes to 8mm long, -3mm broad, recurved, linear. Fruit a globose capsule to 8mm in diameter, many seeded, glandular pubescent.
Flowering - May - September. Habitat - Pastures, rocky open ground, waste ground, rocky streambanks, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This is an interesting plant. The upper portion of the stems are densely glandular pubescent and the flowers are brilliant and neat to look at. The densely pubescent filaments contrast the white of the corolla and make for a striking display. I always wonder why people go to garden centers to buy plants when some of the best plants are growing on the side of the road. This plant is easy to grow from seed and produces huge quantities of it. The globose fruits contain many tiny seeds each. There is another form of the species, form blattaria, which has a yellow corolla, but otherwise is identical. You can find this form in the "Yellow Flowers Leaves Alternate" section of this website. Both forms are common in Missouri except for in the Northwest corner of the state where the plant seems to be absent.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Ericaceae Stems - To +60cm tall, typically some shade of green and without a great deal of bark except at very base, branching, erect to ascending(in young stems), twigs and new growth pubescent to tomentose, stoloniferous, shrubby.
Leaves - Alternate, short-petiolate. Petioles to 2-3mm long, pubescent. Blades elliptic to obovate, short-acute to short-acuminate, glabrous to pubescent and green above, tomentose and glaucous below, to +3cm long, +2cm broad. Margins appearing entire but actually crenulate-serrulate(especially in younger leaves), often reddish at very edge of margin. Inflorescence - Flowers appearing with the new seasons leaves from terminal and axillary buds. Racemes to 1.5cm long in flower, longer in fruit. Bracts subtending pedicels obovate, to +/-3mm long, with small mucro tip, cupped. Small pair of bractlets on base of pedicel to -3mm long, glabrous, with a few cilia on margins or not, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers - Corolla urceolate to cylindric, 5-6mm long, 4mm in diameter, glabrous, white or with some pink, 5-lobed. Lobes recurved, acute, 1.1mm long. Stamens 10, included. Filaments compressed, antrorse pubescent, 2mm long, greenish-white. Anthers copper-colored, 2-lobed, 2mm long. Style green, included, 5mm long, glabrous. Ovary inferior, 2-locular. Calyx tube 1.7mm long, 5-lobed, glabrous, green. Lobes shallow, rounded, light green, 1mm long. Berries globose, glaucous, blue-purple, 5-6mm in diameter, tasty.
Flowering - April - May. Habitat - Dry rocky open woods, ledges, bluffs, glades, ridges, typically in acid soil. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This small, shrubby species is common in the lower 1/2 of Missouri. The plant produces a tasty blueberry in the summer which is enjoyed by wildlife as well as people. The plant is distinguishable from the two other Missouri blueberries by the fact that it is the smaller of the 3 species, it has leaves which are glaucous below, and the stems are typically mostly herbaceous and some shade of green. The other two species of Vaccinium in Missouri become woody very early on in their growth. A synonym for this species is V. pallidum Ait.
When small and immature, the 3 species of Vaccinium in Missouri can be difficult to differentiate in the field. The best way to tell the species apart is by looking at the leaf venation. The venation of V. arboreum is spaced widely apart. The venation of V. vacillans is spaced fairly close together. The veins of V. stamineum are very close together and sometimes hard to see. In the photo below, the venation of all three species is shown. From left to right the species are V. arboreum, V. stamineum and V. vacillans.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Orchidaceae Stems - To +15cm tall, from tuberous root bases and stolons, (the tubers forming at the tips of the stolons), herbaceous, erect, fleshy, purplish at base, glabrous, forming small colonies.
Leaves - Alternate, clasping, scalelike below, becoming ovate above, acute, entire, glabrous, to +/-1.2cm long, +/-9mm broad.
Inflorescence - Single axillary flowers, typically 3-4 per plant. Flowers erect (but nodding while in bud). Pedicels erect, to 1cm long, glabrous. Flowers - Whitish, to 2cm long. Floral tube -5mm long, glabrous. Petals 3. Lower petal white, 1.4cm long, greenish, with a bearded strip internally, 3-lobed. Central lobe to +5mm long, with eros margins. Lateral lobes rounded, 2-3mm long. Upper petals linear, white, 1.6cm long, 2-3mm broad. Column 1.1cm long, green at the base, white apically, glabrous. Pollinia purple. Pollen pinkish-purple. Ovary inferior, unilocular. Placentation parietal. Sepals 3, white, glabrous, 1.8cm long, 2-3mm broad, subfalcate, cupped. Petals and sepals sometimes with a purplish tinge.
