动态第444页 - 绿手指 - 养花技巧、花生病了怎么办、花园打理和设计

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Wild psilocybin mushrooms are found in many locations across the globe and occur in at least 10 different varieties. Some psilocybin-containing mushrooms have not been named as a strain yet and are simply called "unidentified." The most common of the wild psilocybin-containing mushrooms, Psilocybe cubensis, is found in the United States, Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies. Psilocybin mushrooms can often be recognized by their color, shape and stem bruising, which produces a blue color. Psilocybin mushrooms should be carefully avoided because they carry major health risks and are illegal to use in the United States. The ingestion of these mushrooms can cause hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness or even renal failure. Always carefully identify any mushroom in question before consumption to ensure that it is not of this type. [图片]Look at the color of the mushroom. Young Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms (typically these will be smaller ones) may be a deep golden brown color, while more mature ones are a lighter golden brown color. Look for a center marking. The Psilocybe cubensis has a distinct darker brown spot in the center of the mushroom. Look at the stem of the mushroom to see if there is a blue hue. This color, which may be caused by an oxygen and psilocybin interaction, occurs with bruising of any type. If the mushroom has been touched by a human, insect, or even grass or other mushrooms this reaction is likely to occur. [图片]Look for a deep purple colored gill cover. This mushroom veil is a very thin covering that stays on the mushroom gills until the mushroom cap fully expands, at which point it will break. A broken veil can often be observed circling the stems of psilocybin mushrooms.

2017年12月02日

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Consuming mushrooms provides several health benefits. According to the Mushroom-Appreciation website, "Most mushrooms provide around 20 to 30 percent of high protein content by dry weight." Mushrooms also are rich in fiber, Vitamin D and other essential supplements. Like all foods, mushrooms can go bad. Consuming spoiled mushrooms can make individuals very ill, so it's imperative to learn the signs that mushrooms that are no longer fit for eating. [图片]Read the expiration date on the packaging, if applicable. Flip over the container or package if you cannot find an expiration date on the top. Look over the mushrooms for spots. Patches begin to emerge in shades of dark brown and black when mushrooms are no longer fit for consumption. Feel the mushrooms for a slimy coating. The top part, also known as the head of the mushroom, is predominately where symptoms of slimy spoilage occur. Inspect the gills underneath the head of mushrooms for darkening. If your mushrooms have darkened considerably since purchase, toss them out. Observe if your mushrooms appear dry or wrinkly. Feel the stems and heads for folds found on the mushrooms. Wrinkles indicate that the mushrooms are not edible. [图片]Smell the mushrooms for an ammonia-like odor that indicates spoilage. If mushrooms smell differently than an earthy, natural aroma, throw them away.

2017年12月02日

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[图片]萱草属多年生宿根草本。具短根状茎和粗壮的纺锤形肉质根。萱草别名众多，有“金针”、“黄花菜”、“忘忧草”、“宜男草”、“疗愁”、“鹿箭”等名，英文中称萱草为“虎百合”（Tiger Lily，这也是卷丹的英文名）。当食用时，多被称为“金针”（golden needle）。其叶形为扁平状的长线型，与地下茎有微量的毒，不可直接食用。花形则是于开花期会长出细长绿色的开花枝，花色橙黄、花柄很长、呈为像百合花一样的筒状。结出来的果子有翅。全国各地常见栽培，秦岭以南各省区有野生的。萱草类花卉虽原主产中国，但长期以来改良不多。1930年代以后，美国一些植物园、园艺爱好者收集中、日等国所产萱草属植物，进行杂交育种，现品种已达万种以上，成为重要的观赏及切花花卉，也是百合科花卉中品种最多的一类。同时，萱草也是中国的母亲花。 [图片]药用价值清热利尿，凉血止血。用于腮腺炎，黄疸，膀胱炎，尿血，小便不利，乳汁缺乏，月经不调，衄血，便血。外用治乳腺炎。主治砂淋，下水气。满身酒疸黄色的人，可将根捣汁服用。如大热而引起鼻出血，可研汁一大杯，加生姜汁半杯，细细咽下。将根捣碎后用酒送服，并将滓敷在**上，可催乳，治乳痈肿痛。观赏价值花色鲜艳，栽培容易，春季萌发比较早，绿叶成丛极为美观。园林中多丛植或于花镜。路旁进行栽植，萱草类耐半荫，又可作疏林地被植物。其他价值萱草在现代化学染料出现之前，还是一种常用的染料。另外，萱草对氟是十分敏感的，当空气受到了氟的污染时，萱草叶子的尖端就变成了红褐色，所以常用来被检测环境倒地时候收到了污染的指针植物。