Flowering - July - October. Habitat - Mesic woods, ravines, stream valleys, bottoms. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This small species is mainly found in the lower 1/2 of Missouri. The white flowers only last for one day and are frequented by bees from the family Halictidae. Reports say that plants in a common area will all flower on the same day. The genus and species name for the plant both mean "bearing three" because the plant typically has three flowers present at once.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - Multiple from a taproot, ascending, herbaceous, purple in strong sun, terete and sometimes carinate, pilose or glabrous, to +/-30cm tall, branching.
Leaves - Alternate, trifoliolate, stipulate, petiolate. Stipules to +2cm long, 1cm broad, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, entire or with crenulate margins, pilose. Petioles pilose, to +10cm long. Leaflets sessile, pilose, equal, emarginate to rounded at the apex, with or without a minute mucro, obovate to rhombic or spatulate, with serrulate margins, to 4cm long. Upper leaves reduced.
Inflorescence - Terminal pedunculate globose umbel +/-50 flowers. Peduncle pilose or glabrous and carinate, to 10cm long. Pedicels 3-4mm long, pilose. Flowers erect to spreading at first but quickly reflexed. Flowers - Corolla papilionaceous, white to greenish-white. Standard whitish-green, 8-10mm long, 4-5mm broad, glabrous. Wings and keels to 7-8mm long. Wings connate to the keels at about the middle. Stamens diadelphous. Stamen tube white, to 3mm long, glabrous. Free portion of the filaments to 3mm long and deflexed. Anthers yellow, to 1mm long. Ovary superior, green, 3mm long, mostly glabrous but with white floccose hairs at the apex, slightly compressed. Style 3mm long, greenish-white, glabrous, deflexed at the apex. Stigma small, capitate, yellowish. Corolla drying brown and persistent around the developing fruit. Calyx 5-lobed. Calyx tube to -2mm long, pilose or glabrous externally, glabrous internally. Lobes linear, subequal (4 equal and the lowest slightly smaller), acute, ciliate or glabrous, 4-5mm long. Fruit inflated, to 5mm long, on a stipe to 1.5mm long.
Flowering - May - August. Habitat - Rocky open woods, glades, old fields, prairies. Typically on acid soils. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found throughout much of Missouri. The plant is fairly easy to identify in the field because of its big flower heads and reflexed fruits. There are two varieties of the species in Missouri. Variety reflexum (pictured above) has hairy stems and calices. Variety glabrum Lojacono has stems and calices which are glabrous. The two varieties may not be valid.
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Dummer. ゛☀
2017年07月22日
Dummer. ゛☀
Family - Fabaceae Stems - Multiple from base, from taproot, ascending, to 50cm long, glabrous, tinted with red, herbaceous, sometimes fistulose.
Leaves - Alternate, petiolate, trifoliolate, stipulate. Stipules entire, glabrous, with reticulate venation throughout, to 2cm long, +5mm broad, acuminate. Petioles to 1cm long, glabrous, green. Leaflets subequal, on petiolules to 1mm long, glaucous below, dull green above, orbicular to broadly ovate, +/-2cm long, and broad. Margins denticulate to serrulate or stigillose from leaf venation extending beyond margin.
Inflorescence - Globose axillary pedunculate clusters of stalked flowers. Flowers +/-50 per cluster. Peduncles to -10cm long. Pedicels to +3mm long, pubescent, reflexed with maturity. Flowers - Corolla papilionaceous, whitish at first - soon becoming pinkish - turning rose upon drying. Standard 4mm broad. Stamens diadelphous, connected for 2/3 of length. Style 2.5mm long. Ovary green, 2.2mm long. Calyx tube to 1.5mm long, 1.1mm in diameter, whitish, pubescent, 5-lobed. Lobes green, 1.2mm long, coarse pubescent. Fruit to +/-7mm long, glabrous, with +/-2 seeds.
Flowering - May - October. Habitat - Fields, pastures, waste ground, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroads. Origin - Native to Eurasia. Other info. - Yet another introduced member of the genus Trifolium. This plant is scattered throughout Missouri and grows in much of the U.S. and Canada. It was introduced as fodder and has subsequently spread. Our plants belong to var. pratense Rabenh. (synonymous with var. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn.). Another variety, var. hybridum is larger and more commonly cultivated (mostly northward), but does not appear in our state, yet. The plant is high in protein but can cause skin irritation in some people.
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