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[图片]密蒙花马钱科醉鱼草属灌木植物，高1-4米，小枝略呈四棱形，灰褐色，叶对生，叶片纸质，叶柄长2-20毫米，花多而密集，花萼钟状，花冠紫堇色，后变白色或淡黄白色，喉部桔黄色，花期3-4月，果期5-8月。密蒙花分布于中国、不丹、缅甸、越南等，生海拔200-2800米向阳山坡、河边、村旁的灌木丛中或林缘，适应性较强，石灰岩山地亦能生长。密蒙花全株供药用，花（包括花序）有清热利湿、明目退翳之功效。根可清热解毒。兽医用枝叶治牛和马的红白痢。花可提取芳香油，亦可做黄色食品染料。茎皮纤维坚韧，可做造纸原料。花芳香而美丽，为南方一种较良好的庭园观赏植物。 [图片]密蒙花的药用功效密蒙花以干燥花或花蕾入药，味甘，微寒，无毒性。它具有祛风，凉血，润肝，明目等功效。主要用来治疗目赤肿痛，翳障，烂眼，多泪羞明等症状。作为一种眼科专用药，用于目赤肿痛、多眵多泪、羞明等，多与谷精草、蝉蜕同用，用于眼目昏花、久视无力或目盲翳障等，一般搭配菊花和枸杞子。用于风热乘虚，眵泪羞明，睑生风粟，目涩肿痒等，常搭配桑叶、菊花使用。密蒙花的食用价值密蒙花具有丰富的食用方式，并对人体健康有好处。经常饮用密蒙花茶，有利于清肝泄热，明目退翳。还可以搭配桃仁、枸杞、谷精等制作密蒙花明目汤，可以起到保护并改善视力，明目益睛等作用，可改善眼中红赤、多泪、视物不清、怕光等症状。或是制作成染黄饭花（密蒙花），味道也是非常不错的。

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[图片]西番莲，为多年生常绿攀缘木质藤本植物，是一种芳香可口的水果，有“果汁之王”的美誉。又名受难果、巴西果、藤桃、热情果、转心莲、西洋鞠，转枝莲、洋酸茄花，时计草。西番莲茎圆柱形并微有棱角，无毛；叶纸质，基部心形，掌状5深裂，中间裂片卵状长圆形，两侧裂片略小，无毛、全缘；聚伞花序退化仅存1花，与卷须对生，花大，淡绿色；浆果卵圆球形至近圆球形，熟时橙黄色或黄色；种子多数，倒心形，长约5毫米。花期5-7月。据测定，西番莲果实含有超过135种以上的芳香物质，最适于加工成果汁，或与其它水果（如芒果、菠萝、番石榴、柑橙和苹果等）加工混配成混合果汁，可以显著地提高这些水果汁的口感与香味；可以做雪糕或其它食品的添加剂以增进香味，改进品质。原产于巴西，后来在南美、南非、东南亚各国、澳洲和南太平洋各地区都有种植。 [图片]西番莲的观赏价值西番莲在夏季开花，花朵硕大，形态奇特，以红色为主，还有淡淡的香气，很是吸引人的目光。西番莲花果俱美，花大而奇特，既可观花，又可赏果，是一种十分理想的庭园观赏植物。西番莲的食用价值西番莲的果实内含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、多种维生素和磷、钙、铁、钾等多达165种化合物以及人体必需的17种氨基酸，营养价值很高。西番莲果实成熟后气味芬芳，如切开则香气四溢、沁人肺腑，且果内有大量果瓤和果汁，食之甜酸可口，生津止渴，提神醒脑，特别适宜加工成果汁、果露、果酱、果冻等风味独特、营养丰富、滋补健身、有助消化的产品。长期食用含有西番莲的食物，可以净化机体，避免有害物质在体内沉积，进而达到改善皮肤、美化容颜的作用。食用西番莲可以增加胃部饱腹感，减少余热量的摄入，还可以吸附胆固醇和胆汁之类有机分子，抑制人体对脂肪的吸收。西番莲的药用价值西番莲的根、茎、叶均可入药，有消炎止痛、活血强身、降脂、降压的疗效。西番莲还可以抑制有害微生物在消化道的生长，对排除毒素、整肠健胃、改善机体的营养吸收功能具有显著的作用，对于结肠炎、肠胃炎、痔疮有特殊的消除作用。西番莲有多种健康功效：天然的镇定剂，松弛、镇定神经效果特佳；治疗失眠，诱导自然入睡和深度睡眠，消除头痛，晕眩等现象。舒缓焦虑紧张、抑郁寡欢、神经紧张所引起的头痛、胃痛、尿频、心慌；改善因神经紧张所引起的肌肉痉挛、抽搐、疼痛等；舒解神经紧张及极度焦虑所引起之所有不适感；改善情绪极度低落、精神过度焦虑；治疗气郁症，舒解胀气，帮助消化。

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[图片]七里香，中国植物志收载七里香的正名为：千里香，七里香别称：千里香、万里香、九秋香、九树香、过山香、黄金桂、四季青、青木香、月橘、十里香。为芸香科小乔木或灌木。生于低丘陵或海拔高的山地疏林或密林中，产台湾、福建、广东、海南及湖南、广西、贵州、云南四省区的南部。以及菲律宾，印度尼西亚，斯里兰卡等地。根、叶用作草药。味微辛，苦而麻辣。性温，一说有通经络，行气，活血，散瘀，止痛，镇惊，消肿，解毒。治感冒、头痛、胃痛、牙痛、风湿骨痛、跌打肿痛。 [图片]七里香的药用价值中药名千里香性味功效味辛；微苦；性温；小毒。行气活血；散瘀止痛；解毒消肿。根、叶用作草药。味微辛，苦而麻辣。性温，一说有小毒，通经络，行气，活血，散瘀，止痛，镇惊，消肿，解毒。治感冒、头痛、胃痛、牙痛、风湿骨痛、跌打肿痛。七里香的生长环境分布生态环境生于海岸边，为树种之一。资源分布分布于台湾、海南等地。七里香药用主治功能活血消肿，解毒止痢。主跌打损伤，痢疾入药用法用量内服煎汤9-15g 外用适量，捣敷附方治血瘀症瘕七里香、蜀羊泉、莪术、三棱。水煎服。治小儿疳积醉鱼草根。爵床各二钱，黄麻叶一钱。炖瘦猪肉吃。治流行性腮腺炎醉鱼草根二钱，犁头草三钱，金银花藤一两，木芙蓉杆三钱，狮子草二钱。水煎，一日二次分服。治淋巴结核醉鱼草根、夏枯草。猫爪草各五钱，鲜土三两。水煎，一日二次分服。治风湿性关节炎及腰痛醉鱼草根五钱，土藿香三钱,白芷六钱，佩兰三钱，木防己一两。水煎，一日二次分服。

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[图片]菹草，又叫：虾藻、虾草、麦黄草。眼子菜科，眼子菜属。单子叶植物。多年生沉水草本植物。生于池塘、湖泊、溪流中，静水池塘或沟渠较多，水体多呈微酸至中性。茎扁圆形，具有分枝。叶披针形，先端钝圆，叶缘波状并具锯齿。具叶托，无叶柄。花序穗状。秋季发芽，冬春生长，4～5月开花结果，夏季6月后逐渐衰退腐烂，同时形成鳞枝（冬芽）以度过不适环境。冬芽坚硬，边缘具有齿，形如松果，在水温适宜时在开始萌发生长。叶条形，无柄。花果期4－7月。可作绿肥并可净化水质。 [图片]经济价值菹草可作为养殖户喂食鱼类的饵料，这个大家应该都知道，一般养鱼的商户会收购或者对池塘中生长的菹草进行打捞，这种操作也让一些人看到了这种水草的经济价值。此外，它也经常被用到绿化工作当中，一些湖、河道、时常会利用它来装点，同时还能增强湖泊内的生态环境。观赏价值大家应该能在一些喜欢养鱼的家庭里看到菹草的身影，人们往往利用菹草在水箱里布置出一个适合观赏鱼生存生活的环境。在一些花鸟虫鱼市场，菹草发挥了极大地观赏性价值。环境价值菹草还是一种可以净化环境质量的水生植物，因为它对一些危害环境的重金属元素具有吸附作用，所以菹草对污水治理是发挥很大作用的。营养价值前面一直说菹草的观赏和养殖价值，其实菹草还是能够作为一种食物食用的，感兴趣的朋友们可以试着采集菹草的茎部当做蔬菜食用。虽然没能够在美食领域发挥较大的作用，但是菹草的营养含量还是很高的，比如菹草富含蛋白质和一些微量元素，制作成粉末状还可以补充人体需要的维生素。

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Mushrooms are collectibles and mushroom hunting is a venerable pastime. The fungi grow in woods on rotting logs, in the middle of a green lawn overnight and on clumps of decomposing cow dung in pastures. For thousands of years, people have been finding and consuming mushrooms for their taste, nutritional value and sometimes for their psychotropic effects. The mushrooms that grow on cow dung cover the spectrum from common edibles to exotic hallucinogens. [图片]Edible About 3,000 of the known 14,000 types of mushrooms are edible and one of the most common edible mushrooms is the simple 'button" mushroom, the Agaricus bisporus. Today those mushrooms are grown as a commercial cash crop in China and farmers use compost on bamboo shelves with steam humidity to force the fungi to grow. The compost can be made of easily obtained local materials and one simple mix is a base of paddy straw mixed with cow dung. In the U.S. button mushroom farmers use composts of decomposing plant matter with horse or poultry manure. White button mushrooms are sold fresh, canned, pickled and marinated and in soups and sauces. Inedible Mushrooms are fungi and some of them are highly poisonous, so it is safest to consume market mushrooms from a reputable source. The Cyathus striatus is one you should photograph and leave in the field. The mushrooms are brownish to reddish-brown on the exterior and black inside, under the cap. Younger Cyathus striatus are slightly shaggy or hairy looking but the cone-shaped caps smooth out with maturity. They grow very densely in North America on organic debris, all kinds of dung including cow patties, on wood chips, sawdust and even on soil that has been fertilized with manure. Their season is July through October and they should not be eaten so, if you stumble across them on a mushroom hunt, keep searching. [图片]Illegal The most famous cow dung fungi are members of the Psilocybe cubensis family – so-called psychedelic mushrooms or 'shrooms. They spring up all over the world where cattle have been grazing and prefer to grow directly on cow patties, most often those that are decomposing in the field. The 'shrooms grow in warm climates and appear from February to November. They have large yellow-brown caps that lighten as they mature and when bruised they turn blue. Their spores are spread by cattle egrets, Crested Caracara birds, the wind and by the feet of humans and cattle moving around the field. Traditionally, native tribes used, and still use, hallucinogenic mushrooms in rituals and P. cubensis is the most widely cultivated and consumed of the psychedelics. The mushrooms were extremely popular in the sixties and people still hunt for them at night in cattle pastures. It is illegal to possess P. cubensis in the United States.

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Cow fields, meadows and pastures are often home to significant numbers of mushrooms, both poisonous and edible. These open areas are full of decaying plant matter and animal manure, and provide a welcome habitat for fungus. However, toxic mushrooms can look very similar and grow very close to edible specimens. Knowing how to identify the most common field mushrooms can help mushroom hunters improve their chances of picking only safe specimens. [图片]Agarics Meadows produce a number of large, white mushrooms that are close relatives of the common button mushroom seen in supermarkets. Agarics found in cattle fields and pastures include Agaricus campestris (meadow mushroom), Agaricus andrewii (false meadow mushroom), Agraicus bisporus (button mushroom) and Agaricus arvensus (horse mushroom). These mushrooms are all large, white, and have purple to brown gills with a sweet, mild flavor and a dark brown spore print. Amanitas Amanita mushrooms look significantly like agarics and often grow in very similar habitats; however, these large white toadstools are toxic. They include Amanita phalloides (death cap), Amanita virosa (destroying angel) and Amanita bisporogera, as well as several other less-common white mushrooms. They are distinguishable from the agarics by their white or yellowish gills and white spore prints. Consumption of Amanita mushrooms can cause gastrointestinal problems including nausea and vomiting, and can even lead to death. Psilocybins Sometimes called "magic mushrooms," these poisonous fungi contain psychoactive compounds that can cause hallucinations. Several psilocybin mushrooms grow in pastures, including Psilocybe baseocystis (potent psilocybe), Psilocybe caerulipes (blue-foot psilocybe) and Psilocybe cubensis (common large psilocybe). These mushrooms appear as small brown toadstools, often in clusters or "fairy rings." Many species bruise or age to a bluish color. These mushrooms are sometimes picked for use as drugs, but their sale and use are illegal in the United States. Puffballs Puffballs are roughly globe-shaped fungi commonly found on lawns, infields and in lightly wooded areas. The most readily identifiable is Langermannia gigantea (giant puffball), an edible variety that can grow as large as a soccer ball. This mushroom is a smooth, white ball or ovoid with a leathery skin and a clear white interior. Purple-spored and skull-shaped puffballs are also edible, but some smaller species, such as Scleroderma citrinum (pigskin poison puffball) are toxic. Young Amanita species like the destroying angel may also be mistaken for puffball mushrooms.